Vastavalt jaotuskavale
Meie 04.09.2020 nr 7-12/20/3762-2
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise
projekti piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine
Vastavalt piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioonile (Espoo konventsioonile) on Soome
teavitanud Eestit Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise projektist.
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama koosneb kahest tootmisplokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2, samuti nendega seotud
hoonetest ja hoidlatest, mida vajatakse tuumkütuse ja tuumajäätmete käitlemiseks. Praegused tegevusload
kehtivad Loviisa-1-le 2027. aasta lõpuni ja Loviisa-2-le 2030. aasta lõpuni. Arendaja Fortum Power and
Heat Oy tegeleb Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama äritegevuse hindamisega, et taotleda praeguste tegevuslubade
pikendamist veel umbes 20 aasta võrra pärast nende kehtivusaja lõppu. Arendaja langetab
tuumaelektrijaama tegevuse võimaliku jätkamise ja uute tegevuslubade taotlemise otsuse tulevikus.
Alternatiivselt tuleb praeguste tegevuslubade kehtivusaja lõppemise tõttu valmistuda tuumaelektrijaama
tegevuse lõpetamiseks.
Soome on küsinud Eesti soovi kohta osaleda piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise (KMH) menetluses ning
saatnud ettepanekute ja märkuste esitamiseks projekti ingliskeelse KMH programmi koos eestikeelse
kokkuvõttega. Kavandatava tegevuse KMH hõlmab Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamist või
elektrijaama sulgemist. KMH programmi alusel koostatakse KMH aruanne.
Keskkonnaministeerium peab vajalikuks Eesti osalemist kõnealuses menetluses. Võimalikud ettepanekud
ja märkused Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tegevusaja pikendamise projekti KMH programmi kohta palume
esitada kirjalikult 9. oktoobriks 2020 e-posti aadressil
[email protected] .
Lugupidamisega
(allkirjastatud digitaalselt)
Kaupo Heinma
asekantsler
Lisad:
1) KMH programm inglise keeles
2) KMH programm eesti keeles
Rainer Persidski, 626 2973,
[email protected]
Narva maantee 7a/ Tallinn 15172/ 626 2802/
[email protected]/ www.envir.ee/
Registrikood 70001231
Loviisa Nuclear Power Plant
Environmental
Impact
Assessment
Programme
August 2020
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Forewords
Climate change and transitioning to a low-carbon energy system make reliable
and emission-free electricity production even more important than before.
A steady supply of electricity is also important. In line with our vision, we want
to promote development towards a cleaner world in the future as well.
At Fortum, we believe that this new world will also need nuclear power for a long
time. As a carbon dioxide emission-free, reliable source of energy that is not
dependent on the weather, nuclear power contributes to meeting today’s need for
Contact Details
energy and mitigating climate change – together with renewable energy. Project owner: Fortum Power and Heat Oy
Postal address P.O. Box 100, FI-00048 FORTUM,
Loviisa nuclear power plant has been producing clean electricity for over Finland
Telephone +358 10 4511
40 years, and we have a long track record as a responsible producer of nuclear Contact persons Ari-Pekka Kirkinen, Liisa Kopisto
power. The impacts of and the added value provided by our operations can be Email
[email protected]
seen locally, regionally and globally. Loviisa power plant’s environmental work is
managed through an ISO 14001 certifed environmental management system. Coordinating authority: The Ministry of Economic Affairs
and Employment
We continuously work to reduce the impacts of our operations on the environment
Postal address P.O. Box 32, FI-00023 Government,
by applying the best practices and technologies.
Finland
Telephone +358 295 048274, +358 295 060125
Fortum has initiated an Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (EIA Contact persons Jaakko Louvanto, Linda Kumpula
procedure) at Loviisa nuclear power plant. The procedure will assess the Email
[email protected]
environmental impacts of the potential lifetime extension of the power plant
International hearing: Ministry of the Environment
or, alternatively, the decommissioning of the power plant, as well as the
Postal address P.O. Box 35, FI-00023 Government,
environmental impacts of the fnal disposal facility for low- and
Finland
intermediate-level waste. Telephone +358 295 250 246
Contact person Seija Rantakallio
Email
[email protected]
The EIA Programme you are reading includes Fortum’s plan on the assessment
of environmental impacts as well as on the organisation of communication and EIA consultant: Ramboll Finland Oy
participation. An environmental impact assessment will be performed based Postal address PL 25 FI-02601 Espoo, Finland
on the EIA Programme and the opinions and statements submitted about the Telephone +358 20 755 611
Contact person Antti Lepola
programme. The results of the assessment will be presented in the environmental Email
[email protected]
impact assessment report.
The coordinating authority in the project’s EIA procedure is the Finnish Ministry
of Economic Affairs and Employment, and the coordinating authority in the
Base maps: National Land Survey of Finland 2019
international hearing is the Ministry of the Environment. Translations: AAC Global Oy
Layout and design: Creative Peak
Tiina Tuomela
The original language of the environmental impact assessment is Finnish. Versions in other languages are translations
Executive Vice President, Generation of the original document which is the document Fortum is committed to.
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Contents
5.10.2 Topography and depth conditions.... 61 6.12 Flora, fauna and conservation areas .............76
3.5 Radioactive waste generated
5.10.3 Currents and stratifcation 6.13 People and communities .........................................76
elsewhere in Finland and received
conditions ........................................... 61 6.13. 1 People’s living conditions, comfort
at the Loviisa power plant .............................. 41
5.10.4 Quality of seawater ............................ 61 and health .............................................................. 76
3.6 Project phases and schedule ........................ 42
5.10.5 Thermal load into the sea...................63 6.13.2 Methods of interaction.................................77
SUMMARY............ .............................................................. 8 3.7 Links to other projects, plans and
5.10.6 Ice conditions......................................63 6.13.3 Regional economy.........................................78
programmes.....................................................42
5.10.7 Sediments ...........................................63 6.14 Radiation .............................................................. 78
1. PROJECT OWNER AND THE PROJECT
5.10.8 Biology and ecological status of 6.15 Use of natural resources ........................................78
BACKGROUND ............................................................ 16 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
the sea area ........................................63 6.16 Waste and by-products ..........................................78
1.1 Project owner ................................................. 16 PROCEDURE ............................................................. 46
5.10.9 Other water systems......................... 64 6.17 Long-term safety of the L/ILW repository ............78
1.2 Project background ......................................... 17 4.1 Starting points ............................................... 46
5.11 Fish and fshing .............................................. 64 6.18 Energy markets and security of supply................. 79
4.2 Parties ........................................................... 46
5.12 Flora, fauna and conservation areas..............65 6.19 Climate change ........................................................ 79
2. OPTIONS TO BE REVIEWED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL 4.3 Stages and contents ...................................... 46
5.12.1 Overview of the biotopes and 6.20 Emergencies and accidents....................................79
IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................... 20 4.4 International hearing ......................................47
vegetation...........................................65 6.21 Combined impacts ..................................................79
2.1 Option 1, VE1 ................................................... 20 4.5 Schedule of the EIA procedure ..................... 48
5.12.2 Fauna in land areas .............................65 6.22 Transboundary impacts......................................... 79
2.2 Option 0, VE0.................................................. 20 4.6 Participation and interaction ........................ 48
5.12.3 Marine mammals ................................65 6.23 Summary of the assessment methods and a
2.3 Option 0+, VE0+ .............................................. 21 4.6.1 Pre-negotiation ................................. 49
5.12.4 Avifauna ..............................................65 proposal of the scoping of the impact area .......... 80
4.6.2 Public events in the EIA procedure .. 49
5.12.5 Nature conservation ......................... 66
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................24 4.6.3 Audit group ........................................ 49
5.13 People and communities.................................67 7. UNCERTAINTIES ............................................................. 84
3.1 Location and space requirement ...................24 4.6.4 Resident survey ................................. 49
5.13.1 Population ...........................................67
3.2 Current operation ...........................................24 4.6.5 Small group events............................ 49
5.13.2 Sensitive sites and 8. PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
3.2.1 Power plant .........................................24 4.6.6 Information and communication...... 49
recreational use ................................. 68 OF ADVERSE IMPACTS ................................................... 84
3.2.2 L/ILW repository ................................29 5.13.3 Business, industry and services....... 68
3.2.3 Emissions from the current 5. PRESENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ......................52
5.14 Radiation ......................................................... 68 9. IMPACT MONITORING .................................................. 84
operations ..........................................29 5.1 Overview of the present state of the
3.2.4 Nuclear and radiation safety ............ 30 environment .................................................... 52 6. ASSESSED IMPACTS AND 10. REQUIRED PLANS, LICENCES AND DECISIONS ......... 88
3.3 Extending the operation ................................33 5.2 Land use, land use planning and the built ASSESSMENT METHODS .............................................. 72 10.1 Licences and permissions pursuant to the
3.3.1 Nuclear and radiation safety .............33 environment .................................................... 52 6.1 Premise of the assessment.............................72 Nuclear Energy Act ................................................. 88
3.3.2 Ageing management and maintenance 5.2.1 Community structure 6.1.1 Reports and other materials 10.1.1 Operating licence......................................... 88
of the power plant .............................33 and population....................................52 used in the assessment......................72 10.1.2 Decommissioning licence........................... 89
3.3.3 Additional construction 5.2.2 Regional land use plans......................53 6.1.2 Assessed impacts and signifcance 10.1.3 Other licences in accordance
in the area .........................................33 5.2.3 Master plan ........................................ 54 of impacts ...........................................72 with the Nuclear Energy Act ...................... 89
3.3.4 Water and wastewater 5.2.4 Local detailed plan .............................55 6.1.3 Most signifcant environmental 10.2 Land use planning................................................... 90
connections .......................................35 5.3 Landscape and cultural environment ............55 impacts identifed ..............................73 10.3 Permits in accordance with the Land Use and
3.3.5 Waste management .........................35 5.3.1 Overview of the landscape................55 6.2 Land use, land use planning and the built Building Act............................................................. 90
3.3.6 Summary of the environmental aspects 5.3.2 Valuable landscape and cultural environment .................................................... 74 10.4 Environmental and water permit .......................... 90
of extending the operation................35 environments and sites..................... 56 6.3 Landscape and cultural environment ...........74 10.5 Permits and documents
3.4 Decommissioning ...........................................35 5.4 Traffc ............................................................58 6.4 Traffc ............................................................. 74 in accordance with the Chemicals Act................... 91
3.4.1 General description of 5.5 Noise .... ...........................................................58 6.5 Noise .... ............................................................ 74 10.6 Other permits and plans ......................................... 91
decommissioning ...............................35 5.6 Vibration ...... ................................................... 59 6.6 Vibration .......................................................... 75
3.4.2 Safety and radiation protection........38 5.7 Air quality .........................................................59 6.7 Air quality ......................................................... 75 11. REFERENCES.................. ................................................ 94
3.4.3 Conventional dismantling 5.8 Ground and bedrock .......................................59 6.8 Ground and bedrock....................................... 75
measures ............................................. 41 5.9 Groundwater .................................................. 60 6.9 Groundwater................................................... 75 APPENDIX 1. Glossary and abbreviations.............. 98
3.4.4 Summary of the environmental aspects 5.10 Surface waters ................................................. 61 6.10 Surface waters .................................................75
of decommissioning........................... 41 5.10.1 Overview of the sea area ................... 61 6.11 Fish and fshing ................................................76 APPENDIX 2. EIA programme experts .................102
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Table 1. Options to be reviewed in the EIA procedure.
Option Description
Extending the operation of Loviisa power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years after
the current operating licence period, followed by decommissioning.
• The option also includes the measures to extend the service life of the power plant,
decommissioning of the power plant after the licensing period ends, the operation and
Option 1, VE1 ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the waste management
measures related to these phases.
• In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim
Summary
storage and depositing for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated
elsewhere in Finland.
Decommissioning of Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in
2027/2030).
Option 0, VE0 • The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made
independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.
Project owner and the project background Project description and the options to review in
The project owner in the environmental impact assessment the EIA procedure
procedure (the EIA procedure) is Fortum Power and Heat Oy, Decommissioning of Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in
2027/2030).
a wholly owned subsidiary of Fortum Corporation. The Fortum Loviisa nuclear power plant is located approximately 12 km
Group is the second largest producer of electricity and the larg- from the centre of the town of Loviisa, on the island of Häst- • The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made
Option 0+, VE0+ independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.
est electricity supplier in the Nordic countries. holmen. Loviisa nuclear power plant is an electricity-gener- • In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim
Loviisa nuclear power plant, owned and operated by Fortum ating condensing power plant, and both its plant units are storage and depositing for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated
Power and Heat Oy, consists of two power plant units, Loviisa pressurised water reactor plants. Electricity generation in elsewhere in Finland.
1 and Loviisa 2, as well as other associated buildings and stor- a nuclear power plant is based on the utilisation of thermal
age facilities required for the management of nuclear fuel and energy generated by a controlled fission chain reaction.
nuclear waste. Loviisa 1 began its commercial operation in 1977 Loviisa power plant is used for the generation of base load
and Loviisa 2 in 1980. The power plant has been generating electricity. The nominal thermal power of each plant unit of
electricity reliably for over 40 years. The electricity generated Loviisa power plant is 1,500 MW and the net electric power
Extending the operation (Option VE1) Decommissioning (Options VE0 and VE0+)
by Loviisa power plant is used as an uninterrupted, year-round is 507 MW. The total efficiency of the plant units is approx- Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com- If the operation of Loviisa power plant is discontinued after
source of energy. Annually, Loviisa power plant produces a total imately 34%. The annual production of Loviisa power plant mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum the current licensing period in 2027 and 2030, the preparation
of approximately 8 terawatt hours (TWh) for the national grid. is approximately 8 TWh. The availability and load factors of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence for the decommissioning of the power plant (Options VE0 and
It accounts for approximately 10% of the electricity consump- of Loviisa power plant have been excellent throughout the period. During the extension, the operation of the power plant VE0+) should be initiated in the coming years.
tion in Finland. Nuclear energy plays a signifcant role in For- power plant’s operating history. would be similar to what it is currently. Extending the operation The stages included in the decommissioning of Loviisa power
tum’s low-emission electricity production. For its part, Loviisa The low- and intermediate-level waste generated during the of the power plant involves certain changes that may be imple- plant include:
nuclear power plant supports the climate targets of Finland and operation of Loviisa power plant is processed on the power mented. These may include: • the expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommis
the EU, as well as a secure electricity supply. plant premises and deposited in the fnal disposal facility for • replacing some of the old buildings related to the support sioning waste;
The current operating licence issued by the Finnish govern- low- and intermediate-level waste (the L/ILW repository), lo- functions of the power plant; • making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste storage as
ment to Loviisa 1 is valid until the end of 2027, and the operating cated 110 metres underground on the island of Hästholmen. • water engineering related to the intake of cooling water, well as the solidifcation plant, and the L/ILW re
licence issued to Loviisa 2 is valid until the end of 2030. Fortum In due course, the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant and the depositing of the resulting dredging and excavation pository independent;
is in the process of assessing the extension of the commercial is taken to the spent nuclear fuel encapsulation plant and fnal masses in a new embankment structure; • terminating the operation of the power plant units and
operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of ap- disposal facility operated by Posiva Oy at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki, • changes to the power plant’s service water and waste water licensing of the dismantling work;
proximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence pe- Finland. connections; • detailed planning of and preparations for the disman
riod. At a later date, Fortum will decide concerning the exten- Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the • expansion of the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel or tling;
sion of the operation or decommissioning of the nuclear power commercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a max- alternatively increasing the capacity of the current interim • dismantling of the radioactive components of the pow
plant. imum of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating storage. er plant units and any other dismantling work;
Loviisa power plant is one of the best nuclear power plants in licence period. Fortum will, at a later date, make the decision The assessment also takes into consideration the possibility of • handling and fnal disposal in the L/ILW repository of radio-
the world in terms of safety and usability. Fortum has invested concerning potential extension of the operation of the nuclear receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing active waste as well as reuse of conventional disman
in the ageing management of Loviisa power plant and has car- power plant and the application for new operating licences. The for fnal disposal at Loviisa power plant small quantities of radio- tling waste;
ried out improvement measures throughout the operation of other option is to proceed to the decommissioning phase when active waste generated elsewhere in Finland. • transporting the spent fuel to the encapsulation plant
the power plant. Systematic maintenance and modernisations the power plant’s current operating licences expires. In both The Option VE1 also takes into consideration the preparation and fnal disposal facility;
of the power plant ensure that the equipment stays abreast of cases, the project requires a licensing procedure in accordance for decommissioning during the extended operation of the pow- • dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent;
the changing requirements. In 2014–2018, Loviisa power plant with the Nuclear Energy Act and an environmental impact as- er plant. This includes the expansion of the L/ILW repository and • closure of the fnal disposal halls / L/ILW repository;
implemented the most extensive modernisation programme sessment procedure. the operation thereof until circa 2090, as well as the preparatory • release from liability and post-closure control by the authorities.
in the plant’s history, in which Fortum invested approximate- The options reviewed in this EIA procedure are shown in Table 1. work for and the operation of plant parts to be made independ- Furthermore, the assessment of Option VE0+ also takes into
ly EUR 500 million. Thanks to the investments made and the ent. In addition, the decommissioning of the power plant after consideration the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in
skilled personnel, Loviisa power plant has excellent prerequi- the commercial operation is being explored. interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal small quantities
sites with regard to the technical and safety-related require- of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland at Loviisa
ments to continue operation after the current licence period. power plant.
8 EIA Programme | Summary EIA Programme | Summary 9
Option VE1 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090
Operation of the power plant units
Table 2. Summary of the environmental impacts to be reviewed, assessment methods and the preliminary observed
Water engineering project area of the impacts.
Other potential additional construction
in the power plant area
Component Methods of assessment Observed area
Expansion of the L/ILW repository
An expert assessment of how the project relates Approximately up to 5 km from the project area.
Decommissioning of the power plant Land use, land use planning to the current and planned land use and land use
units and the built environment planning. In addition, built environment sites and
Use of the L/ILW repository the distance thereto are assessed.
Closure of the L/ILW repository
An expert assessment of the project’s relation Approximately 5 km from the project area.
Landscape and cultural to the landscape of the vicinity (holiday housing,
Operation of the plant parts to be
environment in particular) and the landscape overall. Cultural
made independent
environment sites are identifed.
Decommissioning of the plant parts to
be made independent
A calculated assessment of the changes generated The traffc routes leading to the project area
Radioactive waste generated elsewhere by the project in traffc volumes and an expert in Loviisa up to main road 7. In addition, the
in Finland and received at Loviisa power assessment of the impact of transport on traffc immediate vicinity of the transport routes for
Traffc safety. The assessment also applies a separate spent nuclear fuel.
plant
survey conducted concerning the risks and
Option VE0 and VE0+ implementation methods related to the transports
of spent nuclear fuel.
Operation of the power plant units
Expansion of the L/ILW repository An expert assessment of the noise emissions and The project area and its vicinity within an
Noise and vibration vibration caused by the different phases of the approximately 3-km radius and the nearby areas
Decommissioning of the power plant project and transport, as well as their dispersion in along the transport routes.
units the environment.
Use of the L/ILW repository
An expert assessment of the typical emissions into The typical emissions into the air caused
Closure of the L/ILW repository Air quality the air generated by the project. by construction, dismantling and transport
activities, and the extension of the operation
Operation of the plant parts to be within an approximate radius of 1–2 kilometres.
made independent
Soil, bedrock and An expert assessment based on the planned The project area.
Decommissioning of the plant parts to groundwater
be made independent construction and fnal disposal measures.
VE0+: Radioactive waste generated
elsewhere in Finland and received at A modelling of the cooling water and an expert Approximately 5 km from the project area.
Loviisa power plant assessment based on it concerning the impact on
the sea area. An expert assessment of the impacts
Surface waters of water structures, service water intake, and the
Figure 1. Tentative schedules of the project options, to be specifed as the plans progress. management and discharge of wastewater. In
addition, a survey is conducted on the pollutants
and sub-bottom profling of sediments.
Project schedule assessment report (the EIA Report). The EIA procedure is carried
Tentative schedules of the project options to be covered in the out before licence or permit procedures, and its purpose is to in- An expert assessment to be conducted based on Approximately 10 km from the project area.
Fish and fshing ichthyofauna studies and the impact assessment of
EIA procedure are provided in Figure 1. fuence the planning of the project and decision-making. In this surface waters.
EIA procedure, the coordinating authority is the Ministry of Eco-
nomic Affairs and Employment.
Assessment of the environmental impact of the Flora, fauna and
An expert assessment of the impact on the natural Approximately 10 km from the project area, with
Parallel to the EIA procedure conducted in Finland, an interna- environment and conservation areas. In addition, a special focus on the sea area.
project tional hearing in accordance with the Espoo Convention should conservation areas an avifauna survey is conducted in connection with
The purpose of the EIA procedure is to assess the project’s envi- be organised in projects that may have impacts extending be- the EIA procedure.
ronmental impacts and foster attention to them in the project’s yond the borders of Finland. The Ministry of the Environment is
planning phase. In addition, the procedure aims to improve ac- responsible for the international hearing involving Finland. An expert assessment (including the regional econ- The power plant’s vicinity and transport routes.
cess to information and the opportunities to participate in the omy, noise, emissions, traffc and landscape) to be The resident survey is conducted within a
People’s living conditions, conducted based on the calculated and qualitative 20-kilometre radius.
planning of the project. comfort and health
Environmental impact assessment methods assessments carried out in the sections concerning
The EIA procedure is based on the Act on the Environmental other impacts. In addition, a resident survey and
Impact Assessment Procedure (252/2017) and the Government Table 2 shows a summary of the assessment methods by impact small group interviews are conducted.
Decree on the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure and the proposed observed areas. The observed areas concern-
(277/2017). The procedure has two phases. In the frst phase, ing environmental impacts have been defned to cover the maxi- A survey of the regional economy, based on an Finland.
an Environmental Impact Assessment Programme (the EIA Pro- mum reach of the impacts. In reality, the environmental impacts Regional economy analysis of the current situation and resource fow
gramme) is drawn up. It describes a plan concerning how the are likely to occur in an area smaller than the observed area. The modelling.
environmental impacts caused by the project are assessed. The EIA report presents the results of the environmental impact as-
second phase includes the assessment of the environmental im- sessment and their affected areas.
pacts, and the results are presented in the environmental impact
10 EIA Programme | Summary EIA Programme | Summary 11
Component Methods of assessment Observed area
An expert assessment of the release of radioactive Radiation monitoring of the environment within
emissions generated by the project into the air and an approximate radius of 10 km, radiation dose
sea. Radiation in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant calculation within 100 km.
Emissions of and radiation is monitored in accordance with the monitoring
from radioactive substances programme in effect, and the assessment is based
on data obtained from the monitoring. The radiation
doses caused by emissions are assessed by means of
calculations.
An expert assessment of, for example, the use of The production chain of nuclear fuel at a general
Use of natural resources blasted rock, and a description of the impact of the level. Other use (e.g. mineral aggregate) locally or
nuclear fuel production chain. regionally.
An expert assessment of the waste streams in Spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to
different phases and the processing, utilisation Eurajoki, including the transport routes. Others
options and fnal disposal thereof. Reports prepared locally or regionally.
Waste and by-products
earlier (including Posiva 2008) are used to describe
the impact of the transport and fnal disposal of
spent nuclear fuel .
Includes the key results of the safety case and an The vicinity of the power plant.
expert assessment of the impact on long-term safety
Long-term safety of the L/
of the extension of the power plant’s service life and
ILW repository
the radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in
Finland than Loviisa power plant.
Energy markets and security An expert assessment of the development of and Finland.
of supply changes in the energy market in the project options.
Calculated assessment of carbon dioxide emissions At the national level in Finland.
Climate change
(CO2e) and their impact on Finland’s total emissions.
A modelling of a fctional severe reactor accident 1,000 km.
which releases 100 TBq of nuclide Cs-137 into the
Emergencies and accidents atmosphere. As a result, the modelling provides the
fallout and radiation doses caused by the emission.
An expert assessment of the impacts.
An expert assessment of the combined impacts The vicinity of the project area and the
Combined impacts with regard to the other actors in the region and the municipalities involved in the associated projects.
associated projects.
Transboundary impacts An assessment to be prepared based on separate 1,000 km.
surveys and modelling of the impact of the project
potentially extending beyond the borders of Finland.
Participation and interaction communicated through the coordinating authority’s announce-
The EIA procedure is interactive and enables different parties to ment concerning the EIA programme and report.
discuss and express their opinion on the project and its impacts. A resident survey is conducted in the EIA report phase to study
One of the key objectives of the EIA procedure is to promote the attitudes of the area’s residents. The resident survey mate-
communication about the project and improve the opportunities rial also serves as data for the impact assessment. In addition,
to participate in its planning. Participation allows for the differ- small group events are held in the EIA report phase to dissemi-
ent stakeholders to express their views. nate information on the project and hear various stakeholders.
The environmental impact assessment procedure can be par- The stakeholders may include the area’s residents, landowners,
ticipated in by everyone whose conditions and interests, such as fshermen and entrepreneurs. The composition of the groups
accommodation, work, transport, leisure activities or other living and the interview themes are tailored in accordance with the
conditions, may be affected by the project to be implemented. need for information and the stakeholder group.
In accordance with the EIA legislation, citizens can submit their The EIA programme and report will be published on the Min-
opinions of the EIA programme and report to the coordinating istry of Economic Affairs and Employment website. The docu-
authority during the period these are available for viewing. ments are available for viewing in accordance with the announce-
Two public events are organised during the EIA procedure: the ment made by the coordinating authority. The EIA programme
frst in the programme phase; the second in the report phase. and report are also available on Fortum’s website. The website
The purpose of the events, open for all, is to provide information also contains up-to-date information on the project, the environ-
produced during the project and the EIA procedure. The events mental impact assessment procedure and licensing. In addition,
enable citizens to have an opportunity to express their views on Fortum provides information on the progress of the project, and
the project and the impacts to be assessed and to receive more news conferences and public events, for example.
information. The dates and locations of the public events are
12 EIA Programme | Summary EIA Programme | Summary 13
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1.
16
1.Project owner
and the project
background
1.1 PROJECT OWNER
The project owner in the EIA procedure is Fortum Power and
Heat Oy, a wholly owned subsidiary of Fortum Corporation. The
Government of Finland holds 50.8% of the share capital of For-
tum Corporation. In the spring of 2020, Fortum acquired a ma-
jority interest in Uniper SE, based in Germany. The acquisition
made Fortum one of the largest energy companies in Europe and
an increasingly important operator in Russia as well. Uniper was
consolidated with the Fortum Group as of April 2020, but for the
time being, it continues to operate as a separate listed company.
Fortum Corporation and its subsidiaries employ a total of
nearly 20,000 people, about 2,000 of whom work in Finland. In
the Nordic countries, Fortum is the second-largest producer of
electricity and the largest electricity seller. Fortum is among the
largest producers of thermal energy in the world. Fortum also
offers district cooling, energy effciency services, recycling and
waste solutions, as well as the Nordic countries’ largest network
of charging stations for electric cars. Fortum’s subsidiary Uniper
also engages in large-scale global energy trading and owns natu-
ral gas storage terminals and other gas infrastructure.
Nuclear energy plays a signifcant role in Fortum’s electrici-
ty production that is free of carbon dioxide emissions. Together
with Uniper, Fortum is the second largest nuclear power company
in Europe. In 2019, the combined electricity production of Fortum
and Uniper was approximately 180 TWh, of which 19% was based
on nuclear power in Finland and Sweden. Fortum Group’s large-
scale nuclear power, hydro power and wind power operations
EIA Programme | Project owner and the project background
make it the third largest producer of emission-free electricity in
Europe, and 66% of its production in Europe was free of carbon
dioxide emissions in 2019. Including its electricity production in
Russia, based primarily on natural gas, 38% of Fortum Group’s en-
tire electricity production was carbon dioxide emission-free.
Loviisa nuclear power plant, owned and operated by Fortum
Power and Heat Oy, consists of two power plant units, Loviisa 1
and Loviisa 2. The electricity generated by the Loviisa power plant
is used as an uninterrupted, year-round source of energy. Annual-
ly, Loviisa power plant produces a total of approximately 8 tera-
watt hours (TWh) of electricity to the national grid. It accounts for
approximately 10% of the electricity consumption in Finland. For
its part, Loviisa nuclear power plant supports the climate targets
of Finland and the EU, as well as a secure electricity supply.
Fortum also holds a 26% share in the current nuclear power
plant (Olkiluoto 1 and 2) of Teollisuuden Voima Oyj, and a 25%
share in the nuclear power plant unit (Olkiluoto 3) under con-
struction. In addition, the company is a shareholder in Swedish
nuclear power plants (Fortum’s share in Oskarshamn is 43%, and
in Forsmark 22%). Fortum also participates in the nuclear power
plant project of Fennovoima Oy, with a share of 6.6%. With Teol-
lisuuden Voima Oyj, Fortum owns Posiva Oy, which is tasked with
conducting studies on the fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel of its
owners, the construction and operation of a fnal disposal facility,
as well as the closure of the facility. Fortum owns a 40% share in
Posiva Oy.
1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Fortum’s Loviisa nuclear power plant was built in 1971–1980. Lovi-
isa nuclear power plant consists of two power plant units, Loviisa
1 and Loviisa 2, as well as the associated buildings and storage
facilities required for the management of nuclear fuel and nuclear
waste. Loviisa 1 began its commercial operation in 1977 and Lovi-
isa 2 in 1980. Loviisa power plant has been generating electricity
reliably for more than 40 years. The current operating licence is-
sued by the Finnish government to Loviisa 1 is valid until the end
of 2027, and the operating licence issued to Loviisa 2 is valid until
the end of 2030.
Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com-
mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum
of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence
period. Fortum will, at a later date, make the decision concerning
potential extension of the operation of the nuclear power plant
and the application for new operating licences. The other option
is to proceed to the decommissioning phase when the power
plant’s current operating licences expires.
Fortum has invested in the ageing management of Loviisa
power plant and carried out improvement measures throughout
the operation of the power plant. The power plant units were
customised to meet western safety requirements as early
as during the planning phase. Over the years, Loviisa power
plant has implemented several projects that improve nuclear
safety. In recent years, extensive reforms have been carried
out on the automation of the power plant, and ageing systems
and equipment have been modernised. In 2014–2018, Loviisa
power plant implemented the most extensive modernisation
programme in the plant’s history, in which Fortum invested
approximately EUR 500 million. Thanks to the investments made
and the skilled personnel, Loviisa power plant has excellent
prerequisites with regard to the technical and safety-related
requirements to continue operation after the current licence
period.
In addition, the quantity of such radioactive waste generated
in the operation of Loviisa power plant that requires fnal disposal
has been considerably reduced, and the effciency of the use of
nuclear fuel has been improved. The radioactive waste from the
power plant is processed and deposited in the fnal disposal facil-
ity for low- and intermediate-level waste (the L/ILW repository),
located in the power plant area. The project for the fnal disposal
of the spent nuclear fuel generated by the power plant has also
progressed to the construction phase of Posiva Oy’s encapsula-
tion plant and fnal disposal facility. Solutions therefore exist for
the processing and fnal disposal of all nuclear fuel generated by
Loviisa power plant.
This environmental impact assessment procedure (the EIA
procedure) covers the extension of Loviisa nuclear power plant’s
operations or its decommissioning. In both cases, the project
requires a licensing procedure in accordance with the Nuclear
Energy Act and an environmental impact assessment procedure
(Nuclear Energy Act, section 3, article 1; points 7 b and d of the
list of projects). The EIA report to be prepared after this EIA pro-
gramme and the coordinating authority’s reasoned conclusion to
be issued on it are appended to any permit applications. In this
EIA procedure, the coordinating authority is the Ministry of Eco-
nomic Affairs and Employment.
EIA Programme | Project owner and the project background 17
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2.
2.Options to be reviewed plant and fnal disposal facility are also carried out. The impacts of
these operations are described in greater detail in accordance with
the previous environmental impact assessment reports conducted
2.3 OPTION 0+, VE0+
Option VE0+ is the same as Option VE0, except that it also takes
into account the handling, interim storage and fnal disposal of po-
in the environmental
by Posiva, including Posiva’s EIA report of 2008. tential radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and re-
ceived by Loviisa power plant (see Chapter 2.1).
impact assessment
Table 2 1. Options to be reviewed in the EIA procedure.
Option Description
Extending the operation of Loviisa power plant by a maximum of approximately 20 years after the current operating
licence period, followed by decommissioning.
• The option also includes the measures to extend the service life of the power plant, decommissioning of the
The implementation options reviewed for the project include storage and depositing for fnal disposal in Loviisa power plant
power plant after the licensing period ends, the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made
extending the power plant’s operation by a maximum of approx- area small quantities of radioactive waste generated elsewhere Option 1, VE1
independent and the waste management measures related to these phases.
imately 20 years (VE1) and two different zero options (VE0 and in Finland. Such waste could, for example, be generated in re- • In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing
VE0+). In the zero options, the operation of the power plant would search institutions, industry, hospitals or universities. Since the for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.
not be extended, but the power plant units are decommissioned Loviisa power plant already has the functions and facilities suit-
after the current operation licence period. A brief description of able for the handling and fnal disposal of radioactive waste in Decommissioning of the Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030).
the options being reviewed is provided in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-1. place, it would be natural and aligned with the view of the Na-
• The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the
tional Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation Group that they Option 0, VE0
waste management measures related to these phases.
would be available as part of the overall solution in society.
2.1 OPTION 1, VE1
The project Option 1 covers the extension of the commercial
operation of the Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum of
2.2 OPTION 0, VE0 Decommissioning of the Loviisa nuclear power plant after the current licensing period (in 2027/2030).
• The option also includes the operation and ultimate dismantling of plant parts to be made independent and the
approximately 20 years. During the extension, the operation of Option VE0 reviews the operations of the power plant until the Option 0+, VE0+ waste management measures related to these phases.
the power plant would be similar to what it is currently, and in- expiration of the current operating licences in 2027 and 2030 • In addition, the option includes the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and depositing
creasing the thermal power of the plant is not being planned, and the decommissioning to take place thereafter. Option VE0 for fnal disposal small amounts of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland.
for example. is realised if Fortum does not apply for new operating licences
If the operation of the power plant is extended, new buildings for the power plant. In that scenario, a decommissioning licence
and structures are potentially constructed and modernisations should be applied for the power plant units and an operating
carried out in the power plant area. The project also includes licence should be applied for the plant parts to be made inde- 2027/2030 ~ 2050 2090
functions related to the handling of radioactive waste in the pendent.
power plant area and the expansion of the L/ILW repository. Po- Decommissioning includes the dismantling of the radioac- Operation of the plant parts
Operation of the power plant units
tential changes to be carried out in the power plant area and its tive systems and equipment of Loviisa power plant and the fnal VE1: Extending the to be made independent
vicinity include: disposal of decommissioning waste in the L/ILW repository’s operation by a maximum
of approximately Potential changes implemented in the power plant area ~ 2080
• replacing some old buildings with new ones by building a current halls and new halls to be built as required. In addition,
20 years and
new reception warehouse, wastewater treatment plant, decommissioning includes making certain functions and waste decommissioning
welding hall and a waste storage hall, for example; management related plant parts independent so that the said Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at the Loviisa power plant
• water engineering tasks on the cooling water intake struc- independent units can function without the power plant units
ture and the nearby sea area, with the aim of decreasing the for as long as spent nuclear fuel is kept in interim storage in the Expansion of the L/
ILW repository and Decommis-
temperature of the cooling water taken to the power plant, power plant area. In Option VE0, the operation of the L/ILW re- decommissioning of sioning and
and the potential depositing of the dredging and excava- pository would continue until the 2060s. the power plant units closure*
tion masses in an embankment structure on the southwest During the operation of the power plant, preparations are
side of Hästholmen; made for decommissioning, including the following:
Operation of the power plant units Operation of the plant parts made independent
• changes to the power plant’s service water and wastewater • operation and expansion of the L/ILW repository to ensure the
connections, which are specifed in the EIA report; radioactive decommissioning waste generated in the decom- VE0: Operation until
the end of the current Expansion of the L/
• the expansion of the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel missioning of the power plant can be deposited in the L/ILW Decommis-
licences in 2027/2030 ILW repository and
sioning and
or increasing the capacity of the current interim storage repository for fnal disposal; and decommissioning decommissioning of the
closure*
(for example, placing more nuclear fuel in the pools of the • preparations required by and the use of buildings and struc- power plant units
existing interim storage). tures to be made independent (including the interim storage ~ 2060
Option 1 also takes into consideration the preparation for de- for spent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage and solidifcation
commissioning during the extension of the operation of the plant, the L/ILW repository).
power plant and the actual decommissioning of the power plant The decommissioning phase includes the following: VE0+: Operation until Operation of the power plant units Operation of the plant parts made independent
the end of the current
after commercial use, in which case the operation of the L/ILW • power plant dismantling with the main focus on the disman-
licences in 2027/2030,
repository would continue, at a maximum, until approximately tling of radioactive plant parts and systems; decommissioning and Radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and received at the Loviisa power plant
2090. Chapter 2.2 describes the functions included in the de- • handling of radioactive decommissioning waste and its fnal receiving radioactive
commissioning. disposal in the L/ILW repository; waste generated Expansion of the L/
elsewhere in Finland Decommis-
One aspect of the extension of the operation and decommis- • handling and reuse of conventional dismantling waste; ILW repository and
sioning and
sioning being considered, in accordance with the recommenda- • operation and dismantling of plant parts to be made inde- decommissioning of the
closure*
power plant units
tion of the National Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation pendent;
Group set up by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employ- • closure of the L/ILW repository. * Decommissioning of the
ment (Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, 2019), During the decommissioning phase, the transport of spent Figure 2-1. Options to be reviewed in the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure and plant parts to be made
is the possibility of receiving, processing, placing in interim nuclear fuel and its fnal disposal at Posiva Oy’s encapsulation their tentative schedule. independent and closure of
the L/ILW repository
20 EIA Programme | Options to be reviewed in the environmental impact EIA Programme | Options to be reviewed in the environmental impact 21
22 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 23
3.
24
3. Project description
3.1
mainland.
LOCATION AND SPACE REQUIREMENT
Fortum's Loviisa power plant is located approximately 12 kilo-
metres from the centre of the town of Loviisa, on the island of
Hästholmen in the village of Lappom. The location and current
functions of Loviisa power plant are shown in Figures 3-1 and 3-2.
The buildings and structures required for the power plant’s sup-
port functions, such as security and temporary accommodation
for workers employed for the annual outage, are located on the
The functions related to the extension of the operation and
decommissioning of the power plant covered in the EIA proce-
dure are located in the existing power plant area and its vicini-
ty. As possible, the dredging and excavation mass generated by
potential water engineering is deposited in a new embankment
structure on the southwest side of Hästholmen (Figure 3-2). The
Power plant
power plant’s cooling water intake and discharge locations re-
main unchanged. The location of any new buildings and struc-
tures is specifed in the EIA report phase.
3.2
Figure 3-1. Location of Loviisa nuclear power plant.
EIA Programme | Project description
CURRENT OPERATION
This chapter provides a general description of Loviisa nuclear pow-
er plant and its current operation. Extension of the operation of
the power plant is covered in Chapter 3.3, and decommissioning
in Chapter 3.4.
3.2.1
3.2.1.1
Power plant
Operating principle
Loviisa nuclear power plant is an electricity-generating condens-
Figure 3-2. The current functions in Loviisa power plant area and the tentative location areas
of the planned water engineering measures. The green spots depict the discharge area
of the raw water treatment plant (1), the discharge area of the power plant’s wastewater
treatment plant (2) and the leak water discharge pipe of the L/ILW repository (3).
ing power plant. Instead of conventional fuel (for example, coal,
natural gas or peat), Loviisa nuclear power plant uses uranium di-
oxide (UO2) made from enriched uranium. Using uranium as fuel is
primarily based on the splitting of the nucleus of the atom of the
uranium isotope 235U, or fssion. In the fssion reaction, a heavy
atomic nucleus splits into two or more lighter atomic nuclei when
hit by a free neutron. The reaction also releases some neutrons
and energy. Electricity production in a nuclear power plant is
based on the utilisation of the thermal energy generated by a
controlled chain reaction.
The reactors of Loviisa power plant are light water reactors in
which regular water is used for cooling and as a moderator in the
reactor core. The power plant units are pressurised-water plants;
in other words, the pressure of the water used as the coolant and
moderator of the reactor is kept suffciently high to prevent it from
boiling. The power plant units of Loviisa nuclear power plant are
based on the VVER-440 pressurised water plant design.
A pressurised water plant contains separate primary, second-
ary and seawater systems. The controlled fssion reaction that
takes place in the reactor core of the primary system generates
heat. This heat is cooled by the water circulating in the reactor
under high pressure. The heated water is conducted to the steam
generators, where it evaporates the lower-pressure water of the
secondary system. The generated steam is conducted to the tur-
bines. A generator that shares the same shaft with the turbines
generates electricity for the national grid and for the power plant
itself. From the turbine, the steam is conducted to a condenser,
where it condenses to water. The condensed water is pumped
back to the steam generators. The condenser is cooled by a sep-
arate seawater system. The seawater used for cooling warms up
and is led back to the sea. Radioactive water from the primary
system does not mix with the cooling water at any point. Figure
3-3 shows the operating principle of a pressurised water plant.
EIA Programme | Project description 25
on the industrial handling and storage of hazardous chemicals requirements are set for the fnal disposal of nuclear waste in
(855/2012). An institution subject to a safety assessment is obli- the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority’s (STUK) Regulation
gated to prepare a safety assessment and submit it to the Finnish on the Safety of Disposal of Nuclear Waste (Y/4/2018) and in
REACTOR PLANT TURBINE PLANT Powerlines Safety and Chemicals Agency (Tukes). The obligation is based on STUK’s YVL Guides (nuclear safety guides).
the quantities and properties of the chemicals. The obligation to The fnal disposal of nuclear waste in bedrock is based on
prepare the assessment at Loviisa power plant is due to the use using multiple release barriers to ensure that no nuclear waste
Turbine
of hydrazine, which is classifed as a toxic chemical hazardous to enters the living environment or is within the reach of people.
Generator the environment. Bedrock itself is one of the release barriers. Other technical
release barriers include the waste matrix that binds the radio-
Steam
CONDENSER
Reactor active substances, the waste container, the buffer surrounding
generator 3.2.1.5 Water requirement and supply
Condenser
Primary system the waste container, the backflling of the fnal disposal halls
Seawater is used for various cooling requirements at Loviisa and the closing structures of the disposal facility.
Secondary system
power plant. The primary use is the condensation of steam The fnal disposal of nuclear waste is planned and implement-
Seawater system in the turbines. The cooling water for the power plant is taken ed in a way that does not require continuous supervision of the
from Hudöfjärden on the west side of the island of Hästholmen, fnal disposal location to ensure long-term safety. According to
using an onshore intake system, and the warmed cooling water international and Finnish surveys, the necessary nuclear waste
Figure 3-3. Operating principle of a pressurised water plant.
is discharged back into the sea at Hästholmsfjärden, on the management measures can be implemented in a controlled and
east side of the island. The cooling water intake is located at safe manner.
an approximate depth of 8.5–11 metres. The cooling water is
conducted to the power plant units in a shared rock tunnel that Waste generated during the operation of a nuclear power plant
ultimately bifurcates into two plant unitspecifc tunnels. The include:
cooling water temperature is increased by approximately 10°C in • spent nuclear fuel;
3.2.1.2 Production
es. In the reactor, the nuclear fuel is in the form of small pellets the turbine condensers. The warmed cooling water is conducted • low- and intermediate-level operational waste (for example,
Loviisa power plant is used for the production of base load electricity; with a diameter of approximately one centimetre. The pellets are to the cooling water discharge, where the fow spreads over maintenance waste and waste originating from the water
in other words, the power plant units are usually operated steadily encased in hermetically sealed fuel rods approximately 2.5 me- an approximately 90-metre submerged weir, located near the treatment processes);
at full power to meet the continuous minimum requirement for tres in length. The fuel rods are arranged in fuel bundles, with surface of the water (at a level of -0.5 m). The submerged weir • conventional and hazardous waste.
electrical power. The original nominal electrical power of the power 126 fuel rods in each. Currently, the number of fuel bundles in the spreads the water to the surface layer of the sea, accelerating
plant units was 440 MW. In 1997, the modernisation project carried reactor is 313. The amount of nuclear fuel in Loviisa power plant’s the release of the excess thermal energy into the atmosphere. In addition, the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant
out at Loviisa power plant included power uprating, which increased reactors is a total of approximately 89 tonnes of uranium dioxide The volume of cooling water used by Loviisa power plant is an generates decommissioning waste and other dismantling
the nominal thermal power of the reactors from 1,375 MW to 1,500 (UO2). average of 44 m3/s. The maximum fow of cooling water takes waste (see Chapter 3.4).
MW. This increased the nominal electrical power of the plant units to Currently, Fortum procures the nuclear fuel for Loviisa power place at the end of the summer, when the temperature of the Conventional waste is treated in the same manner as equiv-
488 MW. The effciency of the power plant units has been improved plant from the Russian TVEL Fuel Company (TVEL). The fuel is surface water is naturally at its highest. At that time, the cooling alent waste elsewhere in the industry, in accordance with valid
several times, and the net electric power of each unit is currently 507 transported to Loviisa power plant by road. The power plant’s water fow may be approximately 55 m3/s. Fish, algae and other acts, decrees and regulations.
MW. The total effciency of the power plant units is approximately annual fuel requirement is a total of approximately 24 tonnes of screenings carried with the cooling water to the power plant are The most central buildings and functions related to nuclear
34%. Since the power uprating of 1997, the production of Loviisa uranium dioxide. The fresh fuel stored in dry storage at Loviisa removed from the water by means of coarse and fne screens and waste management at Loviisa power plant are the L/ILW repos-
power plant has been approximately 8 TWh per year. This accounts power plant meets the need for between one and two years. travelling basket flters. The screenings consist mostly of organic itory (for the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-
for approximately one-tenth of the annual electricity consumption waste, which is taken to an external waste management compa- level waste, see Chapter 3.2.2), the interim storage for spent
in Finland. The planned annual operating time of the power plant 3.2.1.4 Use of chemicals ny for appropriate processing. nuclear fuel, the liquid waste storage and solidifcation plant, as
is approximately 8,000 hours. The availability and load factors of In addition to cooling water, the power plant also needs raw well as the facilities for handling dry waste.
Loviisa power plant have been excellent. The operation of Loviisa Most of the chemicals used at Loviisa power plant are various water. The raw water for Loviisa power plant is taken from the
power plant has been certifed to the ISO 14001 Environmental kinds of acid and alkali needed in the manufacture of process Lappomträsket lake, located approximately fve kilometres Spent nuclear fuel
Management and OHSAS-18001 Occupational Health and Safe-ty water and used to control the acidity and chemical reactions of north of the power plant. The raw water pumped from the Lap- Nuclear fuel becomes highly radioactive in the reactor during
Assessment Series standards. the power plant’s water systems. In addition, chemicals are used pomträsket lake is used in the raw water treatment plant to pro- operation. In Finland, spent fuel is not processed further, but it
The power plant units are kept running continuously at as high for cleaning and to prevent corrosion in the equipment and pipe- duce the service water needed in the power plant. Raw water is is highly radioactive nuclear waste that requires fnal disposal.
and steady a power as possible. The operating period is usually lines, processing the exhaust gases of the primary system and used as the process, fre, cleaning and rinsing water, as well as At Loviisa power plant, spent nuclear fuel removed from the
interrupted by the annual outage carried out once per year be- producing ice for the ice condensers in the reactor building. The the power plant’s domestic water. The fully desalinated process reactor is typically stored underwater in the spent fuel pool
tween July and October. The annual outage includes modifca- acids and alkalis most used are sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid water is manufactured using an ion exchange technique in the of the reactor building for 1–3 years, which allows its reactiv-
tions and maintenance, inspections and refuelling. The outage is and nitric acid. Ammonia water is used for increasing the pH of water desalination plant. The plant area also has a wastewater ity and heat production to decrease considerably. The spent
carried out on one plant unit at a time and it lasts for 2–8 weeks. the power plant’s secondary system and for adjusting the pH treatment plant to treat the sanitary wastewater generated in fuel is then transferred to the power plant’s interim storage
During the outage of one unit, the other plant unit is kept in op- of the primary coolant. In the primary system, ammonia water the power plant area. for spent nuclear fuel, where it is stored in pools of water. Wa-
eration. However, there have been occasions when both units is also used to create reducing conditions. Among other things, ter acts as a radiation shield and cools the spent fuel. During
were shut down simultaneously for their annual outage. Both hydrazine is used as an oxygen removal chemical for process 3.2.1.6 Waste management the storage, the activity and heat production of the spent fuel
power plant units undergo more extensive maintenance every water to prevent corrosion. Boric acid is used for reactor power continue to drop.
four years. The most extensive annual outages, which are also (reactivity) control. Power plant processes also use fammable The operation of a nuclear power plant generates both radio- In due course, the spent fuel is transported in special contain-
the longest, take place every eight years. liquids and gases. For example, hydrogen gas is used for cool- active nuclear waste and conventional (non-radioactive) waste. ers from the interim storage to the Posiva encapsulation plant
ing the electric generators’ rotors, and light fuel oil is used in the The basis of nuclear waste management is to permanently iso- to be built in Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. Transport from Loviisa to Olk-
3.2.1.3 Procurement and use of nuclear fuel emergency power diesel machines. late waste from the environment. According to the Nuclear En- iluoto takes place either by road or sea. The transport of spent
The industrial handling and storage of chemicals at Lovii- ergy Act (990/1987), nuclear waste must be handled, stored and nuclear fuel is strictly regulated by national and international
The fuel Loviisa power plant uses is fssionable nuclear fuel made sa power plant is extensive. Loviisa power plant is an institu- permanently disposed of in Finland. The Nuclear Energy Decree regulations and agreements. In Finland, the transports of spent
from uranium ore through various chemical and mechanical phas- tion subject to a safety assessment as defned in the decree (161/1988) further defnes the nuclear waste to be permanent- nuclear fuel require a permit from STUK.
ly disposed of in the Finnish ground or bedrock. More specifc At the Posiva encapsulation plant, the spent fuel is packed
26 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 27
Operational waste: Other waste
sion allows for the depositing for fnal disposal of all radioactive
In addition to the liquid waste and maintenance waste de- waste generated by the decommissioning of the power plant in due
scribed above, small quantities of other radioactive waste are course, with the exception of spent fuel. The long-term safety case
generated in the radiation controlled area, including various also covers the fnal disposal of decommissioning waste.
flters and intermediate-level dry waste. This waste is handled
and put into fnal disposal using various methods according to
the type of waste.
3.2.3 Emissions from the current operations
Small quantities of waste containing uranium have also been The operation of a nuclear power plant, regardless of the power
generated during the operation of the power plant (such as plant type, generates emissions into the environment on which
certain measuring instruments used in reactor control), which legislation imposes various emissions limits. The emissions of
have not been deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal dis- a nuclear power plant are divided into conventional and radio-
posal thus far. When a licence is applied for the fnal disposal active emissions. The emissions and other environmental con-
facility, a permit for the fnal disposal of this waste in the L/ siderations of the current operations are provided in Table 3-1 of
ILW repository can also be applied for. Chapter 3.3.6.
Conventional waste 3.2.3.1 Radioactive emissions
A nuclear power plant, like other industrial plants, generates Radioactive substances are generated in a nuclear power plant
conventional waste (for example, paper, plastic and food during operation. Small quantities of radioactive substances are
waste, as well as scrap metal) and hazardous waste (such as released into the air and sea in a controlled manner in compliance
fuorescent tubes and waste oils), which is not radioactive. with the criteria set in legislation, and the licences and regula-
Most of the conventional waste is reused as materials or en- tions concerning the operations. The quantity of the radioactive
ergy, and only a small portion of the waste generated annu- substances to be released into the environment are limited effec-
ally ends up in landfll. The annual waste quantities vary, de- tively by delaying and fltering.
pending on the scope of work carried out in the annual outage. Radioactive emissions into the sea and air have been a frac-
Waste is managed as required by the power plant’s environ- tion of the limits set for Loviisa power plant. The impact of the
mental permit. emissions on the people in the vicinity and the surrounding envi-
ronment is minimal (see Chapter 3.2.4.1). The power plant’s emis-
3.2.2 L/ILW repository sions of radioactive substances into the air and sea are constant-
Figure 3-4. The fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste in Loviisa. ly monitored.
Layout: Timo Kirkkomäki, Fortum. The low- and intermediate-level waste generated during the op-
eration of the power plant is deposited for fnal disposal in the f- Emissions into the air
nal disposal facility excavated for the purpose in the depth of 110 The power plant’s radioactive emissions into the air during
metres on the island of Hästholmen (the L/ILW repository, Figure operation largely consist of noble gases, aerosols, halogens
3-4). The L/ILW repository was built on Hästholmen in the 1990s and gaseous activation products. Most of the radionuclides
and expanded between 2010 and 2012. released into the environment are short-lived and are only
The L/ILW repository currently has halls for maintenance waste detected in the immediate vicinity of the power plant during
and sealed in fnal disposal capsules. It is then moved by a lift or nical release barrier for the radioactive substances in the fnal and solidifed liquid waste. The facility is located on the island so environmental radiation monitoring.
via a vehicle access tunnel to the fnal disposal facility for spent disposal conditions. It is easier and more safe to handle, store, that no part of it is under the sea, the existing power plant units In the processing of radioactive gases generated in the
nuclear fuel, located at a depth of approximately 420 metres un- transport and deposit solid waste containers for fnal disposal or sites reserved for units. The fnal disposal facility for low- and power plant, the gases are collected, filtered and delayed to
derground. The transport of spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa to than liquid non-solidifed waste. intermediate-level waste is a separate nuclear facility referred to reduce radioactivity. Gases containing small amounts of radi-
Olkiluoto and its fnal disposal is covered in greater detail in Posi- The solidifed liquid waste is deposited for fnal disposal in in the Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, but it is used in connection oactive substances are released into the air through the vent
va’s 2008 EIA procedure (Posiva Oy 2008). the solidifed waste hall in the L/ILW repository. The fnal dis- with Loviisa power plant and is integrated with the power plant’s stack in a controlled manner.
According to the current plans, the fnal disposal of spent nu- posal of solidifed waste began in December 2019. functions. After the operation of the power plant discontinues, The radioactive emissions into the air from Loviisa power
clear fuel from Loviisa power plant would begin in Posiva’s en- the fnal disposal facility is separated as an independent unit in plant in 2008–2018 and the emission limits are presented in
capsulation plant and fnal disposal facility in the 2040s. Operational waste: Maintenance waste the same manner as certain other waste management functions, Chapter 3.3.6 (Table 3-1). Emission limits have been set for
Most of the waste generated in the radiation controlled area so that it can be used during the power plant’s decommissioning. emissions of noble gases and iodine. At their highest, the
Operational waste: Liquid waste of the power plant is low-level waste. This waste consists The fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate level waste emissions of radioactive noble gases into the air from the
Liquid radioactive waste is generated from the process and primarily of maintenance waste (e.g. insulation material, old was granted an operating licence in 1998, and the fnal disposal of power plant in 2008–2018 were approximately 0.06% of the
sewage systems during the operation of the power plant. work clothing, machine parts and plastic). For final disposal, dry maintenance waste packed in steel barrels began in the same emission limit (in 2009), and iodine emissions were approxi-
Liquid waste includes the ionexchange resins used to clean maintenance waste is sorted and packed in steel barrels, and year. At the end of 2019, the facility contained approximately 10,000 mately 0.02% of the emission limit (in 2010). The power plant’s
the process systems, the evaporator concentrate of sewage its activity is analysed using a gamma spectrometer. Based barrels, or about 2,000 m3 of maintenance waste. The fnal disposal radioactive emissions into the air have therefore been signifi-
waters, and various types of sludge and precipitate generated on the activity content, the maintenance waste is either de- of solidifed waste began at the end of 2019. The operating licence cantly below the emission limits set for them.
by the cleaning of containers, among other things. As a rule, posited for final disposal in the final disposal halls built for of the fnal disposal facility is valid until the end of 2055.
liquid waste is intermediate-level waste. Liquid waste is stored it in the L/ILW repository or cleared from regulatory control Long-term safety cases in accordance with STUK’s require- Discharges into water systems
in the liquid waste storage before further processing. when its activity is below the activity limits set by STUK. ments have been prepared for the fnal disposal facility for low- The power plant’s radioactive discharges into the sea consist pri-
At the solidifcation plant, liquid radioactive waste is mixed Waste that is to be cleared from regulatory control is han- and intermediate-level waste at all stages of the facility’s lifecycle, marily of process water discharges, sewage water from the ra-
with cement, blast furnace slag and additives into a frm so- dled as conventional waste and sent for processing outside most recently in 2018. The cases are used to demonstrate that the diation controlled area, wastewater from washing the protective
lidifcation product in the fnal disposal container made from the power plant. Only about a quarter of the maintenance long-term safety impacts are at an acceptable level after the fnal clothing used in the radiation controlled area, and the discharges
reinforcement steel. The end product of this process is a sol- waste generated in the radiation-controlled area ends up in disposal facility is closed. Plans are in place to expand the current of the purifed evaporation concentrate. Before being discharged
id waste container, in which the radioactive substances are final disposal, and the remainder can be cleared from regu- halls of the fnal disposal facility by excavating a fnal disposal hall into the sea, the waters are treated and delayed to reduce radio-
bound in a concrete waste matrix, which also serves as a tech- latory control. for the decommissioning waste of Loviisa power plant. This expan- activity. The activity is measured, and discharging is only allowed
28 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 29
0.04
0.05 0.01
when the activity is below the limits set by the authorities. In ad-
regeneration water of the desalination plant and condensate Radon
dition, the effuents from the foor drains of the waste areas of
purifcation facilities; turbine hall’s seepage water; water from
the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level waste 0.3
the steam generators’ blowdown water treatment plant; the au- X-ray examinations
are also included in emissions monitoring. The water that con- 0.33
tomatic fushing of the travelling basket flters of the seawater
tains small quantities of radioactivity to be released into the sea Soil and construction materials
pump stations; as well as rainwater and water in the ground. Pro- 0.45
in a controlled manner from the power plant is mixed with the
cess waters generated in the radiation controlled area are de-
cooling water fow in the cooling water discharge channel and Cosmic radiation from space
scribed in Chapter 3.2.3.1.
diluted considerably.
After appropriate treatment, process wastewaters generated
The radioactive discharge into the sea from Loviisa power plant 0.72 Food and drinking water
in the power plant are fnally conducted with the cooling water to
in 2008–2018 and the emission limits are presented in Chapter 4.0
the sea in Hästholmsfjärden. In 2000–2018, the average volume
3.3.6 (Table 3-1). At their highest, the power plant’s emissions Air travel
of process wastewaters was approximately 160,000 m3 per year.
of tritium (H-3) into the sea in 2008–2018 were approximately
The average total nitrogen load of the sanitary wastewater Isotope examinations
14% of the emission limit, and the emissions of other fssion and
has been approximately 840 kg per year, and the total phospho-
activation products were approximately 0.2% of the emission
rus load approximately 9 kg per year. The average total nitrogen Nuclear accidents and nuclear weapon tests
limit. Thus, the power plant’s radioactive emissions into the
load of the process waters has been approximately 800 kg per
sea have been signifcantly below the emission limits set for
year, and the total phosphorus load 9 kg per year. Approximately
them. For example, radioactive emissions into the sea have
every four years, a controlled discharge of the evaporation con- Figure 3-5. The average radiation dose of people in Finland is 5.9 millisieverts per year
been reduced by separating caesium (Cs) from the evaporation
centrate, from which caesium has been separated, is carried out. (Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority STUK, 2020).
concentrate in the radiation-controlled area
It temporarily increases the nutrition concentrations. The total
nitrogen load generated by the power plant in the 2000s has
3.2.3.2 Conventional emissions been approximately 1,650 kg per year, and the total phosphorus for personnel working within the radiation controlled area, and principles and solutions, and the expertise and safety-focused
load approximately 18 kg per year. The total phosphorus load has radiation measurements are carried out on the persons and items attitude of the organisation operating the power plant. According
Emissions into the air decreased in the 2010s. Nutrition discharges into the sea from exiting the area. During the normal operation of Loviisa power to the defence in depth principle, safety is ensured by means of a
The power supply of Loviisa power plant in exceptional situa- Loviisa power plant in 2000–2018 are shown in Chapter 3.3.6 plant, the personnel’s radiation doses are signifcantly below the series of consecutive levels that are mutually redundant.
tions is secured by means of emergency diesel generators. Pe- (Table 3-1). dose limits and are primarily caused by inspection work carried The technical nuclear safety of the plant units at Loviisa pow-
riodic testing of the emergency power sources generate some In 2000–2018, the biological oxygen demand (BOD7 value) out in the primary coolant pump area. Most of the radiation dos- er plant is ensured by means of safety functions the purpose of
nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and particle of sanitary wastewater was an average of 177 kg per year, the es are accumulated in the steam generator space during outages which is to prevent the occurrence of incidents and accidents,
emissions. The oil-operated backup heating boiler of the power chemical oxygen demand (COD value) was an average of 410 kg and in work carried out on the reactor’s lid unit. prevent them from escalating or mitigate the consequences of
plant also generates minor emissions of a similar nature. per year, and the solids load was an average of 506 kg per year. The radioactive emissions of Loviisa power plant are moni- accident situations. The safety functions have been defned in
Traffc at the power plant also generates emissions into the tored by means of the power plant’s emission measurements. order to ensure the integrity of the barriers to the dispersion of
air. The power plant’s traffc during operation primarily includes The release of emissions into the environment is monitored in radioactive substances. The functions are supported by means
3.2.4 Nuclear and radiation safety
commuting and maintenance traffc, as well as transports of accordance with the environmental radiation control programme of support measures that are launched automatically or by an
fresh nuclear fuel, various pieces of equipment, chemicals, fuel According to the Nuclear Energy Act, the use of nuclear energy approved by STUK. The environmental radiation control is based operator.
oil, gases and waste management. The chemicals and fuel oil re- must be safe, and it shall not cause harm to people or damage on continuous dose rate measurements, air and fallout samples,
lated to the power plant operations are transported to the power to the environment or property. In Finland, the requirements seawater samples and samples taken from the food chain. The The most important safety functions of a nuclear power plant are:
plant by road, in the same manner as other goods transports. In concerning nuclear and radiation safety of nuclear power emissions of Loviisa power plant are reported to STUK quarterly. • reactivity control, which aims to stop the chain reaction
the power plant area, transports follow a guided transport route. plants are based on the provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act The independent control carried out by STUK supplements the generated by the reactor;
and Decree, which are specifed in regulations issued by STUK. control carried out by the power plant. Structural radiation pro- • decay heat removal, which aims to cool the fuel and by do-
Discharges into water systems This chapter covers the most important areas of radiation tection, radiation protection of the personnel, and emission and ing so to ensure the integrity of the fuel and the primary
Seawater used as cooling water in the power plant’s turbine con- and nuclear safety at Loviisa power plant, based on STUK’s radiation control are carried out under STUK’s supervision. system;
densers warms by 8–12 °C, with an average of approximately 10 Regulation on the Safety of a Nuclear Power Plant (Y/1/2018), The limits for radiation doses accumulated to the population, • Prevention of the dispersion of radioactivity, which aims
°C. With the exception of the rise in temperature, the quality of the Regulation on the Emergency Arrangements of a Nuclear caused by the operation of a nuclear power plant, have been de- to isolate the containment and ensure its integrity and,
the cooling water does not change when the water fows through Power Plant (Y/2/2018) and the Regulation on the Security in fned in the Nuclear Energy Decree (161/1988, Section 22 b). The by doing that, to control the radioactive emissions during
the power plant. The volume of seawater used as the cooling wa- the Use of Nuclear Energy (Y/3/2016). limit for the annual dose caused to an individual by the normal accidents.
ter by the power plant is an average of 44 m3/s. The average heat operation of a nuclear power plant is 0.1 mSv (millisieverts), which
load into the sea is approximately 57,000 terajoules (TJ) per year, 3.2.4.1 Radiation and monitoring is less than 2 % of the average annual dose of 5.9 mSv caused by Nuclear power plants have both conventional operating systems
and the average heat load for a 24-hour period is approximately radiation to a person in Finland (Radiation and Nuclear Safety and safety systems that are used to implement the aforemen-
156 TJ per day of operating. In recent years, the heat load has In a nuclear power plant, radioactive substances are primarily Authority STUK 2020, Figure 3–6). In recent years, the radiation tioned safety functions during normal operation and during in-
remained fairly unchanged. generated as fssion products when the atomic nuclei of the fuel dose caused to an individual in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant cidents and accidents. The safety systems ensure the cooling of
Conventional discharges into the water systems are primarily split, through neutron activation in the reactor or its vicinity, and has been approximately 0.2% (about 0.00023 mSv) of the dose the fuel in the reactor also when the normal operating systems
nutrient loads generated by the process wastewater and sani- as the products of the radioactive decay chains of the aforemen- limit set in the Nuclear Energy Decree and less than one tenthou- are unavailable. The most important safety systems are the bo-
tary wastewater from the power plant area. Sanitary wastewa- tioned substances. sandth of the normal annual radiation dose a person in Finland ron feed of the primary system, emergency make-up water sys-
ter is processed in the wastewater treatment plant located in the The most important radiation sources during the operation of receives from other sources on average. tem and emergency cooling system , the containment spray sys-
power plant area. The average annual volume of processed san- Loviisa power plant are the nuclear fuel and activation products tem, emergency feed water systems and the diesel generators
itary wastewater conducted to the treatment plant was approx- in the primary system water, due to which the vicinities of the 3.2.4.2 Nuclear safety and automation that support their operation.
imately 24,000 m3 in 2000–2018. The purifed sanitary waste- pri-mary system are inaccessible. A nuclear power plant should be prepared for a severe reactor
water is conducted to Hudöfjärden through a discharge channel. The systems that contain radioactive substances are located The safety of nuclear power plants and the requirements set for accident. A severe reactor accident refers to an accident in which
In addition to sanitary wastewater, the sources of various inside the radiation controlled area. Special safety guidelines safety have been and will be continuously developed, based on ex- the fuel in the reactor is considerably damaged. Although such an
types of process wastewater at the power plant include the pro- must be adhered to in order to protect oneself against radia- perience and the results of safety surveys. The safety level of Lovi- accident is highly unlikely, Loviisa power plant is equipped with
duction of service water in the raw water treatment plant; the tion. Continuous radiation dose monitoring has been arranged isa power plant is determined by the plant’s technical operation systems intended to manage a severe reactor accident. These
30 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 31
4,50E-04
3.3 EXTENDING THE OPERATION
4,00E-04 the frequency has decreased considerably, in other words, the of the power plant have been divided into three categories in age-
safety level of the nuclear power plant has improved as a result Fortum is in the process of assessing the extension of the com- ing management. Ageing management is conducted in accord-
3,50E-04
of the safety-improving modifcations and measures close to the mercial operation of Loviisa nuclear power plant by a maximum ance with the procedures and scope defned for each category.
3,00E-04 level required of new nuclear power facilities (Figure 3-6). of approximately 20 years beyond the current operating licence System managers have been designated for ageing management.
period. This chapter describes the prerequisites of the extension The maintenance organisation and the maintenance functions
2,50E-04
3.2.4.3 Emergency preparedness of the power plant’s operation, and the modifcations that may of Loviisa power plant are responsible for ensuring that a system,
2,00E-04 be implemented. equipment or structure that is in operation or operable meets the
Emergency preparedness arrangements are arrangements car- requirements set for the operating condition under normal oper-
1,50E-04
ried out in preparation for accidents or situations in which the ation and in incidents and accidents.
3.3.1 Nuclear and radiation safety
1,00E-04 safety of the nuclear power plant has been compromised. To
mitigate the consequences of an accident, the power plant and During the extension of the operation, the same basic principles
5,00E-05 3.3.3 Additional construction in the area
authorities maintain emergency preparedness, aimed at civil are adhered to as those described in Chapter 3.2.4, while consid-
0,00E+00 defence actions in a radiation hazard situation. Nuclear energy ering the requirements set by the changing legislation. 3.3.3.1 Water engineering
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
legislation sets requirements for civil defence, rescue and emer- In accordance with the good safety culture, safety improve-
gency preparedness operations. In addition, the Radiation and ments are also carried out at Loviisa power plant during the po- Over approximately twenty years, it has been necessary to reduce
Figure 3-6. The frequency of considerable reactor core
Nuclear Safety Authority has issued detailed requirements in the tential lifetime extension. The work is guided by the operation the power of Loviisa power plant due to the high intake temperature
damage and nuclear fuel damage of spent fuel in the fuel
YVL Guides and in STUK Regulations (Y/2/2018) on the emergen- experience gained at Loviisa power plant and other nuclear of the cooling water during some summers. The power limitations
pools in the Loviisa 1 power plant unit, assessed by means of
cy preparedness operations. When planning emergency prepara- power plants, changes to STUK’s YVL Guides and technological have helped keep the temperature of the cooling water conducted
PRA. The blue line indicates the requirement level (10–5/year)
tion operations, the separate emergency preparedness instruc- advances. According to Fortum’s estimate, the changes made to to the sea within the environmental permit’s conditions. The seawa-
proposed for new nuclear power plants in the STUK Guide
tions (VAL Guides) for radiation protection actions in a radiation the requirements in recent years result in some new procedures ter temperature is expected to rise in the future due to the warming
YVL A.7.
hazard situation, among other things, are also considered. in addition to those already implemented. For example, the im- of the climate, which contributes to the likelihood and duration of
The emergency preparedness organisation of Loviisa power provement of the seismic conditions of Loviisa power plant is cur- power limitations.
systems are used to ensure that no radioactive substances are re- plant consists of persons trained for the tasks at the power plant rently being planned. Reducing the temperature of the intake cooling water considera-
leased from the power plant to the extent that they would cause and at Fortum’s headquarters in Espoo. Job descriptions and bly increases the electric output of the power plant, because reduc-
serious harm to the environment. duties have been defned in the emergency preparedness plan ing the temperature improves the effciency of the turbines. By de-
3.3.2 Ageing management and maintenance of
Several projects to improve nuclear safety have been imple- in advance. The emergency preparedness organisation has at creasing the temperature of the intake cooling water, it is possible to
mented at Loviisa power plant throughout its operation. The its disposal the appropriate premises, communications connec-
the power plant reduce the temperature of the discharged cooling water, although
power plant is considerably safer than it was when it was original- tions and equipment to conduct radiation measurements in the Loviisa power plant is one of the best nuclear power plants in the this does not affect the heat load being conducted to the sea.
ly commissioned, although it already complied with the require- power plant area and in the precautionary action zone (extending world in terms of safety and availability. The key indicators used Fortum is therefore investigating the possibility of carrying out
ments at the time. The safety improvements have been based, in to a distance of some 5 kilometres from the plant), among other to measure safety and reliability have been good throughout water engineering work in the sea area near Loviisa power plant. The
accordance with a good safety culture, on the aim of achieving things. In addition, Loviisa power plant has its own rescue station. Loviisa power plant’s operating history. The annual load factors essential elements of the water engineering work would include the
a safety level that is as high as possible, as well as the revised The emergency preparedness plan is maintained and developed have exceeded 90 per cent. dredging and excavation of the seabed in front of the intake opening
requirements issued by STUK. For example, several changes continuously, and the operations are practised in annual emer- A well-managed and professional ageing management and located on the Hudöfjärden side, as well as the dumping of the masses
to improve safety have been implemented since the Fukushi- gency preparedness drills and in cooperation exercises organ- maintenance are prerequisites to ensure the safe and economi- generated by the water engineering work (Figure 3-2). Dredging and
ma accident. The changes included building an alternative heat ised every three years, in cooperation between the power plant cal operation of a nuclear power plant. This objective can be met excavating the shallower seabed areas in front of the cooling water
sink independent of the sea, i.e. air-cooled cooling towers, and and several authorities (including STUK, the police, rescue ser- by continuously improving safety, availability, performance and intake opening would enable cooler seawater from deeper down to
preparations for a high seawater level, improvements related vices, the emergency response centre, hospitals and the Finnish cost-effectiveness. access the cooling water intake, which would impact the temperature
to the availability of fuel for diesel machines, implementation of Meteorological Institute). The systems, structures and equipment of Loviisa power plant of the intake cooling water. The potential water engineering includes
an alternative decay heat removal of the fuel pool, as well as the are exposed to various stresses during operation. Examples in- the construction of an embankment extending approximately 200
increase of the battery capacity. In addition, extensive reforms 3.2.4.4 Security arrangements clude normal wear and tear resulting from the operation of the metres into the sea from the shore, using the material to be dumped,
have been carried out on the automation, and ageing systems equipment or the fatigue of the structural materials, which may in the southwest side of Hästholmen island (Fortum Power and Heat
and equipment have been modernised. Security arrangements refer to advance preparations for a threat compromise the equipment’s integrity and performance. Regu- Oy 2009). The embankment or a wharf acting as a breakwater would
In accordance with STUK’s regulation Y/1/2018, the nuclear of illegal activity directed against the nuclear power plant or its latory requirements concerning systems, structures and equip- reduce the recirculation of the cooling water from the discharge side
facility’s safety and the technical solutions of its safety systems operations. Nuclear energy legislation sets requirements for the ment, and other requirements, may change during the opera- to the intake side, which would have a favourable impact on the tem-
shall be assessed and substantiated analytically and, if neces- security arrangements of a nuclear power plant. In addition, STUK tion of the power plant, and the technology used may advance, perature of the intake cooling water. The embankment would also
sary, experimentally. The probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of has set detailed requirements concerning the security arrange- meaning the systems, structures and equipment no longer meet make it possible to build a wharf should one be needed. The water
the nuclear power plant is an analytical method referred to in the ments in the YVL Guidelines and in STUK regulations (Y/3/2016). the prevailing requirement level. These factors – in other words, engineering plans are specifed in the EIA report.
requirement. PRA is used as decision support in the risk manage- The security organisation of Loviisa power plant, which com- the ageing of systems, structures and equipment – are prepared
ment related to the safety of the nuclear power plant, for exam- prises persons trained for the tasks, has at its disposal the appro- for in the planning phase by means of reasoned design solutions, 3.3.3.2 Buildings
ple, when assessing the opportunities to perform measures that priate premises, communications connections and equipment. and during operation, by monitoring and maintaining the oper-
improve safety and the need for such measures. At Loviisa nu- The job descriptions and duties of the persons in the security or- ability of the systems, structures and equipment until they are The potential new additional buildings to be constructed in the
clear power plant, the results of the probabilistic risk assessment ganisation have been defned in advance in the plans and guide- decommissioned. Among other things, this refers to equipment power plant area during the extension of the operation include
have been applied in, for example, the defnition of the aforemen- lines concerning security arrangements. The plans and guidelines test runs, quality control inspections and traditional mainte- a cafeteria building in the vicinity of the offce building, an in-
tioned safety-improving modifcations. concerning the security arrangements have been prepared in co- nance measures, such as lubrication oil and grease changes. This spection or reception warehouse, wastewater treatment plant
In accordance with STUK’s Guide YVL A.7, the design of a nu- operation with the relevant police authorities and aligned with helps ensure that the systems, equipment and structures func- and a welding hall. In addition, additional construction related to
clear power plant unit shall be such that the mean value of the fre- the rescue, emergency and abnormal situation plans prepared by tion as planned. Equipment is replaced when required as a result the interim storage of spent nuclear fuel may be carried out (see
quency of reactor core damage is less than 10 –5/year. Figure 3-6 the authorities. of ageing. This requires individual equipment transports to the Chapter 3.3.5.1).
shows the frequency of considerable reactor core damage and Security arrangements and their related plans and guidelines power plant and commissioning tests of new equipment.
the nuclear fuel damage of spent fuel in the fuel pools in Loviisa are maintained and continuously developed, and the operations The ageing management programme and procedures cover the
nuclear power plant, assessed by means of the probabilistic risk are regularly practised with the authorities, both in separate drills entire Loviisa power plant. The systems, equipment and structures
assessment for 1996–2019. Over the course of the past 20 years, and as part of the emergency exercises.
32 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 33
Table 3-1. The environmental aspects of extending the operation of the power plant.
Environmental aspect Current operation of the power plant Extending the operation
Thermal power to be 1) 57,000 TJ/year No major changes.
conducted to the water
systems
Need for cooling water 2) 44 m3/s No major changes.
Volume of service water 3) 200 000 m3/year No major changes.
4) Tritium (H-3): 13–21 TBq/year No major changes.
The emission limit is 150 TBq/year
Radioactive emissions into Personnel
shaft
the water systems 4) Other fssion and activation products: 0.0001–0.002 No major changes.
Maintenance waste
TBq/year Ventilation
halls 1–3
The emission limit is 0.9 TBq/year shaft
Vehicle
access tunnel
5) Sanitary wastewater: 24,000 m3/year No major changes, but potential water engineering mainly Solidifed
Dismantling waste waste hall
5) Total nitrogen (N): 840 kg/year causes temporary clouding of the water in the sea area. hall 2
5) Total phosphorus (P): 9.3 kg/year
Dismantling waste
Other emissions into the hall 1 Connecting
water systems tunnel
5) Process wastewaters: 160,000 m3/year Reactor
5) Total nitrogen (N): 800 kg/year Large component
hall vessel silos
5) Total phosphorus (P): 8.9 kg/year
4) Tritium (H-3): 0.1–0.4 TBq/year No major changes. Figure 3-7. An illustration of the fnal disposal facility of Loviisa power plant for low- and intermediate-level waste.
In addition to the existing halls, the illustration depicts the planned fnal disposal halls for decommissioning waste
4) Carbon-14 (C-14): 0.3–0.5 TBq/year (dismantling waste halls 1 and 2, a large component hall and reactor vessel silos).
No major changes.
Radioactive emissions into 4) Iodines (I-131eq.): 0.0000002–0.00005 TBq/year
The emission limit is 0.22 TBq/year. No major changes.
the air
3.3.4 Water and wastewater connections and the selection is affected, for example, by the start date of
4) Noble gases (Kr-87eq.): 4.7–8 TBq/year No major changes.
The emission limit is 14,000 TBq/year As part of the review concerning the extension of the power fuel transports to Posiva and the power plant’s service life.
plant’s operation, tentative plans have been made to investigate The heat production of spent nuclear fuel reduces during in-
4) Aerosols: 0.00003–0.0008 TBq/year No major changes. alternative methods to obtain service water for the power plant terim storage. Therefore, the cooling need of the interim storage
and to conduct the sanitary wastewater generated in the power does not increase considerably, despite the fact that the total
Emergency power generators: some No major changes.
Other emissions into the air nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and
plant to a wastewater treatment plant outside the power plant quantity of the fuel to be placed in interim storage increases. The
particle emissions. area. The matter is specifed in the EIA report. cooling capacity of the interim storage can be increased by in-
creasing the fow of the cooling water to the heat exchangers or
Waste by increasing the size of the heat exchangers.
3.3.5 Waste management
24 t/year (UO2) No major changes to the annual accumulation, but the Extending the operation of the power plant does not material-
quantity of the fuel placed in the intermediate storage in ly affect the accumulation of the conventional and radioactive
Spent nuclear fuel
the power plant area increases as the operating time is 3.3.6 Summary of the environmental aspects of
waste generated annually. If the operation of the power plant is
extended.
extended, the waste management methods remain primarily the
extending the operation
Low-level waste The current accumulation rate is 20–30 m3/year. No major changes to the annual accumulation, but the same as those currently used. The capacity of the fnal disposal Table 3-1 shows a summary of the environmental aspects of the
quantities increase as the operating time is extended. An facility for low- and intermediate-level waste is also suffcient for extension of the operation of the power plant.
The current accumulation rate is 15–30 m3/year, and extension of circa 20 years generates approximately 600 the fnal disposal of the low- and intermediate-level waste gen-
Intermediate-level waste when solidifed and packed, 60–120 m3/year. m3 of low-level waste and approximately 2,400 m3 of erated during the extension. The most signifcant change related
intermediate-level waste when the waste is packed.
to waste management, caused by the extension of the operation,
3.4 DECOMMISSIONING
400–1,000 t/year, of which a maximum of 15% is No major changes.
targets the interim storage of spent nuclear fuel. This chapter describes the decommissioning and dismantling of
Conventional waste Loviisa power plant. If the operation of Loviisa power plant is not
deposited in landfll, and the rest is reused.
3.3.5.1 Interim storage of spent nuclear fuel extended, the power plant is decommissioned after the current
The most signifcant sources of noise generated by the No major changes, but temporary noise may be caused by licensing period. If the operation of the power plant is extended,
power plant are transformers, ventilation equipment potential modifcation and construction work. The extension of service life does not change the quantity of the decommissioning takes place after the new licensing period.
Noise
and traffc. Testing of safety valves during annual
spent nuclear fuel generated annually, but the quantity of spent
maintenance.
nuclear fuel to be placed in interim storage in the power plant
3.4.1 General description of decommissioning
6) The average daily traffc on Atomitie is approximately No major changes, but potential construction work may area increases during the additional years of operation. The inter-
Traffc 700 vehicles, approximately 40 of which are heavy occasionally increase traffc volumes. im storage capacity of spent nuclear fuel needs to be increased. Decommissioning a nuclear power plant is a regulatory activity
vehicles. This can be achieved, for example, by a denser storing of spent subject to the provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act and Decree,
nuclear fuel in the pools of the current interim storage or by build- Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Regulations and the Guide-
1) On average after the power uprating of 1997 4) In 2008–2018 ing additional pools that expand the current pool capacity. The lines based on them. In Fortum’s plans, decommissioning refers to
2) Annual average 5) Average from 2000–2018
3) Average from 2003–2018 6) In 2018 method for increasing interim storage capacity is selected later, the dismantling of the radioactive systems, structures and com-
34 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 35
ponents, and the fnal disposal of dismantling waste. Preparations hall for the waste generated during operation. The fnal disposal interim storage of spent fuel, liquid waste storage and solidif- buildings, and the buildings are released from regulatory control,
are made for the L/ILW repository expansion for decommissioning hall is located underground at a depth of approximately 110 metres cation plant. after which they can be repurposed. Alternatively, non radioac-
waste and the licensing of decommissioning in good time before the below sea level (Figure 3-7). Dismantling of radioactive components can be carried out us- tive buildings may also be demolished, and the demolition waste
actual decommissioning work begins. Among other things, decom- During the operation of the power plant, the L/ILW repository ing methods and equipment currently in use. Dismantling begins is recycled or otherwise reused as much as possible.
missioning requires the application of a decommissioning licence in is expanded by excavating approximately 57,000 m3 for decom- with the handling of the reactor pressure vessel and the vessel’s At the decommissioning phase at the latest, small quantities
accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act. missioning waste. The blasted rock is transported by lorry from internal parts, and continues with the dismantling of the primary of waste containing uranium, which have not yet been deposited
After the production phase of Loviisa power plant, the power the repository to the surface and dumped in the nearby area, from system and other contaminated systems. The decommissioning in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal, need to be deposited
plant units are decommissioned. Decommissioning begins with where it can be used as the repository flling material at closure. of Loviisa power plant aims to deposit large components, such for fnal disposal (such as certain measuring instruments used in
a dismantling preparation phase that lasts for a few years. The as the reactor pressure vessels and steam generators, intact for reactor control). When a licence is applied for the fnal disposal
cur-rent decommissioning strategy is immediate dismantling 3.4.1.2 Making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste fnal disposal. facility, a permit for the fnal disposal of this waste in the L/ILW
and fnal disposal. A decommissioning plan is prepared during storage, as well as the solidifcation and the L/ILW The dismantling of the radioactive components and the treat- repository can also be applied for.
the operation and submitted to the authorities every six years repository independent ment of waste (described in Chapter 3.4.1.6) take place in paral-
in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act. The decommission- lel. Conventional dismantling measures are described in Chapter 3.4.1.7 Transporting spent fuel to the encapsulation and
ing plan for Loviisa power plant was last updated in 2018. The Before fnal disposal, spent fuel is allowed to cool in the power 3.4.3. fnal disposal facility
decommissioning plan includes all phases related to decommis- plant’s interim storage for spent fuel. It must therefore be possi-
sioning and the current plans concerning the phases. The plans ble to use the buildings and functions related to the power plant’s 3.4.1.6 Handling and fnal disposal of radioactive waste Spent nuclear fuel is placed in the transport containers designed
are updated and specifed gradually in accordance with the ex- waste management independently during the decommissioning in the L/ILW repository and the reuse of for the purpose in the power plant area and transported to Posi-
perience gained from the operation of the power plant, the com- of the power plant units and the interim storage of spent fuel. conventional dismantling waste va’s encapsulation and fnal disposal facility located in Olkiluoto
ments received from and requirements set by the authorities, Therefore, the interim storage for spent fuel, the liquid waste in Eurajoki. At the facility, the spent fuel is placed in fnal disposal
and the monitoring of international projects. The fnal decom- storage and solidifcation plant and the L/ILW repository are Material dismantled in decommissioning that exceeds the limit capsules in the encapsulation facility and deposited for fnal dis-
missioning plan is submitted to the authorities for approval in made independent to ensure their electricity supply, controls, values for releasing radioactive material from regulatory con- posal in the fnal disposal facility for spent fuel, located deep in
good time before applying for the decommissioning licence. This cooling, ventilation and other corresponding functions are sepa- trol is transported to the fnal disposal hall for decommissioning the bedrock.
EIA Programme describes decommissioning in a general way. rated from the systems of the power plant units before the oper- waste in the L/ILW repository. Dismantled materials that remain Once Posiva has received the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa
ation of these is terminated. It is possible that making the interim below the limit values can be handled in the same manner as con- power plant, Posiva is responsible for the fnal disposal measures
The stages included in the decommissioning of Loviisa power storage for spent fuel independent requires that a new seawater ventional waste. of the fuel.
plant include: pump station be built for the removal of the fuel’s decay heat. Reactor pressure vessels and their activated internals are pro-
1. expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommissioning tected against the spread of contamination and transported, ra-
waste; diation-protected, in a special vehicle to the fnal disposal hall to 3.4.1.8 Dismantling of the plant parts to be made
3.4.1.3 Terminating the operation of the power plant units independent
2. making the spent fuel interim storage, liquid waste storage and licensing of the dismantling work be built for them in the L/ILW repository. Other activated materi-
as well as the solidifcation plant, and the L/ILW repository als are dismantled and packaged in various types of concrete and Once all spent fuel has been transported to Posiva, the interim
independent; When decommissioning begins, the power plant units are shut wooden boxes, and likewise transported to the designated fnal storage for spent fuel is drained of water, cleaned and dismantled.
3. termination of the operation of the power plant units and down, and electricity production ceases. During the last years of disposal hall in the L/ILW repository. Liquid waste is solidifed in the solidifcation plant, after which
licensing of the dismantling work; operation, the required permits are applied for the dismantling Contaminated dismantling waste primarily consists of process the liquid waste storage and the solidifcation plant are emptied,
4. detailed planning of and preparations for the dismantling; work included in decommissioning and the fnal disposal of dis- systems which are in contact with radioactive water in the opera- cleaned and dismantled. The radioactive waste generated by all
5. dismantling of the radioactive components of the power mantling waste. The required licences are covered in Chapter 10.1. tion phase. The concrete structures of a nuclear power plant may plant parts to be made independent are deposited in the L/ILW
plant units and any other dismantling work; become contaminated as a result of leaks in the process systems repository for fnal disposal.
6. handling and disposal of radioactive waste in the L/ILW re- 3.4.1.4 Detailed planning of and preparations for the or pool lining. Contamination may also be caused by the disman-
pository, as well as reuse of conventional dismantling waste; dismantling work tling measures carried out in the decommissioning phase. 3.4.1.9 Closure of the fnal disposal halls and the
7. transportation of the spent fuel to the encapsulation plant During decommissioning, waste is placed in interim storage L/ILW repository
and fnal disposal facility; Before electricity production ceases, detailed plans are prepared on the power plant premises for measurement and packaging,
8. dismantling of the plant parts to be made independent; concerning the implementation of the dismantling work. At the after which it is transported to the fnal disposal hall. The esti- Finally, the fnal disposal halls are closed by flling the halls
9. closure of the fnal disposal halls / L/ILW repository; same time, the dismantling contracts to be ordered from external mated total volume of decommissioning waste to be deposited containing release barriers with crushed rock or demolished
10. release from liability and post-closure control by the autho- contractors specialising in dismantling are prepared. in fnal disposal is approximately 25,000 m3. The maintenance concrete, and closing the waste hall openings, shafts and the
rities. The termination of operation is followed by a preparation waste generated during the decommissioning phase is placed perimeters of the fragmented rock zones in the bedrock with re-
phase of approximately two years before the actual dismantling in barrels that are measured and transported to the fnal dis- inforced concrete. The fnal disp
During decommissioning, the personnel in the power plant area begins. The preparation phase includes for example the follow- posal hall. In addition, other dismantling material from the pow- osal repository is ultimately closed by flling the vehicle access
consists of Fortum’s own staff and external contractors. The es- ing measures: er plant can be used as a flling material in the L/ILW repository. tunnels with blasted rock and casting a giant reinforced concrete
timated number of personnel is approximately 400 people. The • the spent nuclear fuel is transferred from the reactor The volume of this material is estimated to be a maximum of plug in the repository entrance. The area is subject to post-clo-
workload required to decommission Loviisa power plant is esti- building’s pools to the interim storage for spent fuel, where it 50,000 m3. sure control by the authorities
mated to be approximately 3,000 person-years in total, of which is stored according to Posiva's fnal disposal schedule; Process water to be placed in interim storage in the liquid
the power plant’s own personnel accounts for approximately 1,700 • draining of process systems is carried out; waste storage to be made independent is treated and purifed 3.4.1.10 Release from liability and post-closure
person-years, and contractors approximately 1,300 person-years. • radioactive waste is handled; and then conducted to the sea. Radioactive solutions generated control by the authorities
• the required transport openings are built for large compo- in decommissioning are treated and solidifed, and placed in the
3.4.1.1 Expansion of the L/ILW repository for nents (such as the reactor pressure vessel); L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. The fnal disposal of nuclear waste has been completed when
decommissioning waste • decommissioning waste processing halls are built; The use of the interim storage for spent fuel that is made in- STUK has deemed that the nuclear waste has been disposed of
• preliminary dismantling is performed. dependent generates small amounts of radioactive maintenance in a manner approved by STUK. Correspondingly, a nuclear facil-
The decommissioning waste generated in decommissioning is de- waste, which is placed in barrels, measured and transported to ity is considered to have been decommissioned when STUK has
posited in the bedrock of the power plant area. To a large extent, 3.4.1.5 Dismantling of the radioactive components of the the fnal disposal halls. In the interim storage for spent fuel, water deemed that the quantity of radioactive substances in the build-
this L/ILW repository has already been constructed for the low- power plant units and any other dismantling work from the pools is purifed. This generates waste, which is solidi- ings and soil of the facility area meets the legal requirements.
and intermediate-level waste generated during operation. The fed at the solidifcation plant and transported to the fnal dispos- After this, an authority (the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Em-
fnal disposal halls for the decommissioning waste have been de- After the preparations, dismantling of radioactive structures and al hall for solidifed waste for fnal disposal. ployment) prescribes Fortum’s management obligation to have
signed to form an integrated and functional whole with the current systems begins, with the exception of functions related to the Activity measurements are performed on non-radioactive ended, and the ownership of and responsibilities for the nuclear
waste are transferred to the State.
36 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 37
Table 3-2. Environmental aspects of the expansion of the L/ILW repository. Table 3-3. Environmental aspects of decommissioning and plant parts to be made independent.
Expansion of the L/ILW repository for decom- Operation of the plant parts to be made inde-
Current volume and operating licence of the L/ILW Environmental aspect Decommissioning
Environmental aspect missioning waste and the extension of the power pendent
repository
plant’s operation
Thermal power to be Spent nuclear fuel requires cooling during the interim storage. The thermal power to be conducted to
Waste amounts requiring a
conducted to water systems water systems is comparable to the heat produced by spent fuel, which reduces as radioactivity decreases
licence
(interim storage but is, in any case, insignifcant compared to the thermal power conducted to the sea during the operation
for spent fuel) of the power plant.
Low-level waste 6,400 m3 (waste amounts in accordance with licence A maximum of 50,000 m3
(maintenance waste halls) conditions)
Need for cooling water
The need for cooling water at the interim storage for spent fuel is minimal compared to the use of water in
(interim storage
Intermediate-level waste 11,000 m3 (waste amounts in accordance with the the power plant; approximately a thousandth of the power plant’s current need for cooling water.
for spent fuel)
(solidifed waste hall) licence conditions)
Decommissioning waste During the power plant’s dismantling phases, The volume of service water in the plant parts to
water is used in various work stages to bind dust be made independent is insignifcant.
Volume of service water or absorb heat, for example. However, the need for
Other dismantling waste A maximum of 50,000 m3
service water is considerably smaller than during
Radioactive waste generated A maximum of 2,000 m3 the power plant’s operation.
elsewhere in Finland and
received at Loviisa power Releasing treated process wastewater into the sea The operation of the plant parts to be made
plant Radioactive emissions into generates minor radioactive emissions. independent generates considerably less
water systems radioactive emissions into the water systems
Hall size than the power plant’s operation does.
116,350 m3 approx. 174,000 m3 (when expanding the L/ILW The handling of the evaporation concentrate (pH No major emissions into the sea are generated
Other emissions into water
repository, approximately 57,000 m3 of additional adjustment) generates nitrogen emissions into the by the operation of the plant parts to be made
systems
In bedrock space is excavated for decommissioning waste; it sea. independent.
is estimated that no additional space is needed for
maintenance waste)
The demolition of structures generates dust. The The operation of the plant parts to be made
The use of ventilation equipment generates noise. There are no major changes regarding ventilation. Radioactive emissions into demolished radioactive structures are protected, independent generates considerably less
Noise Temporary noise is generated by the construction the air and the air is fltered to ensure no radioactive radioactive emissions into the air than the power
work. emissions are generated into the air. plant’s operation does.
No major vibration is generated. Temporary vibration is generated by the The demolition of buildings generates dust. No The operation of the plant parts to be made
Vibration
construction work. other emissions into the air are generated. independent generates considerably less
Other emissions into the air Transporting dismantling waste increases traffc emissions into the air than the power plant’s
Transfer of waste and maintenance work in the Construction work temporarily increases traffc in the power plant area and its vicinity, which operation does.
Traffc increases exhaust emissions.
repository causes traffc. volumes, primarily in the power plant area.
No impacts on the ground and bedrock. An additional space of approx. 57,000 m3 is Waste
excavated for decommissioning waste when the
Ground and bedrock L/ILW repository is expanded. Blasted rock is
dumped in the vicinity for the potential flling of the The volume of radioactive dismantling waste to The dismantling waste from the plant parts to be
repository later. Decommissioning waste be deposited for fnal disposal is approximately made independent is included in the volume of
25,000 m3. decommissioning waste.
Groundwater leaks into the L/ILW repository and is When expanding the L/ILW repository, blasting and
pumped into the sea. This has a minor impact on the the explosives used have a temporary impact on the Ways are sought to repurpose buildings free The dismantling waste from the plant parts to be
Groundwater consistency of the groundwater near the repository. quality (clouding and inorganic nitrogen compounds) of radioactivity. Alternatively, non-radioactive made independent is included in the volume of
and level of the groundwater. The seepage waters of buildings may also be demolished, and the decommissioning waste.
the L/ILW repository are pumped into the sea. demolition waste is recycled or otherwise reused as
much as possible.
1) L/ILW repository’s seepage waters 40,000 m3/ The seepage water of the L/ILW repository Other dismantling waste It may also be most practical to deposit for fnal
Radioactive discharges into year. Seepage water originating from the bedrock is is pumped into the sea. When expanding the disposal part of the material eligible for the release
water systems accumulated in the L/ILW repository and conducted repository, the volume of seepage water to be of regulatory control by using it to fll areas of the
to the sea. conducted to the sea increases at least temporarily. repository that would otherwise remain empty. The
volume of this flling material has been estimated
to be a maximum of 50,000 m3.
No emissions into the air. Construction work causes temporary dust and other
Emissions into the air emissions into the air. Blasting work generates
nitrogen emissions in particular into the air. The demolition of structures and dismantling of The use of ventilation equipment generates
Noise
systems generates noise. noise.
1) An average from 2000–2018
Transporting demolition waste increases traffc in Traffc will be minimal.
3.4.2 Safety and radiation protection Traffc
in which the same principles concerning safety and radiation the power plant area and its vicinity.
At the initial stage of decommissioning, spent nuclear fuel is protection apply as during the power plant’s operation. Accord-
transferred from the power plant units to an interim storage for ing to the Nuclear Energy Decree, the limit of the annual radia- Temporary vibration is generated by the No vibration is generated by the plant parts to be
Vibration
demolition. made independent.
spent fuel that has been made independent, which will eliminate tion dose received by an individual from the decommissioning
the related risks from the power plant units. Decommissioning according to the plan of a nuclear power plant or other nuclear
inside the radiation controlled area is considered radiation work facility equipped with a nuclear reactor is 0.01 mSv.
38 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 39
Option VE1 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090
phenomena are covered in the safety case by describing and terials is defned in connection with the demolition survey. Any
Operation of the power plant units modelling the long-term trend of waste and the technical re- possibilities of reusing the moveable property in the building in
lease barriers, including the release of radioactive isotopes question are also investigated.
Water engineering project from the waste, their interaction with the release barriers, mi- Conventional demolition waste, such as metal, plastic, glass,
Other potential additional construction gration with the flow of groundwater and through diffusion, plasterboard and wood waste, as well as waste electrical and
in the power plant area among others, and further in the food chains of the environ- electronic equipment (WEEE) are directed, when possible, to a
ment above the ground. waste management provider licensed to accept such waste for
Expansion of the L/ILW repository
materials recycling. If the materials are not suitable for recycling,
Decommissioning of the power plant they are reused for energy. If the materials are unsuitable for re-
units 3.4.3 Conventional dismantling measures
use for energy, they are directed for disposal or fnal disposal in a
Use of the L/ILW repository Conventional dismantling measures that generate conventional site that has an environmental permit for processing such waste.
non-radioactive dismantling waste are also taken during decom- By average weight per square metre, the main waste frac-
Closure of the L/ILW repository missioning. The following chapters describe these dismantling tion generated in the area is concrete waste, the type of which
Operation of the plant parts to be measures at a general level. is subject to preliminary surveys in connection with the demoli-
made independent tion survey. The suitability of the waste material for recovery and
3.4.3.1 Planning of dismantling work landfll disposal is examined in greater detail during demolition
Decommissioning of the plant parts to
be made independent in accordance with the valid legislation. If on the basis of its en-
Dismantling plans are prepared before starting the dismantling vironmental acceptability concrete waste can be used in earth
Radioactive waste generated elsewhere work. The objective of the planning of dismantling work is to carry construction, it is crushed into a form suitable for earth construc-
in Finland and received at Loviisa power out the dismantling as effciently and economically as possible, tion, and appropriate reuse sites are located for the material. The
plant
and in compliance with occupational safety and environmental primary option is to use the crushed concrete at the demolition
Option VE0 and VE0+ 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075 2080 2085 2090 requirements. Planning should pay particular attention to site in connection with the potential replacement of material, or
locating load-bearing structures, the dismantling sequence, when flling or closing the L/ILW repository. Other reuse options
Operation of the power plant units
supporting the structures during work and fall protection. The include road, street and feld structures. If the environmental ac-
Expansion of the L/ILW repository transfer and transport of dismantling waste and the recycling of ceptability of concrete waste is insuffcient to use the waste in
waste material also require advance planning. earth construction, the waste is directed to an appropriate land-
Decommissioning of the power plant
fll for fnal disposal.
units
3.4.3.2 Asbestos and other harmful substances
Use of the L/ILW repository
3.4.4 Summary of the environmental aspects of
Potentially harmful substances in construction materials
Closure of the L/ILW repository
should be considered in the demolition of buildings. The
decommissioning
Operation of the plant parts to be buildings were constructed in an era when using asbestos and Table 3-2 shows a summary of the environmental aspects of
made independent other harmful substances in construction was common. The the expansion of the L/ILW repository, and Table 3-3 includes
Decommissioning of the plant parts to demolition must be carried out in compliance with the valid the environmental aspects of the decommissioning of the
be made independent legislation (Act on Certain Requirements Concerning Asbes- power plant and the plant parts to be made independent.
tos Removal Work 684/2015), and the relevant guidelines
VE0+: Radioactive waste generated and regulations. Before the demolition of the buildings, con-
elsewhere in Finland and received at struction materials potentially containing asbestos and oth-
3.5 RADIOACTIVE WASTE GENERATED
Loviisa power plant
er harmful substances must be identified. The asbestos and ELSEWHERE IN FINLAND AND RECEIVED
harmful substance inspection is carried out as required in the AT THE LOVIISA POWER PLANT
Figure 3-8. Tentative schedules of the project options, to be specifed as the plans progress.
Act and regulations. Fortum reviews the possibility of receiving small quantities of ra-
The reuse of materials containing asbestos is prohibited. dioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland and its process-
The dismantling of materials containing asbestos must be ing, placing in interim storage and depositing for fnal disposal at
carried out before other demolition work begins. In addition Loviisa power plant . Waste generated elsewhere may originate
The decommissioning waste is deposited for fnal disposal Long-term safety is based on depositing decommissioning to asbestos, the construction materials may contain PAH and from industry, universities, research institutions and hospitals. It
in the existing and future L/ILW repository halls excavated in waste in halls excavated to a depth of more than 100 metres us- PCB compounds, heavy metals and oils, for example. The valid may also include dismantling and operating waste from the re-
the bedrock. The safety of the fnal disposal of waste over the ing containers that ensure that the release of radioactive sub- Waste Act and the guidelines issued by local waste treatment search reactor of the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
long term, or the long-term safety of fnal disposal, is assessed stances from the waste is extremely slow. The waste is placed authorities should be complied with when handling waste con- (FiR 1) and the research laboratory at Otakaari 3 (OK3). The esti-
in a separate safety case, which aims to describe the long-term inside release barriers primarily made from reinforced concrete taining asbestos and other harmful substances. mated maximum volume of waste originating from elsewhere in
trends of the fnal disposal system and use them to assess, which, with the stable state of the waste, considerably limits the Finland and disposed of at Loviisa power plant is 2,000 m3. The
among other things, the release of radioactive substances from release of radioactive substances for several hundreds and even 3.4.3.3 Suitability for recovery and landfll disposal total volume of the active waste to be deposited for fnal disposal
the fnal disposal halls and the radiation exposure of the popu- thousands of years, which reduces the radioactivity of the waste generated at Loviisa power plant is a maximum of 50,000 m3, so
lation living in the vicinity of the fnal disposal facility. The nu- to a fraction of the original. The inspections to be carried out before the demolition of the the volume of waste originating from elsewhere in Finland and
clear safety legislation includes regulations concerning the level In addition to the technical release barriers, the bedrock buildings determine the suitability of the demolition materi- received at Loviisa power plant is small by comparison.
of these radiation impacts. According to the Nuclear Safety De- surrounding the final disposal facility further limits the re- al (concrete and brick waste) for reuse, recycling and recovery, The National Nuclear Waste Management Cooperation Group
cree, among others, the annual dose received by people who are lease of radioactive materials to the ground level. Even over making it possible to separate recoverable materials from other set up by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment in
the most exposed to radiation must remain below 0.1 mSv, and the long term, a minimal portion of the radioactive substances materials. If the demolition material is not suitable for recovery, June 2017 has considered it important that all existing and future
the extensive radiation impact must be insignifcantly low. After contained in the waste can enter the ground level, and their its suitability for landfll disposal is determined. radioactive waste in Finland, regardless of its origin, producer or
the closure, the fnal disposal facility does not require regulatory radiation impacts may at most be equivalent to those caused Before demolition, a demolition survey is conducted at the site production method is managed appropriately (Ministry of Eco-
control. by radioactive substances originating from the ground. These to determine the type and quantity of the materials the demo- nomic Affairs and Employment, 2019). Since Loviisa power plant
lition of the building produces. Suitable further use of the ma- already has in place the functions and facilities suitable for the
40 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 41
processing and fnal disposal of radioactive waste, it is natural the power plant should be initiated in the coming years. In this op-
and aligned with the view of the National Nuclear Waste Manage- tion, the expansion of the L/ILW repository for decommissioning
ment Cooperation Group that they would be available as part of waste is scheduled to start in the mid-2020s. The preparations and
the overall solution in society. required plant changes for the operation of the plant parts to be
The management of waste originating from elsewhere in Fin- made independent will also be implemented at that time.
land and received at Loviisa power plant is carried out in accord- The service life of the plant parts to be made independent
ance with the same principles as the waste generated at Lovii- depends, among other things, on when the fnal disposal of the
sa power plant. The principle of the management of waste is to spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant begins at Posiva Oy’s
separate it from the environment. The fnal disposal of waste is (hereinafter “Posiva”) encapsulation and fnal disposal facility in
planned and implemented in a way that does not require continu- Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. According to the current estimate, the fnal
ous supervision of the fnal disposal location to ensure long-term disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Loviisa power plant would begin
safety. When required, the handling of waste applies to the pow- in the 2040s within the current operating licence period, so the
er plant's packing and solidifcation processes. operation of plant parts to be made independent would continue
The spent fuel from the research reactor of the VTT Technical until the 2060s. After that, the plant parts to be made independ-
Research Centre of Finland (FiR 1) may be placed in interim stor- ent will be dismantled and their radioactive dismantling waste
age at Loviisa power plant. The storage capsule of the spent fuel will be deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. The
that enters Loviisa power plant area is inspected, and a suitable L/ILW repository can be closed only after all decommissioning
location is designated for it. The interim storage continues until waste has been deposited in the repository for fnal disposal.
the fnal disposal site is ready to receive the spent fuel. It is also Radioactive waste originating from elsewhere in Finland can be re-
possible that the unused fuel from the research reactor is placed ceived at Loviisa power plant during the operation and dismantling of
in interim storage at Loviisa power plant. The unused fuel from the plant parts to be made independent for as long as the functions
the research reactor consists of 24 fuel rods with a total uranium needed for the handling and fnal disposal of waste are available.
mass of approximately 6 kg (VTT 2017).
The primary solution for managing the research reactor’s fuel
is to return it to the USA. Alternatively, the research reactor’s fuel
3.7 LINKS TO OTHER PROJECTS, PLANS AND
might be deposited for fnal disposal at Posiva’s fnal disposal fa- PROGRAMMES
cility, but this would require separate licensing. Decommissioning The project is not directly linked to other ongoing or planned
of VTT’s research reactor FiR1 is covered in greater detail in a sep- projects in Loviisa power plant area. However, the project may
arate EIA procedure (VTT 2014). in the future interface with the further use of the transmission
It may be technically possible to receive radioactive waste lines and the potential use of thermal energy, but this EIA proce-
originating from elsewhere in Finland at Loviisa power plant dur- dure does not include them. The decision on the further use of
ing the current operating period or the extension of the power the transmission lines in the case of the decommissioning of the
plant’s operation. The activity may continue during the operation power plant is made by Fingrid Oyj, the owner of the transmis-
and dismantling of the plant parts made independent as long as sion lines. However, the energy production alternatives at the
the functions needed for the management and fnal disposal of power plant, such as the utilisation of thermal energy generated
waste are available. in the processes, may become topical in the future.
The project is related to Posiva’s project concerning the fnal
disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel, because in accordance
3.6 PROJECT PHASES AND SCHEDULE with the agreement, Posiva is responsible for the fnal disposal
The tentative schedule estimates of the project options to be of the spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant in the Finnish
reviewed in the EIA procedure are provided in Figure 3-8. In the bedrock at Olkiluoto.
case of the extension of the power plant operation (Option VE1), Within the framework of the EIA procedure, the possibility of
commercial operation would be extended by a maximum of ap- receiving, processing, placing in interim storage and deposit-
proximately 20 years, making the total service life of the pow- ing for fnal disposal at the Loviisa power plant small quantities
er plant units about 70 years. In this scenario, the expansion of of radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland is also re-
the L/ILW repository related to the preparation for the decom- viewed. Such waste may include waste from industry, univer-
missioning of the power plant takes place approximately in the sities, research institutions and hospitals, in which case these
2040s. In addition, preparatory measures will be taken concern- projects ongoing elsewhere interface with Fortum’s Loviisa
ing the plant parts to be made independent of the power plant power plant. The project is therefore linked to the decommis-
(the interim storage for spent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage sioning of VTT’s FiR1 research reactor, in which one of the op-
and solidifcation plant). The power plant is decommissioned tions is to place spent and unused nuclear fuel in interim storage
between 2050 and 2060. The operation of the plant parts to be at Loviisa power plant before the fuel is transported to its fnal
made independent would continue until the 2080s, which is when disposal location elsewhere, and to deposit the dismantling and
they will be dismantled and their radioactive dismantling waste operating waste from the research reactor for fnal disposal in
will be deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal. The the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant (VTT 2014).
use of the L/ILW repository would continue until approximately The project may interface with various plans and programmes
2090. concerning the use of natural resources and environmental pro-
If the operation of Loviisa power plant ends after 50 years – tection, which may be various national target programmes and
when the current operating licence periods end in 2027 and 2030 international commitments. These are identifed and listed in
(Options VE0 and VE0+)– preparation for the decommissioning of the EIA report.
42 EIA Programme | Project description EIA Programme | Project description 43
44 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 45
4.
4. Environmental impact
EIA Programme hearing
(MEAE)
Statements and opinions
EIA Programme
on the EIA Programme
assessment procedure International hearing
(ME)
4.1 STARTING POINTS disposal of nuclear waste or other radioactive waste, or for long-
The purpose of the EIA procedure is to promote the assessment term storage of spent nuclear fuel, other nuclear waste or other The coordinating
and consideration of environmental impacts as early as the plan- radioactive waste elsewhere than its production location. Environmental impact authority’s statement
ning stage, as well as to increase access to information and op- assessment on the EIA Programme
portunities to participate in the planning of the project. The EIA (MEAE)
procedure is carried out before licence or permit procedures,
4.2 PARTIES
and its purpose is to infuence the planning of the project and The parties to the EIA procedure are shown in Table 4-1. The ex-
decision-making. The authority may not grant permission to im- perts who participate in the preparation of the EIA Programme
plement the project until it has received the assessment report are provided in Appendix 2.
and the coordinating authority’s reasoned conclusion, as well as
the documents concerning the international hearing related to
transboundary impacts.
4.3 STAGES AND CONTENTS EIA report hearing
Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the The EIA procedure has two stages. The EIA procedure is initiated (MEAE)
Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment of the effects of when the project owner submits the assessment programme (EIA Statements and opinions
certain public and private projects on the environment (the EIA Di- Programme) to the coordinating authority. The EIA Programme EIA report
on the EIA report
rective) has been entered into force in Finland by means of the Act defnes how the EIA procedure is organised. In accordance with
on the Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure (the EIA Act, the EIA Decree, the assessment programme should, to a suffcient International hearing
252/2017) and the Government Decree on the Environmental Im- extent, include the following: (ME)
pact Assessment Procedure (the EIA Decree, 277/2017). The frst • a description of the project, its purpose, planning stage
EIA Directive is from 1985 (85/337/EEC), and it has been amended and location;
on several occasions, as have the EIA Act and EIA Decree. • reasonable options for the project, one of which is not to imple-
Appendix 1 of the EIA Act lists the projects subject to the EIA ment the project;
procedure. Pursuant to point 7b of the list of projects, an as- • information about the plans, licences and decisions required by
sessment procedure in accordance with the EIA Act applies to the implementation of the project; Reasoned conclusion
nuclear power plants and other nuclear reactors, including the • a description of the present state of the environment in the by the coordinating
dismantling or decommissioning of these facilities or reactors. affected area, the planned or completed studies, the methods authority on the
In addition, according to point 7d, the EIA procedure is applied to apply and assumptions; EIA report
to facilities which have been designed for the handling of spent • a plan on the organisation of the EIA procedure and participation; (MEAE)
nuclear fuel or high-level waste, among other things, for the fnal • the schedule.
Figure 4-1. The stages of the EIA procedure. MEAE = Ministry for Economic Affairs and Employment,
Parties ME = Ministry of the Environment.
Fortum Power and Heat Oy The coordinating authority informs the other authorities and report stage as well. Based on the EIA report and the statements
Project owner
(the operator responsible for the preparation and implementation of the project) the municipalities in the project’s impact area of the public view- issued on it, the coordinating authority prepares a reasoned con-
ing of the EIA Programme. The duration of the public viewing is clusion on the project’s most signifcant environmental impacts,
The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (responsible for ensuring that the project’s 30–60 days. After this, the coordinating authority gathers the which should be considered in the subsequent licensing process-
Coordinating authority
environmental impact assessment procedure is organised in accordance with the EIA legislation) statements and opinions received concerning the EIA Programme es. The assessment report and the reasoned conclusion by the
and prepares their own statement on the EIA Programme. This coordinating authority are appended to the licensing application
Ramboll Finland Oy completes the frst stage of the EIA procedure. An international documents.
EIA consultant
(in charge of the preparation of the EIA programme in accordance with the EIA legislation) hearing is conducted simultaneously (Chapter 4.4). Figure 4-1 shows a summary of the EIA procedure stages in Fin-
The actual environmental impact assessment is carried out land and its interconnection with the international hearing.
• The Ministry of the Environment (arranges the international hearing) and the participant countries in in the second stage of the EIA procedure, based on the EIA Pro-
the international hearing gramme and the statement issued on it by the coordinating au-
• Town of Loviisa and local stakeholders
thority. The results of the assessment are collected in an EIA
4.4 INTERNATIONAL HEARING
• Other authorities and experts that the coordinating authority consults for statement
Other parties report, which is submitted to the coordinating authority. The coor- The principles of international cooperation in the environmental
• EIA procedure audit group
• Other parties whose conditions or interests the project may impact, including the public dinating authority makes the assessment report available for pub- impact assessment have been defned in the UN’s Convention on
• Media lic viewing (for a duration of 30–60 days) in a similar manner as the Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
EIA Programme. An international hearing is conducted in the EIA (SopS 67/1997, the Espoo Convention). The Espoo Convention
46 EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure 47
2019 2020 2021
9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The environmental impact assessment procedure can be 4.6.3 Audit group
EIA Programme
participated in by everyone whose conditions and interests, An audit group is set up for the assessment procedure with the
such as accommodation, work, transport, leisure activities or purpose of promoting the fow and exchange of information be-
Preparation of the as- other living conditions, may be affected by the project to be im- tween the project owner, the authorities and the key stakehold-
sessment programme
plemented. In accordance with the EIA legislation, citizens can ers in the area. Parties that are invited to the audit group include
Submission of the as-
submit their opinions to the coordinating authority of the EIA representatives of the town of Loviisa, adjacent municipalities
sessment programme
to the coordinating programme and report during the period these are available for and local stakeholders as well as various experts and authorities.
authority viewing. In addition, the representatives of the project owner and the EIA
Public viewing of The EIA procedure’s interaction plan covers the project’s consultant also participate in the audit group work. The audit
the assessment communication, acquisition of information from the different group convenes twice during the assessment procedure.
programme
parties, dialogue events open to all, and cooperation between
Statement by the different stakeholders (Figure 4-3).
coordinating 4.6.4 Resident survey
authority
A resident survey is conducted in the EIA report phase to study
EIA report 4.6.1 Pre-negotiation
the attitudes of the area’s residents. The resident survey materi-
Preparation of the Before the EIA Programme is submitted or during the assess- al also serves as data for the impact assessment.
assessment report ment procedure, a pre-negotiation may be organised between
Submission of the the project owner, coordinating authority and other key authori-
assessment report 4.6.5 Small group events
ties. The objective of the pre-negotiation is to promote the over-
to the coordinating
authority all management of the assessment, planning and licensing pro- Small group events are held in the EIA report stage to dissemi-
Public viewing of the
cedures required in the project, information exchange between nate information on the project and to hear various stakeholders.
assessment report the project owner and the authorities, as well as to improve the The stakeholders may include the area’s residents, landowners,
Reasoned conclusion quality and usability of surveys and documents, and streamline fshermen and entrepreneurs. The composition of the groups
by the coordinating the procedures. In this project, pre-negotiations were organised and the interview themes are tailored in accordance with the
authority between the coordinating authority, the Ministry of the Envi- need for information and the stakeholder group.
Participation and interaction ronment, in charge of the international hearing, and the project
owner.
Public events 4.6.6 Information and communication
Audit group meetings The EIA programme and report will be published on the Ministry of
4.6.2 Public events in the EIA procedure
Economic Affairs and Employment website. The documents are avail-
Two public events are organised during the EIA procedure: the able for viewing in accordance with the announcement made by the
Figure 4-2. Tentative schedule of the EIA procedure. The schedule of the other interaction methods is specifed in the EIA report stage. frst in the programme stage and the second in the report stage. coordinating authority.
The purpose of the events, open for all, is to provide information The EIA programme and report is also available on Fortum’s
produced during the project and the EIA procedure. The events website. The website also contains up-to-date information on the
enable citizens to have an opportunity to express their views on project, the environmental impact assessment procedure, and li-
lays down the general obligations to organise a hearing of the ument of the EIA Programme, translated in the language of the the project and the impacts to be assessed and to receive more censing. In addition, Fortum provides information on the progress
authorities and citizens of the member states in all projects that target country, and the EIA Programme translated into Swedish information. The dates and locations of the public events are of the project and on the news conferences and public events to
are likely to have signifcant adverse transboundary environmen- or English are appended to the notifcation. The Finnish Ministry communicated through the coordinating authority’s announce- be held, for example.
tal impacts. The EIA Directive also includes provisions on com- of the Environment submits the feedback received to Finland’s ment concerning the EIA programme and report.
munication in the project, and further requires that a member coordinating authority (the Ministry for Economic Affairs and
state must be able to participate in the assessment procedure Employment) for consideration in the coordinating authority’s
of another state on its demand. In addition to the EIA Directive, statement concerning the EIA Programme.
the rights of the public to participate and their right of appeal A corresponding international hearing procedure is also ar-
are also regulated internationally by the Convention on Access ranged in the EIA report stage, to be implemented later, for those
to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Ac- targeted parties who have announced their participation in Fin-
EIA Programme draft Public viewing of the EIA report draft Public viewing of the
cess to Justice in Environmental Matters (SopS 121—122/2004, land’s EIA procedure. EIA Programme EIA report
the Aarhus Convention). Among other things, the objectives of
the Aarhus Convention include enabling the public to participate
in environmental decision-making. The Aarhus Convention has
4.5 SCHEDULE OF THE EIA PROCEDURE
been enforced in the EU by means of several directives, including The key stages and tentative schedule of the EIA procedure are Audit group Negotiation (the Public event open to
the EIA Directive. illustrated in Figure 4-2. Public event open to authorities) all
The obligations concerning the hearing included in the Espoo Pre-negotiation all Audit group
Convention, the EIA Directive and the Aarhus Convention have Statements and Resident survey Statements and
been enforced in Finland through the EIA Act and the EIA De-
4.6 PARTICIPATION AND INTERACTION
opinions Small group events opinions
cree, for example. The coordinating authority in the internation- The EIA procedure is interactive and enables different parties to
al hearing of the EIA procedure in Finland is the Ministry of the discuss and express their opinion on the project and its impacts.
Environment. The Ministry of the Environment notifes the envi- One of the key objectives of the EIA procedure is to promote
ronmental authorities of the neighbouring countries about the communication about the project and improve the opportunities Figure 4-3. Participation and interaction during the assessment procedure.
commencement of the EIA procedure and enquires about their to participate in the planning of the project. Participation allows
willingness to participate in the EIA procedure. A summary doc- for the different stakeholders to express their views.
48 EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure EIA Programme | Environmental impact assessment procedure 49
50 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 51
5.
5.Present state
of the environment
5.1
5.2.1
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATE OF
THE ENVIRONMENT
Environmental surveys and reviews have been carried out in
the vicinity of Loviisa power plant area since the 1960s. Plen-
ty of information is therefore available on the power plant area
and the sea environment in its vicinity in particular. In this EIA
Programme, the description of the present status of the envi-
ronment is provided in a concise form with a focus on the main
points. The description of the present status is specifed in the
EIA report.
5.2 LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING AND
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Community structure and population
Loviisa power plant is located on the island of Hästholmen, in the
village of Lappom in Loviisa. The island is approximately 12 km
from the centre of Loviisa and about 7 km southeast of the village
of Valko. The island may be reached by a 200-metre causeway
and bridge over the Kirmosund inlet. Hästholmen island is locat-
ed outside of the built-up area and in an area not categorised in
the areal division of the community structure. The mainland side
and the island southeast of Hästholmen are sparsely populated
rural areas (Figure 5-1).
Fortum owns the island of Hästholmen and the southern edge
of the peninsula north of the island, a total land area of approx-
imately 170 hectares, and about 240 hectares of water areas in
the vicinity of the power plant. The power plant area borders
both publicly (the government, town of Loviisa) and privately
owned land. The areas owned by private citizens are primarily
used for recreation, while the government’s areas are conserva-
tion sites.
The power plant structures and buildings are located in the
northern and eastern parts of the island of Hästholmen. Approx-
imately a half of Hästholmen island area is being used for the
power plant operations. There are structures related to the intake
52 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment
and discharge of cooling water and power transmission on the
island’s waterfront areas. The buildings and structures needed
for the power plant’s support operations (including security and
the temporary accommodation for annual outage employees) are
located on the mainland. There is no other industry in the vicinity
of the power plant.
There is a precautionary action zone extending to a distance
of fve kilometres from the nuclear power plant, where land use
restrictions are in force (STUK Y/2/2018). For example, the pre-
cautionary action zone may not contain facilities inhabited or
visited by a considerable number of people, such as schools, hos-
pitals, care facilities, shops, or signifcant places of employment
or accommodation that are not related to the nuclear power plant
(YVL Guide A.2).
The closest residential buildings shown on the map (Figure 5-1)
are located at a distance of approximately 800 metres northwest
of the power plant. These buildings are residential buildings that
belong to the power plant’s accommodation area and are not per-
manently inhabited. The distance to the other residential build-
ings closest to the power plant area is 900 metres. The second-
ary residences closest to the power plant area shown on the map
(Figure 5-1) on the south shore of Hästholmen and the eastern
and southern sides of the support operations area on the main-
land are owned by Fortum. The other closest secondary homes
are located on the islands to the south and southeast of Hästhol-
men (Vastaholmen, Småholmen, Måsholmen, Högholmen, Mys-
sholmen, Björkholmen and Kojholmarna) and on the mainland
1.3–2.2 km from the power plant.
On the map (Figure 5-1), a built-up area (red areas) refers to a dense-
ly populated area of a minimum of 200 residents, in which the num-
ber, foor area and concentration of the buildings, in addition to the
number of inhabitants, have been considered. The areas that have at
least one inhabited building within a radius of one kilometre but that
are not included in the built-up areas, villages and small villages, be-
long to the sparsely populated rural area. The project environment
does not include villages in accordance with the community structure
monitoring data (Finnish Environment Institute, 2019; Figure 5-1).
Figure 5-1. Community structure in accordance with the community structure monitoring data in 2017
and resi-dential and holiday buildings. (Source: The Finnish Environment Institute, 2019)
5.2.2 Regional land use plans
The area and its surroundings have a valid Comprehensive
Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern Uusimaa (confrmed on 15
December 2010), Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa
2 (confrmed on 30 October 2014, the Supreme Administrative
Court’s fnal decision in 2016) and Phased Regional Land Use
Plan for Uusimaa 4 (approved on 24 July 2017) (Figure 5-2) (Hel-
sinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019a). On 21 August 2017, the
Board of the Regional Council decided that the Phased Regional
Land Use Plan 4 would become effective before it was legally
valid.
The Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern Uusimaa includes the
symbols indicating nuclear power. The island of Hästholmen
has been designated as an energy management zone in which
nuclear power plants are allowed (EN/y). The support areas on
the mainland northwest of the island and the Björkholmen and
Rövarhället islands have been designated as an energy man-
agement zone or site (EN). A boating harbour has also been
designated on the mainland side. (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional
Council, 2010)
The nuclear power plant’s precautionary action zone has
been designated around the project area (en/y). According to
the planning regulation, “when planning and implementing
operations in the precautionary action zone, the provisions of
the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority’s Guide (YVL 1.10)
should be followed. Before initiating procedures, the Radiation
and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) in particular must be pro-
vided with an opportunity to issue a statement.” (Helsinki-Uusi-
maa Regional Council, 2010). The YVL Guide 1.10 has been re-
placed by YVL Guide A.2.
In the Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 2, a 400 kV
transmission line and a connecting road have been designated
to the north of the power plant, and the Svartholma fortress lo-
cated approximately two kilometres northwest of Hästholmen
has been designated as an important area for the preservation
of a cultural environment (nationally signifcant, RKY 2009)
(Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2016b).
The islands east of Hästholmen and the western and south-
ern parts of Gäddbergsön have been designated as nationally
signifcant built cultural environments in the Phased Regional
Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4 (Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Coun-
cil, 2017).
EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 53
5.2.4 Local detailed plan
line and the connecting road are indicated in the same manner the southwestern part of Hästholmen with an area reservation sym-
as in the valid Phased Regional Land Use Plan 2. Similarly, a re- The revision and expansion of the local detailed plan of the Hästhol- bol. Nearby water areas have been designated as water areas where
gionally valuable landscape is indicated in accordance with the men nuclear power plant area are in effect in the Hästholmen area dredging is possible, and where buildings and structures necessary
valid Phased Regional Land Use Plan 4. and the tip of the headland (approved on 21 January 2009, section 26, for energy management (W/en-1), can be built. The accommoda-
The land use plan proposal also indicates the need for a dis- legally valid on 3 March 2009) (Figure 5-5) (Town of Loviisa, 2019a). tion area is designated as a quartering area for residential buildings
trict heat transfer connection (‘kl’, a red dashed arrow) with Most of Hästholmen is designated as an energy management zone serving energy management (AS/en).
a development principle symbol. The development principle (EN) where it is possible to construct nuclear power plants and build-
symbol is used to indicate a transfer connection need related ings, and structures supporting their operation. Special areas intend-
to the utilisation of the waste heat from Kilpilahti oil refnery ed for the support functions of the nuclear power plant (EN-1, EN-2)
5.3 LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL
and Loviisa nuclear power plant, as well as the technical mainte- have also been designated on Hästholmen and on the mainland, as ENVIRONMENT
nance utility tunnel to the Helsinki metropolitan area. well as in the area between them. In these special areas, building must 5.3.1 Overview of the landscape
be adjusted to the landscape due to landscape values. Underground
construction is allowed in all the aforementioned areas. A harbour In the landscape province division, the project area belongs to
5.2.3 Master plan
area (LS-4), where a lane and a wharf can be built, is designated in the landscape province of the southern coastland and the coast-
Loviisa’s component master plan for shores is in effect in the area (ap-
proved on 10 December 2008) (Figure 5-4) (Town of Loviisa, 2019a).
The island of Hästholmen is indicated as an energy management zone
(EN-1). A component area symbol (v) indicates an area where the con-
struction of nuclear power plants is allowed. The areas on the main-
land for the support functions of the nuclear power plant are indicat-
ed in the land use plan as an area for the service and support functions
of energy management (EN-3), where it is possible to build research
Figure 5-2. An extract of the combination of the valid regional facilities serving the construction of nuclear power plants, energy
land use plans for Uusimaa. management and energy production, as well as storage, production
and offce buildings.
On the eastern side of the Loviisa component master plan for shore
The Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 is being prepared in areas is the Gäddbergsö-Vahterpää component master plan, and
Uusimaa (Helsinki-Uusimaa Re-gional Council, 2019b). This plan on the northern side, the Kulla-Lappom component master plan for
incorporates all key themes of land use, and the preparation of shore areas, as well as the change to the Kulla-Lappom component
the plan was carried out in 2016–2020. When implemented, the master plan affecting a minor area.
land use plan supersedes all effective and legally valid regional
land use plans. An exception to this is the wind power solution
presented in the Phased Regional Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4,
which designates four areas suitable for the production of wind
power in Eastern Uusimaa. In addition, a separate regional land
use plan is being prepared for the Östersundom area. The Hel-
sinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 has progressed to the pro-
posal stage. The materials of the land use plan proposal were
available for public viewing on 8 October–8 November 2019.
Based on the feedback, the land use plan will be fnalised for the
Assembly of the Regional Council in the spring of 2020. Figure
5-3 shows an extract of the land use plan map of the Helsin-
ki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 proposal for the project area.
The Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 provides a sche-
matic version of the plan for nuclear power plants and their pre-
cautionary action zones included in the valid regional land use
plans. The reservation for a designated area for nuclear pow-
er plants will be converted into a reservation for a designated
site, and the land use plan regulation will be brought up to date.
Instead of the area reservation symbols of the valid Regional
Land Use Plan for Uusimaa, the plan proposal for the Helsin-
ki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 uses a site reservation symbol
to indicate an energy management zone on Hästholmen island
where nuclear plants are allowed (EN/y). The scope of the pre-
cautionary action zone of the nuclear power plant is indicated
in the same manner as in the Regional Land Use Plan for Eastern
Uusimaa, but the symbol used is ‘svy’. The 400 kV transmission Figure 5-3. An extract of the land use plan map of the plan proposal for Figure 5-4. An extract of Loviisa’s component master plan for shores.
the Helsinki-Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050.
54 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 55
Figure 5-5. An extract of the revision and expansion of the local detailed plan of the Hästholmen
nuclear power plant area.
al area of the Gulf of Finland. In the Eastern Uusimaa landscape belong to the regionally signifcant built cultural environment of Power plant
structure where the landscape regions have been further divided Vådholmsfjärden (Figure 5-7). According to royal sea charts, there Figure 5-6. Aerial image of the surroundings of Loviisa power plant in 2018.
into landscape types, the project area is located in the landscape was a haven in Vådholmsfjärden in the 1790s. Structures related to
zone of coastal archipelago and mainland coast (Helsinki-Uusi- fshing, the haven and log driving have been discovered in the area.
maa Regional Council, 2007). With regard to the landscape, the In addition, the area features the Kasaberget fre direction tower, dat-
zone is very detailed and varied, largely due to the formation of ing back to World War II. The area values are based on the haven, log
bays, coves and inlets between chains of islands and the folds of driving and fortresses dating back to World War II (Helsinki-Uusimaa
the ragged shoreline (Figure 5-6) (National Land Survey of Fin- Regional Council, 2016a).
land 2019). The nationally signifcant built cultural environment (RKY 2009) of
The profle of Hästholmen and the islands south of it is fat. The the Svartholma fortress is located at the mouth of the Loviisanlahti
highest point of Hästholmen is approximately 16 metres above bay northeast of Hästholmen (Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019). The
sea level. The area surrounding the power plant consists of a fair- Svartholma fortress and the Loviisa land fortress are the eastern
ly natural coast and archipelago landscape, with numerous red bulwark of the Suomenlinna main fortress located off Helsinki, which
granite boulders and cobbly areas as a special characteristic. was built after Sweden’s territory losses in the 1740s (Helsinki-Uusi-
Some of the holiday housing on the coast is located very close maa Regional Council, 2016a).
to the waterfront, which is why buildings are discernible in the There are no permanent archaeological sites in Hästholmen or its
landscape from far away. The eastern shore of Hästholmen has surroundings. The Svartholma fortress (site ID 1000001910) is an ex-
undergone drastic changes as a result of the land flling carried tensive archaeological site. (Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019)
out in the construction of the power plant. There is no protective A cultural heritage survey was conducted in the area of
green zone on the island’s eastern shore and part of the northern Loviisa’s component master plan for shore areas in 2008. Ac-
shore, which is why there is an unobstructed view of the power cording to the survey, there are no cultural heritage sites on Power plant
plant and its associated structures to Hästholmsfjärden on the Hästholmen island. The nearest cultural heritage site is locat-
Archaeological site, point
eastern side of the island. The unbuilt south and west shores ed on the Stora Kalvholmen island west of Hästholmen. This
of Hästholmen are, for the most part, in their natural state. Al- site is not designated in the component master plan for shore Archaeological site, area
though the power plant buildings and stacks are visible to a large areas. There are also cultural heritage sites on the mainland Nationally signifcant built
part of the Hudöfjärden sea area west and southwest of the is- in the surroundings of the regionally significant built cultural cultural environments
land, the forest zone on the southern and western shores sof- environment of Svartholma and on the islands south of Häst- Regionally signifcant
tens the landscape considerably. In open areas, the power plant holmen, which are part of the regionally significant cultur- cultural environments
area’s lights are visible from afar during the dark. al environment. The nearest known underwater relics found
in the Finnish Heritage Agency’s Ancient Relics Register are
located at a distance of two kilometres on the western side
5.3.2 Valuable landscape and cultural
of the power plant. The wreck of the frigate Fortuna, which
environments and sites sank in 1822, is closest to the power plant. It is located on Figure 5-7. Landscape areas and cultural environments, as well as fxed archaeological sites
The islands to the east and south of Hästholmen, the western and Hudofjärden to the east of the current shipping lane (Finnish located in the surroundings of the power plant. (Source: Finnish Heritage Agency, 2019; Helsinki-
southern parts of Gäddbergsö and the water areas between them Heritage Agency, 2018). Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019c)
56 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 57
certain weather conditions, sounds of nature, such as wind, birds have been below the limit values. (Uusimaa Centre for Economic
and the waves on the coast, generate a lot of background noise. Development, Transport and the Environment, 2019). As a health
One-time environmental noise measurements have been con- protection measure, limit values have been set for certain air im-
ducted in the surroundings of the power plant and on nearby is- purities in the outdoor air to indicate the highest allowed value of
lands, most recently in 2013 and 2017 (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2013 air impurities (Government Decree 79/2017).
and 2017). In 2013, noise was measured at seven measuring lo- Traffc emissions in Loviisa power plant area mainly come from
cations in the surroundings of the power plant. The 2017 meas- commuting and maintenance traffc. In addition to road traffc,
urements were conducted in the same locations as in 2013. In marine traffc may affect the air quality. There are three water-
addition, measurements were conducted in one location to the ways near Loviisa power plant, and the vessels using them may
north of the power plant and in one reference location by the road have an occasional impact on air quality. In the power plant area,
leading to Hästholmen. the generation of emergency power also releases small amounts
There has been some variation in the noise levels measured in of emissions into the air occasionally, but their impact on the local
different years. In the locations where the noise from the pow- air quality is minimal.
er plant was audible, the measured noise levels were within the Loviisa power plant’s radioactive emissions into the air are cov-
limits of the environmental permit. For the most part, the noise ered in Chapter 3.2.3.1, and the present state of the environment
was lower than the daytime limit value of 45 dB set in the envi- with regard to radiation in Chapter 5.14.
ronmental permit.
5.8 GROUND AND BEDROCK
5.6 VIBRATION The island of Hästholmen is located in the coastal zone of Lovii-
In the current situation, the only source of vibration in the project sa, and the area profle is generally fat and low. The area is char-
area is the road traffc entering and exiting the power plant area. acterised by numerous islands, bays extending deeply into the
The operation of the power plant units causes no vibration that main-land and long peninsulas with a distinct tendency to lead
can be detected by human senses outside the power plant area. from northwest to southeast. The bays refect the selvage zones
The traffc during the operation of the power plant consists in the bedrock, the shape of which has been accentuated by the
mainly of commuting, maintenance traffc and freight transports. wear caused by the ice sheet during the ice age.
In the current situation, vibration caused by traffc in the environ- The highest parts of Hästholmen are 16 metres above sea lev-
ment has not been measured, but it is estimated to be minimal, el. The seabed around the island is generally at a depth of 5–10
based on the traffc and soil data. metres, but basins of 15 metres can also be found locally. The is-
land’s bedrock is to a large extent exposed or only covered by a
thin layer of soil. It has been found that to the south and the east
5.7 AIR QUALITY of the island, the bedrock sinks locally as deep as 60–70 metres
Hästholmen’s weather is maritime because of the Gulf of Finland. under the strata (Anttila 1988). With the exception of these de-
At Loviisa power plant, the wind direction is mostly from south- pressions, the bedrock can be typically found within 20 metres
west. The least wind comes from the southeast (Fortum Power below sea level in the water areas near Hästholmen.
and Heat Oy, 2008). Wind speeds on the coast are higher than in- The soil in the Hästholmen area primarily consists of stony and
land. Loviisa power plant has a weather observation system that rocky moraine. The thickness of the moraine layer on the island
Power plant (Source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019) measures the rainfall and air temperature among other things. is usually a few metres at most. Construction in the power plant
Figure 5-8. Roads leading from Highway 7 to the power plant on Hästholmen. The average rainfall in 1995–2018 (measurement data available area has required extensive earth moving activities, which is
for 19 years) at Loviisa power plant was approximately 635 mm why the original surface of the ground is covered by various land
per year. The average annual temperature at Loviisa power plant masses in many areas. The layers of soil on the seabed consist
5.4 TRAFFIC The Loviisa harbour is located in Valko, Loviisa. There are three was +5.9 °C in 1995–2018 (measurement data available for 22 mainly of moraine or rough soil types, gravel and sand, with clay
waterways near the power plant. The waterway to the Valko har- years). and silt sand layered on top in places. The thickest layers of soil
Highway 7 from Helsinki to Vaalimaa, part of the main Finnish E18 bour runs along the southwestern side of Hästholmen, at a dis- No regular air quality measurements are carried out in the Lovi- can be found in a basin on the eastern side of Hästholmen, where
east-west route, runs via the town of Loviisa. There are highway tance of at least a couple of kilometres from the shore. Within isa area, but the most signifcant sources of emissions generating the total thickness of strata is approximately 60 metres.
junctions on the east and west side of Loviisa. The traffc con- ten kilometres of the power plant there is also the Gulf of Finland impurities are reported. The average air quality in Loviisa is good, The bedrock in Hästholmen is rapakivi granite, typical of the
nection from Highway 7 to Hästholmen runs on Saaristotie and coastal waterway, which begins from the ports of Hamina and since there are no major industrial facilities in the area releasing Loviisa area, which can be found in several variants. The most
Atomitie (1583). Traffc from the western junction to the power Kotka, and continues as the Helsinki-Orrengrund waterway. The emissions into the air, and the emission densities of even the bus- common variant on Hästholmen is pyterlite. The main minerals
plant runs through the centre of Loviisa. The distance from High- third more extensively used waterway to the ports of Hamina and iest roads are relatively low. (Uusimaa Centre for Economic De- are potassium feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and horn-
way 7 to Hästholmen island is approximately 15 km (Figure 5-8). Kotka is located slightly further out to sea. velopment, Transport and the Environment, 2019) blende. Fluorite is a typical accessory mineral. It is mostly un-
According to the 2018 traffc volume statistics of the Finnish To ensure the safety of the power plant and its surroundings, In Loviisa, road traffc accounts for the majority of the nitro- weathered and massive, and its strength properties are good.
Transport Infrastructure Agency (Finnish Transport Infrastruc- air traffc is prohibited in the Hästholmen area (Government gen oxide and carbon monoxide emissions, which concentrate The typical disintegration of rapakivi into small rocks has been
ture Agency, 2019), the average daily traffc volume to the in- Decree 930/2014). The no-fy zone covers the power plant sur- on the areas near Highway 7 and the town centre. Household found mainly deeper in the zones containing fragmented rock
tersection of Saaristotie and Atomitie to the south of Määrlahti roundings within a four-kilometre radius and at an altitude of up wood burning causes the majority of the particle and volatile or- (Anttila, 1988).
is approximately 1,800 vehicles, including approximately 80 to 2,000 metres. Hästholmen has an offcial heliport for use by ganic compound (VOC) emissions, whereas most of the sulphur Hästholmen’s patches of bare rock are dominated by two near-
heavy-duty vehicles. The average daily traffc on Atomitie is ap- the authorities. (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019b) dioxide emissions are caused by energy production. In addition ly vertical main cleavage directions, northeast to southwest and
proximately 700 vehicles, including approximately 40 heavy-du- to the local emissions, the area’s air quality is also affected by northwest to southeast. The third main cleavage direction veers
ty vehicles. Traffc volumes are at their highest during the power the long-range transport of emissions. Based on the air quality slightly to the east/northeast. Therefore, the cleavage type is
plant’s annual outage.
5.5 NOISE measurements carried out in the Helsinki metropolitan area and overall nearly cubic. In addition, rock studies have indicated zones
The nearest railway line runs from the Valko harbour to Lahti. Noise in the surroundings of the project area is currently affected elsewhere in Uusimaa, it has been estimated that the concentra- containing fragmented rock with a higher density of cleavages
There is only freight traffc on this section of the railway. by Loviisa power plant, traffc noise and sounds of nature. Under tions of nitrogen oxide, breathable particles and microparticles than elsewhere in the rock. The fnal disposal facility (L/ILW re-
58 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 59
5.10 SURFACE WATERS 5.10.3 Currents and stratifcation conditions
5.10.1 Overview of the sea area In the Gulf of Finland, the direction of surface currents is primari-
ly anti-clockwise. Off Loviisa, as with the entire northern coast of
The island of Hästholmen is located on the boundary of the the Gulf of Finland, the current fows to the west in the direction
coastal and outer archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. Figure 5-9 of the coast. At the local level, the currents are affected, among
shows the sea areas surrounding the island of Hästholmen, the other things, by the topography of the area and the profle of the
rivers running to the sea off Loviisa and the Lappomträsket seabed, variations in sea level, wind and river runoff.
lake, which is the source of raw water for the power plant. East The weather and wind direction affect the currents in the
of Hästholmen, the bay areas of Hästholmsfjärden and Klobb- sea area around Hästholmen. When the wind blows from the
fjärden form the Klobbfjärden body of water, which is represent- southeast, the surface water fows towards Hästholmsfjärden,
ative of the surface water type of coastal archipelago in the Gulf and the fow of surface water to Vådholmsfjärden is mostly ob-
of Finland. West of Hästholmen lies Hudöfjärden, which is locat- structed. When the wind blows from the west, southwest and
ed primarily in the Keipsalo body of water that belongs to the northwest, surface water is discharged from Hästholmfjärden
surface water type of coastal archipelago in the Gulf of Finland. towards Vådholmsfjärden. A rising sea level weakens the water
The Loviisa-Porvoo body of water, representative of the surface exchange in Hästholmfjärden, while surface water can fow to
water type of the outer archipelago in the Gulf of Finland, is lo- Vådholmsfjärden when the sea level is low. (Fortum Power and
cated south of Hästholmen. Orrengrundsfjärden is a fairly open Heat Oy, 2019b)
sea area, and the open sea begins at Orrengrund, approximately The cooling water circulation of Loviisa power plant also has
12 kilometres south of Hästholmen. a small impact on the currents in the nearby sea area. The cool-
The sea area off Loviisa is characterised by consecutive pools ing water circulation moves an average of 44 m3/s of water from
separated by inlets and shallow underwater thresholds. Water Hudöfjärden to Hästholmsfjärden. The impacts mainly target
exchange at the bottom of these pools is minimal compared to the vicinity of the discharge location and narrow inlets but do
the outer sea. not reach Klobbfjärden (Marjamäki, 2012). Part of the cooling
water circulates back to the intake location from the southern
side of Hästholmen. The embankment built between Hästhol-
5.10.2 Topography and depth conditions
men and the mainland weakens currents in the area.
Hästholmsfjärden, to the east of Hästholmen, is a semi- The seasonal fuctuation of the temperature causes stratifca-
closed, fairly shallow bay area that is connected to the out- tion of seawater in the deeper areas of the Gulf of Finland in the
er sea area only via narrow and shallow inlets (Figure 5-9). outer archipelago and on the open sea in particular. Water strat-
The size of the area is approximately 9 km2 with a volume of ifcation also includes an upwelling/downwelling phenomenon
68.5 million m3, and the maximum depth is approximately 18 that occasionally infuences the temperature of surface water
metres. The average depth is 7.6 metres. Several underwater in the coastal and outer archipelago. In upwelling, surface water
thresholds limit water exchange between Hästholmsfjärden from the coastal area fows offshore and is replaced by the nu-
and the outer sea area (Launiainen, 1979). The shallower trient-rich and cooler water rising from deeper parts of the sea
Klobbfjärden is located northeast of Hästholmsfjärden. Wa- (Raateoja and Setälä, 2016), which results in a sudden cooling of
ter exchange between these two pools is limited by a shallow the surface water. Off Loviisa, the wind blowing from the west
interrupted only by a narrow water area that is approximate- for suffciently long periods of time along the coast can cause
ly 10 metres deep. The bay areas of Hästholmsfjärden and upwelling. Correspondingly, long-lasting winds from the east
Klobbfjärden are connected to the Tesjoki river and the Ahv- may cause downwelling, in which warm surface water fows to
Power plant (source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019)
enankoskenhaara delta of the Kymijoki river, Kullafjärden and the coast of Finland and upwelling of cool water takes place on
Figure 5-9. Adjacent sea areas surrounding Loviisa power plant, nearby rivers and the Lappomträsket Abborrfjärden, located northeast of the areas, via the narrow the coast of Estonia (Raateoja and Setälä, 2016). From time to
Jomalsund canal (Figure 5-9). time, down-welling also raises the temperature of the seawater
The volume of Hudöfjärden (Figure 5-9), located west of Häst- off Loviisa (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019a).
pository) excavated at a depth of approximately 110 metres in the to the L/ILW repository, the quality of these waters is monitored, holmen island, is higher than that of Hästholmsfjärden and its In the Gulf of Finland, salinity decreases towards the east,
bedrock of the island has been designed to ensure these zones of and they are managed by means of pumping. The level of ground- deepest spot is 24 metres. The sea area is more open than Häst- and in the coastal archipelago, the differences between the
fragmented rock do not intersect with the fnal disposal facility. water in the Hästholmen area is usually only a few metres below holmsfjärden, although to the south, there are thresholds that hypolimnion and the surface layer in terms of salinity are
The weathering of rock, especially when associated with frag- the surface of the ground, and the sea and groundwater levels limit water exchange in the hypolimnion layer. The 9.5-metre wa- typically fairly small. Thus, the most signifcant factor causing
mentation, always weakens the strength properties of rock mass meet in the littoral zone. The groundwater in the surface level of terway of the Valko harbour in Loviisa, dredged in the 1980s, has the stratifcation of seawater is temperature.
to some extent. However, the secondary minerals formed as a the groundwater layer is fresh, becoming saline further down. In probably improved water exchange in the area to some extent.
result of weathering increase the capacity of the rock to retain the central parts of the island, the interface of fresh and saline Water exchanges occur more effciently further out to sea than
5.10.4 Quality of seawater
substances carried with groundwater, such as radio nuclides. groundwater is more than 100 metres underground (Snellman in the coastal archipelago.
and Helenius 1992; Hatanpää 1997). The sea level is measured at Loviisa power plant, and the var- The quality of seawater is impacted by the area’s point pollution
There are no categorised groundwater areas in the vicinity of iation of the daily averages is between -30 cm and 30 cm (the sources and diffuse pollution originating from a larger area and
5.9 GROUNDWATER Hästholmen. The nearest groundwater area is the Valko ground- N60 measuring system). The closest station for measuring the several sources. Point pollution in Loviisa power plant’s nearby
In the Hästholmen area, groundwater is primarily found in the lay- water area approximately seven kilometres to the northeast on sea level is in Emäsalo in Porvoo, where daily sea level averag- sea area is caused by the power plant itself and the Vårdö waste-
ers of loose soil that cover the rock in deeper rock depressions in the mainland. It has been designated as a groundwater area im- es varied between -60 cm and 70 cm in 2018 (Kymijoen vesi ja water treatment plant, as well as the pisciculture facilities of Ab
which the strata are thicker. Gaps in the bedrock contain ground- portant for water supply (class 1). There are no private domestic ympäristö ry, 2019). Loviisan Smoltti Oy and Semilax Oy. Most of the nutrient load,
water. Seepage waters originating from the bedrock are carried water wells in the vicinity of Hästholmen. however, is generated by the diffuse load carried by the river wa-
60 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 61
5.10.5 Thermal load into the sea
the discharge location. During mild winters, the unfrozen area is
The seawater warmed in the cooling of Loviisa power plant is con- at its largest. (Ilus, 2009).
ducted to Hästholmsfjärden on the eastern side of the island of
Hästholmen. The thermal load from the cooling water of Loviisa
5.10.7 Sediments
power plant is the most signifcant environmental impact tar-
geting the nearby sea area, which is why long-term monitoring The layers of soil on the seabed near Loviisa power plant consist
of the temperature of the seawater has been carried out since mainly of moraine or rough soil types, gravel and sand, with clay
the 1960s. Based on the results of observations and perpetual and silt sand layered on top in places. These soil layers are at their
measurements, the thermal load impacts the temperature and thickest in the bedrock basin east of Hästholmen, where the total
inherent thermal stratifcation of the surface water in the area, thickness of the layers is approximately 60 metres.
especially near the discharge location on Hästholmsfjärden. Oc- Sediment samples were taken from the area in front of the
casionally, the rising temperatures of the surface water can be cooling water intake for a test on harmful substances towards the
observed in a larger area, depending on the wind conditions. In end of 2019. Samples were collected from 11 locations. The re-
the sea area, the thermal load is distributed evenly in the surface sults are reviewed in greater detail in the EIA report stage when
layer of the water, with minimal blending with lower water layers. the report on the harmful substance test is available.
The thermal load reinforces Hästholmsfjärden’s vertical thermal
stratifcation (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2019b).
5.10.8 Biology and ecological status
During the open water season, the layer formed by warm cool-
ing water spreads in the sea area as a surface water layer that is
of the sea area
a few metres thick and does not easily mix with the denser hy- 5.10.8.1 Phytoplankton and base production
polimnion. During the open water season, the currents caused by
the wind and the level of seawater signifcantly affect the disper- The phytoplankton species and their biomass in the sea are-
sion of the warmed water and the size of the impact area. as near the power plant are typical of the coastal waters of the
The impact of the thermal load on the nearby sea area can be Gulf of Finland. In May, the dominant species are dinofagellates
best observed in the winter, when the ice cover effectively pre- and diatoms. The share of blue-green algae is at its highest in
vents the heat from dissipating into the atmosphere (Ilus, 2009). the population in June–July and again in October. The dominant
In the winter, the impact area of the thermal load is larger than species in the phytoplankton populations in the autumn are large
during the open water season. In accordance with its density, the coldwater diatoms.
more saline and warmer cooling water discharged on Hästholms- There has been a declining trend in the chlorophyll a content
fjärden settles between the cold freshwater carried by the rivers in the surface water during the growing season in the 2000s: In
and the cold, more saline seawater, forming an intermediate layer other words, the quantity of algae has declined. There is a lot of
of warm water near the surface. The warmer intermediate layer variation between years, as the quantity of algae is infuenced by
with a thickness of a few metres can usually be observed only on a number of factors, such as the temperature of summers and the
Hästholmsfjärden, Vådholmsfjärden and Hudöfjärden. Further nutrient supply (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018).
Power plant Monitoring point (Source: National Land Survey of Finland, 2019; Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö, 2018) out, the temperature of the intermediate layer decreases gradu- The amount of base production in Loviisa sea area has been
ally as the surrounding cold water mixes with it (Marjamäki, 2012). studied by means of measurements of the phytoplankton base
Figure 5-10. Monitoring locations for the required monitoring of the quality of seawater in the sea area near
production since 1967. During this monitoring, the amount of
the Loviisa power plant.
base production has increased both at the discharge and intake
5.10.6 Ice conditions
location of the cooling water. The increase is connected with the
The thermal load caused by the power plant and the changes in general increase in the nutrient content in and the overall eu-
ters to the area. The nutrient load caused by river waters is con- been observed in the surface water in the summertime. The ox- the currents affect the ice situation of the nearby sea area. The trophication development of the Gulf of Finland. Based on long-
siderably affected by the rainfall at any given time, since during ygen regime of the hypolimnion has often been poorer than that ice situation of the area is also monitored as part of the plant’s term monitoring, the trend in the base production seems to have
pluvial years, leaching of nutrients may be two- or threefold com- of the surface water, due to the stratifcation of the water, among required monitoring. A permanent ice cover is formed in the taken a declining turn.
pared to years with minimal rainfall (Karonen et al., 2015). Occa- other things. In recent years, lack of oxygen has been detected area in question later than normal, and the ice breaks up earlier,
sionally, the internal phosphorus load caused by the poor oxygen in the hypolimnion, primarily in the basins of Hästholmsfjärden compared to areas that are not exposed to the thermal load. The 5.10.8.2 Aquatic vegetation
regime of the seabed is considerable in Hästholmsfjärden and (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018). formation of a permanent ice cover and the duration of the ice
Hudöfjärden (Leino, 2012). Based on the average nutrient content in the growing season, the cover period are signifcantly impacted by the severity of winters. Aquatic vegetation has been monitored in the sea areas near
The water quality of the sea area adjacent to Loviisa power surface water of the sea area near Hästholmen is slightly eutrophic Warning boards and the local newspaper are used to warn people Loviisa power plant since 1971. The seabed on the shores of Häst-
plant has been monitored for decades. The power plant’s re- or eutrophic. The average total phosphorus content of the surface of a weakened ice situation. holmen island is mostly rocky and usually very steep underwater,
quired monitoring includes the monitoring of water quality at water during the growing season varied between 20–35 μg/l in In the early winter, the impact of the power plant’s cooling wa- which is why the aquatic vegetation zones are generally narrow
various depths. The seawater quality monitoring locations are 2000–2017 (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018). The total nitro- ters on the ice cover is manifested as a large area of melt water, (Ilus, 2019). In 2017, a total of 12 aquatic plant species belong-
shown in Figure 5-10. gen content of the surface water was approximately 300–425 µg/l, which can also be seen in satellite pictures. Thus, the ice cover is ing to vascular plants and macroalgae was found in the areas
The average salinity of surface water over the long term has re- on average, in 2000–2017. The nutrient content in the hypolimnion normally quite thin in the sea off the plant and in the inlets leading being monitored. The species were customary to the area, such
mained fairly stable and typical of brackish water in the sea area near the bottom has typically been higher than in the surface water. out of Hästholmsfjärden. Late in the winter, ice melts quickly in as hornwort, spiked watermilfoil, spiny naiad, perfoliate pond-
near Hästholmen, in a range of 3.5–5‰. The differences in salin- The poor oxygen regimen of the hypolimnion of the bay, resulting in the inlets as the currents make warm water well up and come into weed, fennel pondweed, Fucus radicans brown alga, Cladophora
ity between the surface water and the hypolimnion near the bot- nutrients dissolving into the water from the sediment, has repeat- contact with the ice. In the northern parts of Hästholmsfjärden glomerata macroalga, Ectocarpus siliculosus brown alga, blad-
tom have typically been fairly small. The oxygen regimen of the edly caused total phosphorus and nitrogen contents that are higher and on Klobbfjärden, the ice is usually solid (Ilus, 2009). der rack, and sea lettuce (Monivesi Oy, 2018).
surface water has been good, and the average oxygen saturation in the Hästholmsfjärden basin area than in other locations. The average ice situation and the size of the unfrozen area vary The quantity of aquatic plants on the discharge side has been
has ranged between 90 and 120% during the growing season. Loviisa power plant’s radioactive emissions into the sea are depending on the severity of the winter. During severe and ex- higher than on the intake side due to the warming effect of the
Oxygen supersaturation resulting from accelerated production covered in Chapter 3.2.3.1, and the present state of the environ- tremely severe winters, the unfrozen area may be very small, and power plant’s cooling water on the surface water, but the overall
of phytoplankton, a typical phenomenon in eutropic waters, has ment with regard to radiation in Chapter 5.14. the coolant water fows under the ice in the immediate vicinity of eutrophication development experienced in the Gulf of Finland
62 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 63
5.10.8.4 Ecological status
has also been observed on the intake side. The strongest in- ring include the shallow vegetation areas of the middle and outer deposits. The dominant tree on the islands of Hästholmen and
crease in the coastal vegetation and eutrophication of the shore Surface waters are classifed on the basis of the ecological status archipelagos as a whole. Modelling results for the breeding area of Tallholmen is pine. The islands also feature some patches of bare
areas can be seen at a distance of approximately one kilometre of water systems, which is an overall assessment of the biolog- whitefsh that spawns in the sea are not presented for the sea area rock with few or no trees, and plenty of rocky soil. The narrow
from the cooling water intake. Aquatic plants sensitive to water ical factors, as well as the physico-chemical and hydromorpho- off Loviisa in the VELMU map service. isthmus between Hästholmen and Tallholmen features typical
pollution have decreased in the areas of both Hudöfjärden and logical factors of water. The ecological status of the Klobbfjärden The surveys of the current status of the nuclear power plant alder grove stands. The shores of the islands are primarily rocky,
especially Hästholmsfjärden. body of water located in the sea area of Loviisa power plant was project being planned by Fennovoima Oy in Ruotsinpyhtää includ- and larger reed stands or other food meadows are rare. Only the
assessed as bad in the second planning period (Open access, ed surveys of the fry production areas of the ichthyofauna in the shallow between Hässjeholmen and Hästholmen and the isthmus
5.10.8.3 Benthic fauna the Hertta database, 25 November 2019). The categorisation is Gäddbergsö and Kampuslandet areas in 2009 (Pöyry, 2009). The of Tallholmen feature small reed stands.
based on an extensive biological data (phytoplankton and ben- survey area is located on the south-eastern side of Hästholmen is-
The benthic fauna populations in the sea area surrounding thic fauna) used in assessing the biological category as bad. The land, at a distance of up to approximately one kilometre. Based on
5.12.2 Fauna in land areas
Loviisa power plant were frst studied in 1966, when the quan- data concerning the physico-chemical status also indicated a the surveys, there are signifcant breeding areas for Baltic herring
tity of species was deemed fairly low. The quantity of species is bad status. Above all, the status is weakened by the weak oxy- and Gobiidae in the south-eastern sea area near Hästholmen. The In the area of the town of Loviisa, the fauna consists primarily of
limited by the salinity of the brackish water, which is too low for gen regimen of the water mass and the oxygen depletion of the surveyed area also included shores with sand and gravel foor that typical species that have adapted to living in managed forests,
many marine species and too high for freshwater species. More foor. The ecological status of the body of water in other nearby whitefsh spawning in the sea use as spawning areas. such as fox, brown hare and cervids. The only large predator more
regular monitoring of benthic fauna began in 1973. There have sea areas, such as the eastern Gulf of Finland, has been assessed Fishing in the area is monitored as part of the required monitor- generally seen in the Loviisa region is the lynx (Natural Resources
been considerable changes in the condition of the foor of the as poor. ing by requesting commercial fshermen to report their catches, Institute Finland), 2019a).
area and in benthic fauna in the last 40 years or so. In deeper are- and fshing is monitored with annual bookkeeping. Three com- No precise data on the fauna in land areas is available for the
as especially, the condition in the foor has weakened drastically mercial fshermen who practise fshing in the area submitted their power plant area. The elk population is fairly strong near the pow-
5.10.9 Other water systems
since the 1980s, which can be explained by the overall weakening bookkeeping on fshing for 2018. Their primary fshing method er plant area and in the surroundings of the road leading to the
of the oxygen regimen in the Gulf of Finland (Ilus, 2019). The Lappomträsket lake, which is the source of the power plant's was net fshing, focusing on the spring and autumn. In bottom-set area south of the centre of Loviisa. No prior information exists on
Based on the extensive benthic fauna monitoring carried out raw water, is located north of the power plant area (Figure 5-9). gillnet fshing, pikeperch accounted for the majority of the catch the incidence of the species listed in Appendix IV(a) of the Habi-
in 2017 (Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry 2018; Monivesi Oy, 2018), The water level of the lake was lowered decades ago to dry (57%), although pike (30%) was also caught. The results are in line tats Directive (including the fying squirrel, bats and otters). Two
in most areas on the soft foor, the oxygen regimen was poor, or out additional arable land, but later in the 1970s, it was raised with earlier monitoring results (ÅF-Consult Oy, 2019). otters were spotted at the power plant’s cooling water intake lo-
the foor had no oxygen at all, which weakened the living condi- again due to the water supply needs of Imatran Voima, current- According to a survey conducted among recreational and sub- cation in connection with the avifauna monitoring, launched in De-
tions of the benthic fauna. At the monitoring stations closer to ly Fortum (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2012a). The Lappomträsket lake sistence fshermen, the calculated total catch of recreational fsh- cember 2019, that is conducted for the EIA procedure. There is no
the coast, the benthic fauna of the mud foors was poor in terms is a clear shallow humic lake with an area of approximately 109 ermen was an estimated 14.9 tonnes and approximately 20.7 kg prior researched information on the incidence of the species in the
of the variety of species and consisted of a few dominant spe- hectares. Of the lake’s area, 82% is at most one metre deep. The per household in 2017. The catch consisted primarily of pike, Baltic area, but the sea area that remains unfrozen throughout the winter
cies. At the sampling station near the power plant’s cooling wa- water quality of the Lappomträsket lake is good, which is part- herring, perch, bream and pikeperch. Recreational fshing in the may induce the species to spend winters and breed in the area.
ter discharge location, the benthic fauna population was more ly due to the oxidation of water performed by Fortum. Thus, the area concentrates on the summer months (ÅF-Consult Oy, 2018). The incidence of fying squirrels and bats was studied when land
abundant than at the other stations, and the species were more ecological status of the lake has been assessed as good (Water Most of the biomass carried to the power plant with the cooling use planning was carried out in the component master plan area of
diverse, which was probably due to the better water exchange Map Service, 2018). water intake has been fsh, primarily Baltic herring or smelt. The the northern part of Loviisa and Tesjoki in 2005. The only breeding
and the coarser materials of the seabed. The thermal impact of fsh are removed from the water with coarse and fne screens and area for the whiskered bat and brown long-eared bat observed in
the cooling water may also be a factor in the quantities. travelling basket flters. The screenings, which consist primarily the land use plan area is approximately 10 km from Hästholmen.
Based on the benthic fauna study in the littoral zone, the
5.11 FISH AND FISHING of fsh, aquatic plants and algae, are taken to an external waste There are no habitats preferred by the fying squirrel on Hästhol-
most important group at all sampling stations was crustaceans The ichthyofauna and fshing in the sea area off Loviisa power management company for appropriate processing and utilisation men island or the cape next to it, and there are no known breeding
(among others, the amphipoda in genus Gammarus). At the plant has been monitored since 1971. Among other things, the fol- as material in the same manner as other organic waste generated or resting areas for the fying squirrel in the vicinity of the power
sampling station closest to the shore, important groups in the lowing information on the ichthyofauna of the area is based on the in the power plant. Thus, the intake of cooling water can also be plant (Fortum Power and Heat Oy, 2008).
benthic fauna, including mussels and insects, included chirono- observations obtained from fshing surveys and fsh bookkeeping, considered to have a cleaning impact on the sea, as phosphorus However, it is likely that bat species may be found in the vicinity
mid larvae, apart from crustaceans. The most abundant species as well as reviews of the biomass carried to the power plant. is removed from the sea with the screenings. of Hästholmen, in particular during migration periods. During the
of insects was the Caenis horaria mayfy, and among mussels, The ichthyofauna in the sea area surrounding Hästholmen con- spring and autumn migrations, migrating/migratory bats can in
the small Macoma baltica clams. Further offshore, the share of sists of both marine fsh and freshwater fsh species adapted to practice be found everywhere in the coastal region.
insects declined and the share of gastropods and oligochaetes the brackish water. Marine species important for fshing can be
5.12 FLORA, FAUNA AND
increased correspondingly. found in the area, such as Baltic herring and Baltic sprat, salmon, CONSERVATION AREAS
5.12.3 Marine mammals
Non-natives species, or species introduced by people to the sea trout, as well as Coregonus lavaretus and Baltic whitefsh, eel
5.12.1 Overview of the biotopes and vegetation
area being monitored, have also spread to the sea area near and founder. Among these, migratory species include salmon, According to surveys conducted among fshermen, seals have
Loviisa. In 2017, a total of nine non-native species were detect- sea trout, Baltic whitefsh, Baltic herring and eel. Key freshwa- From the botanic geography perspective, the Loviisa region been observed in Loviisanlahti bay. Both grey seals and Baltic
ed in the benthic fauna studies conducted in the joint monitor- ter species important in terms of fshing include pikeperch, pike, is located in the anemone belt, and its Lounaismaa part in the ringed seals can be found in the Gulf of Finland area. The grey
ing of the sea area off Loviisa. Most of the non-native species common perch and burbot. Other abundant fsh species include southboreal zone. This part of the southboreal zone has the seal is considerably more common than the ringed seal in the
were found in the littoral zone. Non-native species found in the cyprinids: roach, silver bream, bream and ide. most favourable climate and a rich vegetation. The rich grass- eastern Gulf of Finland. Based on the calculations carried out in
area include barnacles (Balanus improvisus), brackish hydroid The breeding areas of the ichthyofauna of the Gulf of Finland herb vegetation and groves differentiate the area from the rest 2019 by the Natural Resources Institute Finland, the grey seal
(Cordylophora caspia) and false mussel (Mytilopsis leucophae- have been studied in connection with the Finnish Inventory Pro- of southern Finland. The demanding woodland plants of the area population of the Gulf of Finland was 685 seals (Natural Re-
ta). The false mussel is a species that benefts from the thermal gramme for the Underwater Marine Environment (VELMU). Based include the hepatica, yellow anemone and wood anemone, lung- sources Institute Finland, 2019b). The population (in Finland and
impact and as such, it was only observed in monitored areas on data from feld studies, maps have been prepared in the online wort, pilewort, white satin fower, fumitories, wall lettuce, alter- Russia combined) of the Baltic ringed seal in the Gulf of Finland
that were located in the impact areas of the cooling water. The service of the environmental administration (VELMU Map Service, nate-leaved golden saxifrage and torgrass. Ash, European hazel is estimated at less than 200 seals (Ministry of Agriculture and
aforementioned three species also create a biofouling phenom- 2019) on the breeding areas of various fsh species based on inci- and European white elm have also spread to the area. Forestry 2018). This means that the seals observed in the Loviisa
enon which entails biological contamination of various surfaces dence probability modelling. According to the model, favourable Hästholmen island is approximately 75 hectares in area, about region are most likely grey seals.
under aquatic conditions. Among organisms involved in foul- breeding areas exist in the vicinity of Hästholmen for common half of which is the built-up environment intended for the power
ing, false mussels cause the most problems in the cooling water perch and pike, among other species. Based on the incidence prob- plant’s operations. Hästholmen is connected to the smaller
5.12.4 Avifauna
systems of Loviisa power plant, which is why the power plant ability modelling, pikeperch breeds primarily in the far end of the Tallholmen island by a narrow isthmus. In addition, the small
has been monitoring and studying the false mussel since 2005. Loviisanlahti bay and on the northern and south-eastern shores of islands of Hässjeholmen and Tallören are almost connected to In terms of the land bird species, the Loviisa region is represent-
(Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry, 2018). Klobbfjärden. The most favourable breeding areas for Baltic her- Hästholmen by isthmuses, very shallow water areas and cobble ative of the typical forest areas in the southern coastal region. In
64 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 65
Power plant Nature conservation area, private (Source: National Land Survey of Power plant Day care centre Beach (Source: Town of Loviisa,
Finland, 2019) Navigation line Assisted living facility/ Outdoor recreation area 2019b; Helsinki-Uusimaa
Natura 2000 area Nature conservation programme area
Regional Council, 2019a)
Nature conservation area, FINIBA School Care facility Signifcant tourist attraction
government Health care centre Recreation area, regional land
Harbour use plan
Figure 5-11. Nature conservation areas, sites covered by conservation programmes, Natura 2000 sites and a
nationally important bird area (FINIBA) in the vicinity of the power plant. Figure 5-12. The sensitive sites closest to the project area, and tourism and recreational sites.
Loviisa, the land bird species are abundant but rare species are some waterfowl species to fnd food, resulting in them nesting ago located at least approximately 2.3 km to the southwest. It is 5.13 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
few. By contrast, waterfowl species abound. earlier in the vicinity of the power plant area. considerably vast and protected as a site compliant with both the
5.13.1 Population
There are no internationally important (IBA), nationally impor- Avifauna monitoring related to the EIA procedure was launched Wild Bird and Habitats Directives (a SAC and SPA area). The Natura
tant (FINIBA) or regionally important bird areas (MAALI) in the in December 2019. The results are reviewed in greater detail in area in the marine reserve of Pernajanlahti bay and the Pernaja ar- Loviisa lies on the coast of the Gulf of Finland, approximate-
power plant area or its immediate vicinity. The nearest bird area the EIA report stage when the report on the avifauna survey is chipelago also includes the small islet of Kuggen, which is protect- ly 90 km east of Helsinki. In 2018, Loviisa had approximately
categorised as important is the sub-area included in the FINIBA available. ed as an avifauna conservation area (YSA010131). The Kullafjärden 15,000 inhabitants. Loviisa and its neighbouring municipali-
area of the archipelago in the eastern Gulf of Finland, more than waterfowl habitat (FI0100081) is approximately 7 km to the north- ties of Pernaja, Liljendal and Ruotsinpyhtää merged into the
two kilometres to the southwest (Figure 5-11). east of the power plant. town of Loviisa in 2010. Loviisa’s neighbouring municipalities
5.12.5 Nature conservation
Hästholmsfjärden, located east of the power plant area, is a The established nature conservation areas closest to the power include Kouvola, Lapinjärvi, Myrskylä, Porvoo and Pyhtää.
locally important bird area for overwintering waterfowl in par- The Natura 2000 network site closest to the power plant area is plant at a distance of 0.8–1 km to the north are the privately owned Loviisa forms the Loviisa sub-regional area with Lapinjärvi.
ticular. The impact area of the cooling water remains unfrozen the Källaudden–Virstholmen area (ID FI0100080), located at least nature conservation areas of the Karhulahti shore (YSA011320) The share of Swedish-speaking inhabitants of the popula-
throughout the winter, enabling waterfowl to overwinter in the approximately 1.3 km to the southwest (Figure 5-11). The area is and Bastuängen common forest (YSA011321) (Figure 5-11). The tion in Loviisa (40.6%) and in Lapinjärvi (30.7%) is consider-
area. Species observed to stay in the area through the winter in- protected as a site referred to in the Habitats Directive (a SAC nature conservation area of Karhulahti shore is approximately 0.2 ably higher than in Pyhtää (7.4%). In the Loviisa sub-regional
clude at least the common coot, smew and mute swan. The ther- area). The next closest Natura 2000 network site is the marine hectares, and the area of the Bastuängen common forest is ap- area, the share of people over 65 years of age is higher, and
mal impact and overwintering in the area may make it possible for reserve (FI0100078) in Pernajanlahti bay and the Pernaja archipel- proximately 4 hectares. the share of people under 15 is lower than in Uusimaa and the
66 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 67
average for Finland as a whole. The share of people of stud- Table 5-1. Key fgures for the town of Loviisa 2017. 5.14 RADIATION
ying and working age in the population is slightly lower than (Source: Statistics Finland, 2019a) The status of radioactive substances in the surroundings
in Uusimaa and the average for Finland as a whole. The de- of Loviisa power plant has been monitored for a long time.
mographic trend in the Loviisa region has been declining for The baseline studies began as early as 1966, before the
a long time. In 2018, net emigration was 78 people in Loviisa, Per cent % construction of the power plant began. Radiation control
22 in Lapinjärvi and 38 in Pyhtää (Statistics Finland, 2019a). of the environment is based on sampling, the identifica-
According to the population forecast, the population in the Primary production 5.8 tion of radionuclides in the samples and the determina-
Loviisa area will remain fairly unchanged until 2040 (Helsin- tion of their levels. Control focuses on the routes through
ki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2019d). which people are exposed to radioactivity and the indica-
There are no permanent residents up to a distance of one Processing 32 tor organisms that enrich radioactive substances in the
kilometre from the power plant. There are about 40 year- land and sea environment.
round residents up to a distance of five kilometres from the Services 59.9 The radioactive substances observed in the surround-
power plant. For the most part, the population is concentrat- ings of Loviisa power plant may be due to radioactivity
ed in the areas of Björnvik and Lappom north of the power present in nature, or they may originate from Loviisa pow-
plant. Approximately 12,400 people live within a distance of Unemployment rate 11.2 er plant or elsewhere. Sources of radioactive substances
20 kilometres of the power plant. The largest population con- carried to the area from elsewhere include nuclear weap-
centration in the vicinity is the centre of the town of Loviisa, on tests and the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident,
Employment rate 71.2
12 km from the power plant. Tesjoki and the municipal centres among others.
of Ruotsinpyhtää and Pyhtää are built-up areas of less than Radioactive nuclides present in nature include Be-7,
1,000 inhabitants each. Smaller population centres include Commuting 41.6 K-40, H-3 and C-14, among others. The concentrations of
Kuggom, the Pernaja municipal centre, the village of Isnäs in radioactive substances present in nature are usually high-
Pernaja and the village of Purola in Pyhtää. There are plenty of er than the concentrations of nuclides originating from the
recreational settlements in the vicinity of Hästholmen. There operation of the power plant, nuclear accidents or nuclear
are approximately 400 secondary homes within five kilo- weapon tests. Cs-137 and Sr-90 present in samples tak-
metres of the power plant and approximately 900 secondary en from the environment primarily result from the fallout
homes within ten kilometres. from the Chernobyl accident and nuclear weapon tests.
The impacts of the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear power plant
accident have been detected in the fallout samples taken
5.13.2 Sensitive sites and recreational use
from the land environment and samples taken from the
There are no schools or day care centres within a five-kilo- sinking matter in the water environment. The radioactivity
metre radius of the power plant. The nearest school and day caused by Cs-137 in the sinking matter currently remains
care centre are in the village of Valko, approximately sev- higher than the levels before the Chernobyl accident.
en kilometres from the power plant. The day care centres, Nuclides originating from Loviisa power plant are sel-
schools and other educational institutions, as well as the days, outdoor activities on the beach, swimming and saunas. dom detected in the air, fallout and land environment, and
healthcare services closest to Loviisa power plant are shown Boating, observing nature and fishing are also popular activi- the detected concentrations are minimal. They are usually
in Figure 5-12. ties (Town of Loviisa, 2019c). detected from the air or fallout samples. Nuclides origi-
The tourist attraction closest to the power plant area, the nating from Loviisa power plant’s emissions have not been
Svartholma fortress, and other destinations farther away, detected in plants used for human consumption, milk and
5.13.3 Business, industry and services
namely the old town of Loviisa, Strömfors ironworks and meat. The impact of the power plant has mainly been vis-
Loviisa’s ‘Laivasilta’ marina, are shown in Figure 5-12. Loviisa’s Key fgures of the business structure in Loviisa are shown in Table ible in mud samples and the samples from the water envi-
other marinas and docks include Bockhamn, Lillfjärden, Kab- 5-1. According to the key fgures of Statistics Finland, there were ronment, in which a small num-ber of nuclides originating
böle, Rönnäs and Backstensstrand. The Loviisa area is home approximately 4,900 jobs in Loviisa in 2017 (Statistics Finland, from the power plant has been detected regularly. The ra-
to a number of enterprises offering fishing, accommodation, 2019a). An increasing share of the labour force in Loviisa works in dioactivity levels detected in samples from the water en-
nature and activity services. Tourism has been on the increase the service industry, although this share is signifcantly smaller vironment have been low, and mainly found in the sinking
in the area in recent years, but it is not among the key travel than the average in Uusimaa and Finland as a whole. One of the matter and indicator organisms that absorb radioactivity
destinations in Finland. most important employers in the processing industry in Loviisa but are not part of human nutri-tion. Radioactive sub-
Loviisa also offers several recreational destinations in its is Fortum’s Loviisa power plant, which generates electricity (ap- stances originating from the power plant have not been
water areas, as well as hiking trails, nature trails and outdoor proximately 500 jobs). The number of business establishments detected in fish. The results of the measurements of ex-
recreation areas. The recreation areas included in the regional in Loviisa in 2017 was 1,410 (Statistics Finland, 2019b). The share ternal radiation have not shown abnormal results caused
land use plan in the vicinity of the power plant are shown in of the processing industry is higher in Loviisa than the average by Loviisa power plant.
Figure 5-12. Recreational use of the water areas and beach- in Finland. Loviisa’s enterprise structure focuses on small and
es near the power plant was studied in a survey carried out medium-sized enterprises. In 2016, there were 99 industrial es-
in 2012 (Ramboll Finland Oy, 2012b). According to the survey, tablishments in Loviisa, the turnover of which was EUR 121 mil-
most of the recreational use happens in the summer when the lion (Kokkonen, 2018). Loviisa’s income tax rate in 2020 is 20.25%
area’s water systems and shores are actively used for holi- (Association of Finnish Municipalities, 2020).
68 EIA Programme | Present state of the environment EIA Programme | Present state of the environment 69
70 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 71
6.
6. Assessed impacts
and assessment methods
6.1
6.1.1
72
PREMISE OF THE ASSESSMENT
Reports and other materials used
in the assessment
Among other things, the description of the present state of the
environment in the EIA Programme has used the following mate-
rials that also form the basis for the assessment of impacts:
• Geographic dataset from the National Land Survey of Finland
• Databases of the environmental administration and the Fin-
nish Environment Institute
• Land use planning data from regional councils and the town
of Loviisa, and separate surveys included in land use plans
• Finnish Heritage Agency’s register portal of the cultural en-
vironment
• Data from the BirdLife Finland association on important bird
areas (FINIBA and IBA), as well as other reports on bird areas
deemed to be regionally important
• Research data and databases of the Geological
Survey of Finland
• Traffc volume data by the Finnish Transport
Infrastructure Agency
• Municipality-specifc data and key fgures published
by Statistics Finland
• Any other data published by municipalities and the
authorities
• Various map applications and aerial photographs
• Data from the previous EIA procedures related to nuclear
power and nuclear waste management carried out in Finland
• Observations, studies and reports related to Loviisa power
plant that concern, among other things, cooling waters and
wastewaters, nutrient load and currents of the sea area,
professional fshing, population, business and industry, and
traffc in the area, fora and fauna, as well as radiation moni-
toring in the environment.
EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods
The materials are verifed, and the data is updated if required
for the EIA report. The following separate surveys have been
planned as part of the assessment to support the existing data:
• Survey of harmful substances in sediments
• Sub-bottom profling of the seabed
• Cooling water modelling
• Avifauna survey
• Ichthyofauna surveys (test net fshing and fry research) in the
power plant’s sea area
• Assessment of the impacts on the regional economy
• Resident survey and small group interviews
• Accident modelling and dose calculation
6.1.2 Assessed impacts and signifcance
of impacts
The impacts of the planned projects are assessed in the environ-
mental impact assessment procedure in a manner and accuracy
required by the EIA Act and Decree. According to the EIA Act, the
EIA procedure assesses the direct and indirect impacts of the op-
erations related to the project which target:
• the population, as well as the health, living conditions and
comfort of people;
• soil, ground, water, air, climate, vegetation, as well as orga-
nisms and biodiversity, especially the protected species and
habitats;
• community structure, tangible property, landscape,
townscape and cultural heritage;
• use of natural resources; and
• the mutual interaction between the aforementioned factors.
In accordance with section 4 of the EIA Decree, the assessment
report should include an estimate and description of the likely
signifcant environmental impacts of the project and its reasona-
ble options, as well as a comparison of the options’ environmen-
Scope of change
Project
Change
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE IMPACT
environmental impacts for when the project is implemented, and
when it is not implemented, and the differences between these
scenarios. The comparison is performed based on the informa-
tion that is available and specifed during the assessment.
The assessment of the signifcance of the impacts provides
an inference chain that is used as the basis of the conclusions
on the project’s signifcant impacts in the impact assessment. In
assessing the signifcance of the impact (Figure 6-1), the extent
of the change and the capability of the environment to absorb
changes, or the susceptibility of the impact target, are consid-
ered. The assessment of the target’s susceptibility is also asso-
ciated with the target’s value for different stakeholders, such as
residents and entrepreneurs. In the assessment procedure, the
extent of the change and the susceptibility of the target, as well
as the resulting signifcance of the impact, are divided into four
categories: minor; moderate; high; and very high. The impacts for
the environment can be either negative or positive.
6.1.3 Most signifcant environmental
impacts identifed
The environmental impact assessment in this project focuses on
reviewing the most signifcant impacts identifed as the key im-
pacts for the projects with regard to the extension of the power
plant operations, preparations for decommissioning and decom-
missioning. Based on the preliminary planning data, the follow-
ing have been identifed as the most signifcant environmental
impacts thus far:
• If extending the operation, the impacts on the environment
are similar to those in the current operation. The most sig-
nifcant impact is caused by the thermal load of the power
plant’s cooling water on the nearby sea area. Based on the
preliminary planning data, the changes would primarily tar-
Sensivity of the
impact target
Figure 6-1. Factors affecting the signifcance of the impact.
tal impacts. The environmental impact assessment compares the get the impacts on the landscape caused by potential new
structures. In addition, potential impacts may be caused to
water systems by water engineering work, such as dredging,
excavation and the construction of the new embankment
structure, among other things. Water engineering work may
help decrease the temperature of the cooling water conduct-
ed to the sea. Potential construction work may also cause
temporary noise, and the traffc volumes on roads leading
to Hästholmen may temporarily increase. In addition, in the
case of an extended operation, the radiation impacts are si-
milar to what they are currently.
• Tentatively, it has been assessed that the most signifcant
impacts of the preparation for decommissioning are generat-
ed by the excavation of the expansion of the L/ILW repository
to be constructed and the temporary storage of the blasted
rock, and primarily target the soil, bedrock and groundwater.
In addition, the construction of the L/ILW repository may cau-
se temporary noise, vibration and dust. The traffc volumes in
the area may also momentarily increase. The impact of the
construction work required by buildings and structures to be
made independent is similar to the current impacts caused
by the operation of the power plant. They are primarily relat-
ed to waste management and radiation protection. Potential
changes compared to the current operation may be primarily
caused by the organisation of cooling for the interim storage
for the spent fuel that is made independent. However, these
impacts on water systems would be only a fraction of the im-
pacts of the power plant’s current operation.
• The key environmental impacts of decommissioning are
caused by the dismantling of radioactive plant parts, as well
as the treatment, transport and fnal disposal of waste. The
most signifcant environmental aspects are primarily gen-
erated by the personnel’s potential exposure to radiation. In
addition, there may be impacts from process waters, which
EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 73
are treated and subsequently conducted to the sea. Other of structures affects the overall landscape. of the existing surveys for the area, the limit values of the power power plant with a focus on the land areas and planned construc-
environmental impacts identifed as the most signifcant at A description is prepared of the area’s landscape structure, plant’s environmental permit and the guideline values of noise. tion measures required by the related structures and buildings
this stage include those on the regional economy caused by overall landscape and cultural environment. The materials used As the noise measurements in the current status have indicated (such as earth works, excavation and flling), among other things.
decommissioning, as well as on greenhouse gases, soil and in the assessment of impacts targeting the landscape and the that the noise in the environment mainly consists of the sounds The most signifcant impact on the bedrock in the preparation
bedrock, groundwater, air, water systems and the landscape. built environment include maps, aerial photos, land use plans and of nature and noise from the power plant, there is no need to for the decommissioning of the power plant is caused by the ex-
Decommissioning may also highlight impacts targeting peo- other surveys of the area, as well as register information from assess any combined impacts with other noise generated in the pansion of the L/ILW repository at a depth of more than 100 me-
ple, and especially how different people experience them. the authorities (among other things, the Open data geographic vicinity. The assessment also considers potential underwater tres and the related excavation. These impacts on the ground and
• Management of radioactive waste generated elsewhere datasets of the Finnish Heritage Agency and the environmental noise caused by water engineering. bedrock are assessed on the basis of the dimensions of the un-
in Finland and received at Loviisa power plant does not administration). derground parts, the operation of the repository and the planned
considerably differ from the handling of the power plant’s The assessment of the impacts targeting the landscape and construction measures (including excavation). In addition, the
own waste. The most important aspect is to organise the the cultural environment focuses on the change in the overall
6.6 VIBRATION reuse of the blasted rock in the closure of the repository is re-
management of this waste sustainably and responsibly in landscape: how visible the changes caused by the project are, Concerning vibration, the assessment especially examines the viewed.
accordance with society’s best interests. Fortum does not how extensive the change in the landscape is, and which parts impacts of vibration caused by the excavation of the L/ILW re- The baseline data in the assessment includes existing research
accept radioactive waste generated elsewhere in Finland of the landscape experience the greatest change. Special atten- pository and the dismantling activities. The assessment also con- data and maps of the ground and bedrock of the Hästholmen
that cannot be handled and deposited for fnal disposal safely tion is paid to the changes in the landscape that target holiday siders the transport impacts of vibration. area.
taking the available technical solutions into consideration. housing. The impacts of vibration are assessed based on the power of Any areas with contaminated soil in the project area are identi-
the shockwave generated by the vibration source and the disper- fed before construction work if necessary.
The following chapters describe the environmental impact as- sion of vibration. The assessment covers buildings and structures
sessment methods by area.
6.4 TRAFFIC in the project area and the immediate vicinity, as well as devices
The assessment of traffc impacts focuses on the situation re- and equipment sensitive to vibration. In addition, any impacts of
6.9 GROUNDWATER
sulting from the extension of the power plant’s operation and its vibration experienced by people are assessed. In the option to extend the operation, the impacts on ground-
6.2 LAND USE, LAND USE PLANNING AND decommissioning. water remain similar to the current impacts. The impacts of rock
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The traffc impacts of the extension of the operation are similar excavation and blasting carried out during the expansion of the
The environmental impact assessment studies whether the to those in the current situation; in other words, the greatest
6.7 AIR QUALITY L/ILW repository on the quality of the groundwater may include
changes related to the extension of the power plant’s operation impacts on the roads leading to the power plant result from the The conventional emissions caused by the extension of the oper- temporary local clouding, increased nitrogen compound content
or its decommissioning affect the current and future land use in annual outage. The information on the current traffc situation ation of the power plant will to a large extent be similar to those and residue from explosives. The seepage water accumulated in
the vicinity. The project’s direct land use impacts primarily target in the reviewed area is collected from the data provided by the seen currently. In the EIA report, the emissions caused by the the repository is pumped into the sea. Currently, the volume of
the project area and its immediate vicinity. The impacts targeting Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency, and the traffc output operation of the power plant’s diesel and backup power gener- seepage water is less than 60 m3/day. The expansion of the re-
land use therefore focus especially on the impacts on the nearest and changes to the area’s traffc network caused by the extension ators are presented based on the operating times and estimated pository is likely to increase the volume of seepage water to some
population. of the operation are examined. The changes in the volume of fuel consumption of the current power plant. The impacts are as- extent. In addition, repository construction may have a local im-
The valid local detailed plan makes it possible to carry out heavy-duty and passenger traffc are viewed separately. sessed by comparing the emissions with the emission limits. pact on the level of groundwater.
modifcation work in the power plant area, construct additional The traffc impacts of decommissioning are reviewed by esti- Potential additional construction and the expansion of the L/ The assessment of the impact on groundwater includes po-
structures and buildings, and decommission the power plant. mating the transport volumes and methods related to it and the ILW repository, as well as dismantling related to decommission- tential changes caused by the modifcation and expansion of the
Needs to make changes to land use plans may emerge after de- routes used. In addition, the transport arrangements in the project ing, cause dust emissions. In addition, emissions are caused by power plant, and the L/ILW repository and additional construc-
commissioning if the land use restrictions for the power plant’s area are described. Any changes to the traffc volumes with regard traffc in both the extension and decommissioning of the oper- tion to the quality, volume and level of groundwater. The baseline
operation change or cease to exist. to heavy-duty traffc and passenger traffc, and in traffc arrange- ation. The assessment of these impacts is based on an expert data in the assessment includes existing research data on the
In the EIA report, the situation of the project area and its sur- ments are presented. With regard to the spent nuclear fuel, the estimate of dust and exhaust emissions, carried out on the ba- groundwater conditions of and the quality of groundwater in the
roundings with regard to land use plans is verifed, and potential assessment considers both the road transport and shipping op- sis of planning and traffc volume data, and the impact of these Hästholmen area.
needs to change the plans are assessed. In addition, the relation- tions (Posiva 2008). Based on these, an expert assessment of the emissions on air quality. Potential increases in content are viewed
ship of the project with national objectives concerning the use of impact on the fow and safety of traffc is conducted. by comparing them to the particle content caused by the current
areas is reviewed. operation and the present status of air quality in the Loviisa area.
6.10 SURFACE WATERS
The impacts on the use of tangible property (both fxed and Radioactive emissions into the air caused by the extension of Long-term monitoring has been carried out on the impacts of
moveable) are assessed by experts if the potential for impacts
6.5 NOISE the operation and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant are the power plant on the quality of surface waters and the biolog-
increases during the assessment. The environmental impact as- This assessment area covers noise caused by the various stag- presented, and an expert assessment of their impacts is pro- ical sea environment, so the state of the nearby sea area and its
sessment does not include the assessment of impacts on the val- es of the project and transport. The noise impacts of the exten- vided by comparing the power plant’s estimated emissions with long-term changes are known well. The most signifcant environ-
ue of the fxed and moveable property sion of the operation are similar to those in the current opera- the actual emissions and the emission limits. The radiation doses mental impact of the power plant on the nearby sea area is the
tions. Noise deviating from the current operation is generated caused by the emissions are assessed by means of calculations. thermal load. Otherwise, the load caused by the power plant is
by potential construction work and the excavation of the L/ILW The methods to assess greenhouse gas emissions are covered minimal compared to the other load for the area.
6.3 LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL repository. Noise related to decommissioning is generated es- in Chapter 6.19. To assess the impact of the extension of the operation, a cool-
ENVIRONMENT pecially by the dismantling activities and handling of disman- ing water modelling is carried out both in the current situation
The Landscape Impact Assessment of the impacts on landscape tling materials. and in the new situation when the potential water engineering
reviews changes to the landscape caused by work and additional The assessment of the noise impacts is based on the project
6.8 GROUND AND BEDROCK has been completed. In addition to reviewing the measured data
construction related to the extension of the power plant’s opera- planning information and the existing information concern- With the extension of the operation, the impacts on the ground on temperatures, a calculation model on currents is used to as-
tion and its overall decommissioning. The level of the landscape’s ing the current noise level in the area’s environment. An expert and bedrock are related to the potential construction in the area sess the impact of the cooling water on the seawater tempera-
changes and impacts depends on the visibility of the expansions assessment of noise emitted to the environment is carried out (including new storage and hall buildings). The impacts of con- ture. The assessment covers the cooling waters of both power
and dismantling work to be assessed, and the characteristics of based on the noise emissions generated in the project, and the struction are local and mainly target the surface of the ground. plant units. The outcome is the dispersal calculations for the
the landscape. Decommissioning and the associated dismantling noise levels caused by the project are compared to the results The impact assessment covers additional construction at the basis of the environmental impact assessment. The model calcu-
74 EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 75
lations on the dispersal of the cooling waters and the estimates 6.12 FLORA, FAUNA AND CONSERVATION The EIA procedure assesses the impact of the extension and de-
6.13.2 Methods of interaction
of the impacts on the temperatures of the sea area focus on the AREAS commissioning of the power plant on the comfort and safety of To collect feedback from residents and other actors, a resident
discharge side – in other words, on Hästholmsfjärden and Klob- The other sections of the EIA procedure provide important back- the residential and living environment, traffc and mobility, out- survey is conducted, and meetings of the audit group and small
bfjärden. The sea area of the intake side, Hudöfjärden and Våd- ground information in terms of nature impacts, such as those door activities in and recreational use of the surroundings, com- group meetings are held during the EIA procedure, in addition to
holmsfjärden to the south, are included in the model assessment, caused by noise, dust, traffc and the thermal load conducted to wa- munality and local identity, services, business and industry, and the opinions and statements obtained on the EIA Programme,
since some cooling waters recirculate from the discharge side to ter systems (and the discontinuation thereof), among other things. demographics, as well as the use of tangible and fxed property and the feedback collected in the public event.
the intake side. The assessment of the impacts is based on these assessments and in the vicinity. The assessment report also examines the impact
If the power plant’s operation is extended, the load and im- models, as well as on complementary surveys in the feld. of potential accidents. Audit group
pacts on surface waters remain largely similar to the current sit- If the operation is extended, the power plant’s impacts on fo- Social impacts, such as residents’ concerns, fears, wishes, and An audit group is set up for the assessment procedure with the
uation, with the exception of minor changes. To lower the coolant ra and fauna remain similar to the current impacts, except for the uncertainty about the future, may emerge as early as the planning purpose of promoting the fow and exchange of information be-
water intake temperature, water engineering is planned in the in- direct impacts on habitats caused by potential additional con- and assessment stage of the project. Social impacts are tight- tween the project owner, the authorities and the key stakehold-
take area. The measures include dredging, excavation, potential struction, as well as indirect disturbances (e.g. traffc, noise, dust). ly linked to other impacts (such as the regional economy, noise, ers in the area. Parties that are invited to the audit group include
dumping of masses in the sea and the construction of a new em- Local impacts on fora and fauna related to decommissioning are emissions, traffc and landscape), either directly or indirectly. The representatives of the town of Loviisa, adjacent municipalities
bankment structure. These measures cause temporary clouding primarily caused by dismantling measures and transport. For the identifcation and assessment of the social impacts helps map and local stakeholders as well as various experts and authorities.
of water in the sea area, and an expert assessment is carried out most part, the measures target the built areas. Clearing the area those population groups and areas that are particularly affected. Representatives of the project owner (Fortum Power and Heat
on the impact of clouding based on water engineering plans, con- for various access routes and potential storage areas may require At the same time, the signifcance of the impacts and the opportu- Oy) and the consultant (Ramboll Finland Oy) also participate in
sidering the dredging volume and the type of sediment, among cutting trees and levelling topsoil. Detailed planning also includes nities to mitigate and prevent adverse impacts is assessed. the work of the audit group. The audit group convenes twice dur-
other things. In addition, alternative methods of managing the more specifc reports concerning these areas when the need to ing the assessment procedure.
power plant’s service water and wastewater are investigated. update potential nature surveys carried out in the feld is assessed. The assessment of social impacts is an expert assessment based
The impacts of this on water systems are assessed based on the The reports on the current status of the area are complement- on all available baseline information. The baseline data includes Resident survey
nutrient load. The assessment is based on the planning data con- ed by surveys conducted on the avifauna between December the following: A resident survey is conducted at the EIA report stage to study
cerning wastewater connections, as well as on existing surveys 2019 and December 2020. The surveys especially cover the im- • results of other impact assessments; the views of the area’s residents on the impacts of the project
and research data on the state of the sea area. pact of the power plant’s warm cooling water on the avifauna that • feedback received at audit group meetings and small group and their attitude to the project. A summary of the assessment
With regard to decommissioning, the impacts on water sys- overwinters in the area, species that rest in the area during the meetings; programme, including a description of the project, is attached to
tems end, for the most part, when the power plant’s operation spring and autumn migration seasons, and nest in Hästholms- • results of the residential survey; the resident survey.
is discontinued. Cooling related to making the interim storage of fjärden. The nesting birds are mapped using the archipelago • opinions and statements submitted about the EIA The resident survey targets permanent households and hol-
spent nuclear fuel independent is likely to require a new seawa- bird counting method, in which the populations of waterfowl and programme; iday residents, focusing on the immediate surroundings. The
ter pumping station, but its related cooling water intake and dis- waders are determined by counting the nests on each island and • other feedback received during the assessment procedure survey questionnaire is sent by mail to all permanent households
charge volumes are a fraction of the current volumes. An expert rocky islet. (e.g. public events); and holiday residents within fve kilometres of the power plant
assessment is conducted on their impact on water systems. With regard to the impacts on sites included in the Natura • population and map statistics, and other statistics; area and to a representative sampling of other households in
The radioactive discharge to the sea caused by the extension 2000 network, the assessment aims to determine if the options • media visibility. the Loviisa region within a 5–20-kilometre radius. In both areas,
of the operation and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant being assessed are likely to cause signifcant impacts on nature one questionnaire is sent to each household. The addresses of
are presented, and an expert assessment is provided on their values that are being protected in the Natura areas. The assess- The impact on people’s living conditions, comfort and health is the recipients are obtained from the Population Register Centre.
impacts by comparing the power plant’s estimated discharge ment considers other potential activities or projects that cause assessed by means of the “Ihmisiin kohdistuvien vaikutusten However, those who have prohibited direct marketing or the dis-
with the actual discharges and the discharge limits. The radiation combined impacts. The preparation of the report applies a means arvioiminen” guideline (Kauppinen ja Nelimarkka, 2007) on the closure of their address information will not receive the question-
doses caused by the discharge are assessed by means of calcu- test in the Natura assessment which identifes potential impact assessment of impacts on people prepared by the National Re- naire. The survey can also be taken online.
lations. mechanisms that target the basis for protection and assesses search and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (Stakes). The results of the resident survey are used in the impact as-
their potential signifcance. If the impacts prove signifcant, or if The guideline on the application of the EIA Act in the assessment sessment, and the experiential information collected in the sur-
the possibility of signifcant impacts cannot be reliably ruled out, of health and social impacts, published by the Ministry of Social vey can also be compared to impacts assessed by other means.
6.11 FISH AND FISHING the assessment is expanded into a Natura assessment in accord- Affairs and Health (Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999), is The survey may raise potential concerns about the project but
The impacts of the extension of the operation on fsh and fsh- ance with section 65 of the Nature Conservation Act, and opin- also utilised in the assessment. also offer methods to mitigate its impacts.
ing may be caused by the discharged wastewater and the cooling ions on the assessment are requested during the public display of Health impacts are assessed by comparing the results generat-
waters warming the surrounding sea area that affect the marine the EIA report as required by the Nature Conservation Act. ed in the other impact assessment sections of this EIA procedure Small group events
ecosystem. In addition, dredging and excavation in the sea area With regard to sites included in other programmes in nature with the guideline values or recommendations (e.g. traffc, noise, Small group events are held at the EIA report stage to dissemi-
may also have impacts. The assessment of the impacts targeting conservation areas, the assessment determines whether the op- vibration, air quality, groundwater and surface waters). In addi- nate information on the project and collect the views of various
fsh and fshing in the extension of the power plant’s operation tions under assessment cause signifcant impacts in terms of the tion, theoretical radiation exposure is assessed and compared stakeholders on the project and its impacts. Participants in the
is based on the data on the current status of the ichthyofauna conservation objectives. with the limit values set in the requirements by the authorities events can offer their views on the impacts and functions to be
and fshing, and the assessment of the impacts on surface wa- and the natural background radiation, among other things. Oper- assessed, among other things.
ters (Chapter 6.10). In addition, studies on test net fshing and ations related to both the extension and decommissioning in the The small group events consist of workshops. They include group
fry research that complement the data on the current status of
6.13 PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES power plant area are considered. In addition, the potential health work on the present status of the area, the project options to be as-
the ichthyofauna in the area are carried out for the EIA report. An 6.13.1 People’s living conditions, comfort and impacts of the transport of spent nuclear fuel are assessed based sessed and their schedule, as well as the potential impacts of the
expert assessment is carried out on the indirect impacts of the on the reports concerning the risks and implementation methods projects on people’s living conditions and comfort. The methods
health
project activities that affect the quality of water for the fshing of transport and other surveys (among others, Posiva Oy 2008). applied in the group work include markings made on maps and in-
industry of the area. The assessment section covers the assessment of the social The health impacts of potential exceptional situations are as- creased dialogue between various stakeholders. The outcomes of
During decommissioning, the impacts on water systems, and impacts targeting individuals, communities or society, which sessed on the basis of the risk assessment (Chapter 6.20). The the events and the themes highlighted in the discussions are sum-
on fsh and fshing, decrease as changes occur in the cooling wa- studies potential changes in the well-being of people or its dis- starting point of the activities is to ensure that the quantity of marised, and their conclusions are presented in the EIA report.
ter and wastewater. An expert assessment is conducted on them tribution. radioactive substances released in potential accidents is suff- The composition of the workshops’ groups and themes is cus-
based on the impacts targeting surface waters. ciently low to cause no direct health impacts. tomised based on the information needs and the target group to
76 EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods EIA Programme | Assessed impacts and assessment methods 77
elaborate on factors raised in the resident survey, among other during decommissioning. The related environmental impacts are The EIA report presents the key results of this safety case and quantity of radioactive substances (100 TBq of nuclide Cs-137)
things. The stakeholders may include the area’s permanent and assessed on the basis of the properties and handling techniques separately assesses the impact on long-term safety of the exten- corresponding to the limit value of a severe accident in accord-
holiday residents, fshermen, environmental organisations and of waste and by-products, among other things. In addition, poten- sion of the power plant’s operation and the radioactive waste re- ance with section 22 b of the Nuclear Energy Decree 161/1988
local entrepreneurs. The composition of the small group events is tial reuse sites and the fnal disposal solutions for waste are de- ceived at Loviisa power plant from elsewhere in Finland is released into the environment. The impact of the disper-
specifed in the EIA report stage once the public event of the EIA scribed. With regard to radioactive waste, the main focus of the sion of the release in the accident is studied over a distance of
Programme and the frst meeting of the audit group have been environmental impact assessment is on the long-term impacts of 1,000 km from the power plant. The fallout and radiation dose
held, and the results of the resident survey are available. such waste after the waste has been deposited in the fnal dispos-
6.18 ENERGY MARKETS AND SECURITY OF caused by the release and their impact on the environment are
al facility located in the power plant area (Chapter 6.17). SUPPLY described on the basis of modelling outcomes and the existing
The handling and interim storage of spent nuclear fuel in the Loviisa power plant generates electricity for the Nordic whole- research data.
6.13.3 Regional economy
power plant area are described, and their environmental impacts sale electricity market and promotes Finland’s security of sup- In addition, the EIA report presents other identifed excep-
The impact of extending and decommissioning the operation are assessed on the basis of the decommissioning plan of Loviisa ply by maintaining the national capacity. Extending the opera- tional situations, related to the extension of the operation and
of the power plant is assessed by using the resource fow mod- power plant, among others. In addition, the transport of spent tion will not change the situation on the electricity market, but decommissioning of the power plant (including waste manage-
el developed by the Natural Resources Institute Finland on the nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to Posiva’s encapsulation it will strengthen Finland’s security of supply through reliable ment), and reviews their environmental impact based on the re-
assignment of Sitra. The resource fow model helps assess the plant and fnal disposal facility in Eurajoki, and the main princi- domestic production in potential exceptional situations, espe- quirements set for a nuclear power plant by the authorities and
project’s impacts on the regional economy. The information of ples of the fnal disposal concept are described. The environmen- cially when the Nordic electricity market does not function for the surveys conducted. The assessment provides a concise de-
the resource fow model is updated with the latest statistics tal impact of transport and fnal disposal of spent nuclear fuel some reason. In decommissioning, the need for electricity would scription of the emergency preparedness in the event of a nucle-
available on the state of the regional economy and business and are assessed in the environmental impact assessment procedure be covered by the market through other means, which would be ar accident. In addition, recognised emergencies and accidents,
industry before the impact assessment (including jobs and turn- concerning the encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility likely to weaken Finland’s security of supply. However, it is not such as fres or risk situations related to transport are presented,
over by sector). (Posiva Oy, 2008 and 2012). The assessment’s main results are possible to reliably determine an alternative form or location of which may cause a radiation hazard. Recognised emergencies
The assessment covers the direct impacts of the project op- included in the EIA report. In addition, a risk and implementation electricity production. The advantage of Loviisa power plant is and accidents can be prevented and contained by means of tech-
tions on the regional economy, and the multiplier effects of pro- method report concerning transport is used. that it produces stable base power, whereas nearly all other new nical and administrative methods. These are described at a gen-
duction and consumption generated by the operation on employ- The environmental impacts of radioactive waste generated production in the Nordic countries varies based on the weath- eral level in the EIA report.
ment, total yield, value added and tax income. The assessment elsewhere in Finland and received at Loviisa power plant are er. The impact on the electricity market and Finland’s security The EIA report also identifes other conventional environmen-
of the impacts on the regional economy thus consider not only based, among other things, on the results obtained in the EIA of supply are assessed taking the schedules of the different op- tal and safety risks related to the project, and potential emergen-
the direct impacts of the project but also the production impacts procedure concerning the decommissioning of VTT’s FiR1 re- tions in the project into account. cies and accidents associated with them. Such risks and incidents
that are indirectly linked to the operations, as well as changes in search reactor (VTT 2014) and other surveys on the topic. Their mainly include chemical and oil spills that may contaminate the
consumption caused by the changed compensation of employ- impacts are assessed as part of the impact of waste management soil and groundwater. The existing safety and risk analyses for
ees and its associated impacts. at Loviisa power plant.
6.19 CLIMATE CHANGE the power plant are reviewed to identify emergencies and acci-
At the beginning of the impact assessment, the present situ- The climate change impact is assessed based on the green- dents.
ation is evaluated, followed by the impacts of the stages of the house gas emissions generated in the project. The emissions
project lifecycle on the economy in the scenarios of extending
6.17 LONG-TERM SAFETY OF THE L/ILW are presented as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 e): the green-
the power plant’s operation and decommissioning. Among oth- REPOSITORY house gas emissions created in the different stages of the pro-
6.21 COMBINED IMPACTS
er things, the resource fow model provides information on both The long-term safety of the fnal disposal of the nuclear waste ject are made commensurate to describe the global warming The combined impacts of the project functions with other func-
direct links and the connections stemming from the multiplier to be deposited on Hästholmen for fnal disposal are assessed potential (GWP). tions and projects in the vicinity are assessed by impact area in
effects between sectors and enterprises. The results of the mod- by means of a separate safety case in accordance with decrees, With regard to the extension of the power plant’s operation, the the EIA report. Other operators in the vicinity of the project area
el describe the impacts on enterprises, the region, the regional provisions and regulations issued pursuant to the Nuclear Energy assessment focuses on the direct greenhouse gas emissions of the are identifed and described. In addition, the report describes
economy and the whole of Finland. Act and Radiation Act. In 2018, Fortum prepared a safety case on activities, generated mainly by the CO2e emissions from the use of the impact of the associated projects on the basis of existing
the fnal disposal of radioactive waste generated in the operation fuel by the power plant’s backup power generators and transport. published environmental impact assessments. These include
and decommissioning of Loviisa power plant. In addition, the carbon dioxide emissions of various forms of ener- Posiva’s encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility for spent
6.14 RADIATION The safety case is a set of documents that demonstrates how gy production based on published reports on lifecycle studies of nuclear fuel (Posiva Oy, 2008) and the potential organisation of
The methods to assess the radiation impact are described in the requirements concerning the long-term safety of fnal dis- various fuels are viewed and compared. waste management related to the decommissioning of the FiR 1
Chapters 6.7, 6.10, 6.13, 6.16, 6.17, 6.20 and 6.22. posal are met. It assesses the development of the different parts Electricity production is covered by the EU’s emissions trading. research reactor (VTT, 2014).
of the fnal disposal system, and their ability to contain and delay The emissions of individual power plants therefore do not affect
the release of radioactive substances and their entry into the sur- overall emissions in the EU, since emissions trading sets a limit on
6.15 USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES face environment. The main uncertainties related to the function- the total emissions of the participating operators.
6.22 TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACTS
The EIA report assesses the impacts generated by the use of natural ing of release barriers have been combined in a scenario. A key With regard to decommissioning, the assessment examines the According to a preliminary assessment, in the options reviewed
resources. Factors included in the assessment of the use of natural tool in the assessment of the impact of the uncertainties includes impact of the termination of the power plant’s operation in terms in the EIA procedure, the only transboundary impact would be
resources include the reuse of blasted rock generated in the con- probability-based calculation methods. of Finland’s national carbon neutrality objective when electricity the release of radioactive substances generated in a severe reac-
struction of the L/ILW repository and the recycling of conventional production with nuclear power, free of carbon dioxide emissions, tor accident related to the extension of the operation of the pow-
dismantling materials generated in the dismantling processes. In The main sections of the safety case are as follows: is replaced by other methods of electricity production. er plant (VE1). No transboundary impacts have been identifed
addition, a schematic presentation of the production chain of nu- • Description of the development of the fnal disposal system The risks caused by climate change (e.g. rising sea levels or with regard to decommissioning (VE0 and VE0+).
clear fuel, including the impacts of the use of uranium, is provided. and the design basis foods) to the project in the event of exceptional situations and ac- Potential transboundary impacts are assessed in the EIA re-
• Performance analysis and preparation of scenarios cidents are identifed at the EIA report stage, and the preparations port based on the dispersion calculations, in which the impact of
• Emission and dose analysis for such risks are described. the dispersion of the emission caused by the accident is studied
6.16 WASTE AND BY-PRODUCTS • Summary. over a distance of 1,000 km from the power plant. In addition,
The EIA report describes the quantity, type and handling of con- the assessment views other potential risks related to emergen-
ventional and hazardous waste, low and intermediate waste, as The safety case’s supervisory authority is STUK, which approves
6.20 EMERGENCIES AND ACCIDENTS cies, accidents, and transport, and estimates whether the impact
well as decommissioning waste and other dismantling waste, gen- the documents if the safety requirements are met. The latest sa- The EIA report includes a description of a fctional severe reac- could be transboundary.
erated during the extension of the power plant’s operation and fety case was approved in 2019. tor accident. The assessment is based on the assumption that a
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6.23 SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENT observed areas concerning environmental impacts have been Component Methods of assessment Observed area
METHODS AND A PROPOSAL OF defined to cover the maximum reach of the impacts. In reality,
THE SCOPING OF THE IMPACT AREA the environmental impacts are likely to occur in an area small- An expert assessment of the impacts on the natural Approximately 10 km from the project area, with
The project area refers to the Hästholmen area, which is the er than the observed area. The EIA report presents the results Flora, fauna and environment and conservation areas. In addition, a special focus on the sea area.
location of the current functions of the power plant and the of the environmental impact assessment and their affected conservation areas an avifauna survey is conducted in connection with
the EIA procedure.
changes planned for them in the project. Environmental im- areas.
pacts are assessed especially in the project area and its vi- Table 6-1 shows a summary of the assessment methods by im-
cinity, but the area to be studied may also be broader. The pact and the proposed observed areas. An expert assessment (including the regional The power plant’s vicinity and transport routes.
economy, noise, emissions, traffc and landscape) The resident survey is conducted within a
People’s living conditions, to be conducted based on the calculated and 20-kilometre radius.
comfort and health qualitative assessments carried out in the sections
concerning other impacts. In addition, a resident
survey and small group interviews are conducted.
Table 6-1. Summary of the environmental impacts to be reviewed, assessment methods and the preliminary observed area of
A survey of the regional economy, based on an Finland.
the impacts. Regional economy analysis of the current situation and resource fow
modelling.
Component Methods of assessment Observed area An expert assessment of the release of radioactive Radiation monitoring of the environment within
emissions generated by the project into the air and an approximate radius of 10 km, radiation dose
sea. Radiation in the vicinity of Loviisa power plant calculation within 100 km.
An expert assessment of how the project relates Approximately up to 5 km from the project area. Emissions of and radiation is monitored in accordance with the monitoring
Land use, land use planning to the current and planned land use and land use from radioactive substances programme in effect, and the assessment is based
and the built environment planning. In addition, built environment sites and on data obtained from the monitoring. The radiation
the distance thereto are assessed. doses caused by releases are assessed by means of
calculations.
An expert assessment of the project’s relation Approximately 5 km from the project area.
Landscape and cultural to the landscape of the vicinity (holiday housing, An expert assessment of, for example, the use of The production chain of nuclear fuel at a general
environment in particular) and the landscape overall. Cultural Use of natural resources blasted rock, and a description of the impact of the level. Other use (e.g. mineral aggregate) locally or
environment sites are identifed. nuclear fuel production chain. regionally.
A calculated assessment of the changes generated The traffc routes leading to the project area An expert assessment of the waste streams in Spent nuclear fuel from Loviisa power plant to
by the project in traffc volumes and an expert up to main road 7 in Loviisa. In addition, the different phases and the processing, utilisation Eurajoki, including the transport routes. Others
assessment of the impact of transport on traffc immediate vicinity of the transport routes for options and fnal disposal thereof. Reports prepared locally or regionally.
Waste and by-products
Traffc safety. The assessment also applies a separate spent nuclear fuel. earlier (including Posiva 2008) are used to describe
survey conducted concerning the risks and the impact of the transport and fnal disposal of
implementation methods related to the transports spent nuclear fuel.
of spent nuclear fuel.
Includes the key results of the safety case and an The vicinity of the power plant.
An expert assessment of the noise emissions and The project area and its vicinity within an expert assessment of the impact on long-term
Long-term safety of the
vibration caused by the different phases of the approximately 3-km radius and the nearby areas safety of the extension of the power plant’s service
Noise and vibration L/ILW repository
project and transport, as well as their dispersion in along the transport routes. life and the radioactive waste originating from
the environment. elsewhere in Finland than Loviisa power plant.
An expert assessment of the typical emissions into The typical emissions into the air caused Energy markets and security An expert assessment of the development of and Finland.
the air generated by the project. by construction, dismantling and transport of supply changes in the energy market in the project options.
Air quality
activities, and the extension of the operation
within an approximate radius of 1–2 kilometres. Calculated assessment of carbon dioxide emissions At the national level in Finland.
Climate change
(CO2e) and their impact on Finland’s total emissions.
Soil, bedrock and An expert assessment based on the planned The project area.
groundwater construction and fnal disposal measures. A modelling of a fctional severe reactor accident 1,000 km.
which releases 100 TBq of the Cs-137 nuclide into
A modelling of the cooling water and an expert Approximately 5 km from the project area. Emergencies and accidents the atmosphere. As a result, the modelling provides
assessment based on it concerning the impact on the fallout and radiation doses caused by the
the sea area. An expert assessment of the impacts release. An expert assessment of the impacts.
Surface waters of water structures, service water intake, and the
management and discharge of wastewater. In An expert assessment of the combined impacts The vicinity of the project area and the
addition, a survey is conducted on the pollutants Combined impacts with regard to the other actors in the region and the municipalities involved in the associated projects.
and sub-bottom profling of sediments. associated projects.
An expert assessment to be conducted based on Approximately 10 km from the project area. An assessment to be prepared based on separate 1,000 km.
Fish and fshing ichthyofauna studies and the impact assessment of surveys and modelling of the impact of the project
surface waters. Transboundary impacts
potentially extending beyond the borders of
Finland.
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82 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 83
7. 7. Uncertainties
8.
The EIA procedure is part of the project planning stage, include various assumptions and generalisations that may
and the planning details concerning the project will be cause uncertainties in the assessment of environmental
specified as the project progresses to subsequent stages impacts. The EIA report describes the identified potential
through licensing, for example. The baseline information uncertainties and assesses their significance with regard
and impact assessment currently applied may therefore to the reliability of the results of impact assessments.
8. Prevention and
mitigation of adverse
impacts
9.
The possibilities of preventing or mitigating the project’s impact assessment. The identifed methods to prevent and
potential adverse impacts through planning and implemen- mitigate adverse impacts are presented in the EIA report.
tation methods are viewed as part of the environmental
9. Impact monitoring
The impact assessment includes the potential need to update qualitative and biological water monitoring (benthic fauna,
the project owner’s existing monitoring programmes for en- phytoplankton, aquatic vegetation), among other things, and
vironmental impact assessment. Loviisa power plant moni- on professional and recreational fshing. In addition, exten-
tors the impact on the state of the nearby sea area through sive radiation monitoring of the environment is carried out.
84 EIA Programme | Uncertainties | Prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts | Impact monitoring EIA Programme | Uncertainties | Prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts | Impact monitoring 85
86 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 87
10.
10.1
10. Required plans,
licences and decisions
LICENCES AND PERMISSIONS PURSUANT
TO THE NUCLEAR ENERGY ACT
The power plant units of Loviisa nuclear power plant have operat-
ing licences in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act which are
valid until the end of 2027 and 2030 respectively. The operating
licence of the fnal disposal facility for low- and intermediate-level
waste is valid until the end of 2055.
To extend the operation of the power plant, new operating li-
cences must be applied for the power plant units. The decommis-
sioning of the power plant units requires that a decommissioning
licence be applied. The operating licence and decommissioning
licence are issued by the Government.
In the case of both extending the operation and the decom-
missioning of the power plant, the L/ILW repository is operated
longer than the validity of the current operating licence, which is
why a new operating licence must be applied for the L/ILW reposi-
tory. In addition, the current operating licence of the L/ILW repos-
itory does not cover all planned purposes of use, and they can be
taken into account in the potential licence application.
Other plant parts to be made independent need an operating
licence when the commercial operations of the power plant units
88 EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions
end, and their operating licence expires when the decommission-
ing licence becomes effective. The implementation of the project
also requires other licences in accordance with the Nuclear Ener-
gy Act.
10.1.1 Operating licence
The licence to operate a nuclear facility may be issued provided
that the prerequisites listed in section 20 of the Nuclear Energy
Act are met. The prerequisites include the following:
• the nuclear facility and its operation meet the safety require-
ments laid down in the Nuclear Energy Act, and appropriate
account has been taken for the safety of workers and the po-
pulation;
• the methods available to the applicant for arranging nuclear
waste management, including disposal of nuclear waste
and decommissioning of the facility, are suffcient and ap-
propriate;
• the applicant has suffcient expertise available, and especial-
ly the competence of the operating staff and the operating
organisation of the nuclear facility are appropriate;
• the applicant is considered to have the fnancial and other
prerequisites to engage in operations safely and in accordan-
ce with Finland’s international contractual obligations.
Operation of the nuclear facility shall not be started on the ba-
sis of the licence granted for it until the Radiation and Nuclear
Safety Authority has ascertained that the nuclear facility meets
the safety requirements set, that the security and emergency ar-
rangements are suffcient, that the control necessary to prevent
the proliferation of nuclear weapons has been arranged appro-
priately, and that the nuclear facility operator has arranged, in
the manner provided, indemnifcation regarding liability in the
event of nuclear damage. In addition, it is required that the Min-
istry of Economic Affairs and Employment has ascertained that
provision for the cost of nuclear waste management has been
arranged in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
10.1.2 Decommissioning licence
When the operation of a nuclear facility has been terminated,
the holder of the operating licence shall be obligated to under-
take measures to decommission the nuclear facility in accord-
ance with the plan and the requirements set for decommis-
sioning referred to in section 7g of the Nuclear Energy Act, and
apply for a licence for the decommissioning of the nuclear facil-
ity. The licence shall be applied for well in advance so that the
authorities have adequate time to assess the application before
the termination of the operating licence of the nuclear facility.
• A licence for the decommissioning of a nuclear facility may be
granted if the prerequisites listed in section 20 a of the Nuclear
Energy Act are met. The prerequisites include the following:
• the nuclear facility and its decommissioning meet the re-
quirements related to safety in accordance with the Nuclear
Energy Act, and the safety of the employees and the popu-
lation, as well as environmental protection, have been duly
taken into account;
• the methods available to the applicant for the decommissio-
ning of the nuclear facility as well as other nuclear waste ma-
nagement are adequate and appropriate;
• the applicant has the necessary expertise and especially the
competence of the nuclear facility personnel and the organi-
sation of the nuclear facility available, and they are appropri-
ate and suitable for
• decommissioning;
• the applicant has the fnancial and other necessary require-
ments to carry out the decommissioning safely and in accor-
dance with Finland’s international contractual obligations.
The decommissioning of a nuclear facility may not be start-
ed before the granting of the related licence unless otherwise
provided in the other licences of the licence holder. The de-
commissioning of a nuclear facility may not be started on the
basis of the licence granted for it until the Radiation and Nu-
clear Safety Authority has ascertained that the nuclear facil-
ity meets the safety requirements for decommissioning, that
the security and emergency arrangements are sufficient, that
the control necessary to prevent the proliferation of nuclear
weapons has been arranged appropriately, and that the nucle-
ar facility operator has arranged, in accordance with the relat-
ed provisions, indemnification regarding liability in the event
of nuclear damage. In addition, it is required that the Minis-
try of Economic Affairs and Employment has ascertained that
provision for the cost of nuclear waste management has been
arranged in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
10.1.3 Other licences in accordance with the
Nuclear Energy Act
In addition to the operating licence and decommissioning li-
cence, the project may include other licences in accordance with
the Nuclear Energy Act. Section 21 of the Nuclear Energy Act
provides the prerequisites for granting a licence for other use
of nuclear energy, such as the possession, manufacturing, pro-
duction, transfer, handling, use, storage, transport and import
of nuclear substances and nuclear waste, as well as fnal disposal
on a smaller scale than extensive fnal disposal (the operating li-
cence). In accordance with section 16 subsection 2 of the Nuclear
Energy Act, STUK grants a licence for the aforementioned oper-
ations by application.
• A licence can be granted for other use of nuclear energy when
so required by the operation if the prerequisites set in section
21 of the Nuclear Energy Act are met: The prerequisites inclu-
de the following:
• the use of nuclear energy meets the safety requirements laid
down in the Nuclear Energy Act, and appropriate account has
been taken of the safety of the workers and the population,
and environmental protection;
• the applicant has possession of the site needed for the use of
nuclear energy;
• nuclear waste management has been arranged appropriate-
ly, and provision for the cost of nuclear waste management
has been made in accordance with the provisions of the
Nuclear Energy Act;
• the applicant’s arrangements for the implementation of
control by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority as re-
EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions 89
ferred to in the Nuclear Energy Act are suffcient; • the building will not be located or constructed in a way that - constitute a comparable violation of the public or private The permit sets conditions for the activities, and a commis-
• the applicant has suffcient expertise available, and the op- causes unwarranted harm to neighbours or hinders appropri- interest; sioning inspection is conducted at the facility after the permit
erating organisation and competence of the operating staff ate building on a neighbouring property. • result in the violation of the prohibition of soil or groundwater is granted. Fortum’s Loviisa power plant has a valid permit for
are appropriate; contamination; the extensive industrial handling and storage of chemicals,
• the applicant is considered to have the fnancial and other Separate action permits may be required for smaller structures, • cause the deterioration of special natural conditions, present and the power plant is an institution subject to a safety as-
prerequisites to engage in operations safely and in accordan- such as containers of temporary warehouses if they are not in- a risk to the water supply or affect other potential uses im- sessment regulated by Tukes.
ce with Finland’s international contractual obligations; cluded in the building permit application. portant to the public interest within the area impacted by the The Act on the Safe Handling of Dangerous Chemicals and
• the authorisations required under the Council Directive on A separate demolition permit in accordance with the Land activity; Explosives (390/2005, the “Act on Chemical Safety”) excludes
the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive was- Use and Building Act is not needed, but the local building su- • create the unreasonable burden referred to in the Adjoining radioactive substances and products containing radioactive
te and spent fuel (2006/117/Euratom) have been obtained pervision authority shall be notifed in writing of the demolition Properties Act. substances from its area of application. Changes in the han-
from foreign states, and the said provisions can also be ob- of a building or part thereof 30 days before the demolition work dling, storage and quantities of radioactive materials do not
served in other respects; begins (Land Use and Building Act, section 127). Permit provisions that prevent and limit emissions are set for the therefore as a rule result in changes to the chemicals permit.
• the use of nuclear energy otherwise meets the principles laid operations in the permit by considering the nature of the opera- However, changes in the operation may, in accordance
down in Sections 5–7 of the Nuclear Energy Act and does not tions and local environmental conditions. with the Act on Chemical Safety, invoke an obligation to ap-
confict with the obligations under the Euratom Treaty.
10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND WATER PERMIT A separate environmental permit is required if a rock-crushing ply in writing for a permit for a production facility change if
The operation of a nuclear power plant requires an environ- plant (with a minimum operating time of 50 days per year) is set the planned change is an expansion comparable to the estab-
The use of nuclear energy shall not be initiated on the basis of a mental permit in accordance with the Environmental Protec- up in the area for decommissioning and dismantling operations lishment of a production facility or another essential change.
granted licence until the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority tion Act (527/2014) (annex 1 Activities subject to a permit, during construction work. Changes categorised as essential include a significant in-
has ascertained, when required by the operations, that the use Table 2 Other installations, section 3 Energy production, b) Water intake and discharge structures and water engineer- crease in the quantity of hazardous chemicals, a significant
of nuclear energy is in accordance with the safety requirements nuclear power plant). ing work require a permit in accordance with the Water Act change in the hazardous chemicals being handled or stored,
set, that the security and emergency arrangements are suff- Loviisa power plant has an environmental permit and a water (587/2011). The application should include a project description or in their properties or state, a significant change in the man-
cient, that the control necessary to prevent the proliferation of permit granted by the environmental permit agency of West- and a report on the impact of the project in accordance with the ufacturing or handling method, or another change that may
nuclear weapons has been arranged appropriately, and that in- ern Finland on 8 April 2009 (decision numbers 23/2009/2 and Government Decree on the management of water resources significantly affect the accident risk. The notification of the
demnifcation regarding liability in the event of nuclear damage 24/2009/2). The permit became legally valid by the decision is- (1560/2011). change in the operation submitted to Tukes should include the
in connection with the operations has been arranged in compli- sued by the Supreme Administrative Court on 19 June 2012. The essential information on the change and a report on the safety
ance with the relevant provisions. permit applies to the operation of the power plant, cooling water A permit for a water resources management project will be impact of the change. The institutions subject to a safety as-
intake, emissions of the power plant and monitoring. The power granted if: sessment should also update the essential parts of the safety
plant has a service water abstraction permit granted by the Wa- • the project does not signifcantly violate public or private in- assessment.
10.2 LAND USE PLANNING ter Rights Court by its decision on 27 December 1976 for the ab- terests; The Tukes regulatory authority should be notified of the
The valid local detailed plan makes it possible to carry out modi- straction of raw water from Lappomträsket lake. The said permit • the beneft gained from the project to public or private inte- decommissioning of Loviisa power plant in accordance with
fcation work in the power plant area, construct additional struc- applies to the conduction of water from the Lappomträsket lake rests is considerable compared with the losses incurred for the Act on Chemical Safety. The notification concerning the
tures and buildings, and decommission the power plant. Needs to and the regulation of the water level. public or private interests. decommissioning of the operation must include a plan for
change land use plans may become topical after decommissioning A permit is required for any change in an activity that increas- how the structures and areas of the production facility and
if existing limitations to the use of land in the power plant area and es emissions or their impact, or for any other substantial change The water resources management project may not jeopardise its parts to be decommissioned are cleaned if required after
its surroundings caused by the power plant’s operation are lifted. in an activity requiring an environmental permit. However, no public health or safety, cause considerable detrimental changes the operations are discontinued, and the measures that are
The local detailed plan is approved by the Loviisa town council. permit is required if the change does not increase the environ- in the natural state of the environment or the aquatic environ- taken to ensure that hazardous chemicals and explosives do
mental impact or risks, and if the change in the activity does not ment and its functions, or cause considerable deterioration in not cause personal injuries or damage to the environment or
require the permit to be reviewed. (Environmental Protection Act the local living or economic conditions. property.
10.3 PERMITS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE Section 29) The operator shall inform the environmental protec- The environmental permit authority is either the Southern
LAND USE AND BUILDING ACT tion authority without delay of the termination of the activity. Finland Regional State Administrative Agency or the environ-
In accordance with the Land Use and Building Act (132/1999), When required, the authority shall grant a new environmental mental protection authority of the town of Loviisa, depending on
10.6 OTHER PERMITS AND PLANS
the construction of power plant buildings related to the re- permit, including the permit provisions, for the measures, moni- the operation subject to the permit application. In water permit The Government Decree on areas restricted for aviation (VNa
quired modifcation work, the necessary infrastructure and fa- toring requirements and other obligations required to terminate matters, the permit authority is the Southern Finland Regional 930/2014) has defned the surroundings of the power plant as a
cilities requires a building permit. In Loviisa, the town’s building the activity. State Administrative Agency. The environmental permit applica- no-fy zone. The no-fy zone covers the power plant surroundings
and environmental board is responsible for the duties and deci- tion and the permit application in accordance with the Water Act within a four-kilometre radius and at an altitude of up to 2,000
sion-making of the building inspection authorities. Granting the environmental permit requires that the operations, concerning the same operation shall be processed jointly and de- metres. On a general level, the Aviation Act (864/2014) requires
considering the permit provisions to be set and the location of cided by a single decision unless this is considered unnecessary a permit for air navigation obstacles to set up a facility, building,
In areas covered by a local detailed plan, a building permit is the activity, do not alone or together with other functions: for a specifc reason. structure or sign of a certain height. The party responsible for
granted under the following conditions: • cause harm to health; maintaining the air navigation obstacle must notify the Finnish
• the building project is in keeping with the valid local detailed plan; • cause other Transport Safety Agency or an instance designated by it of any
• construction meets the requirements laid down in the Act - harm to the environment and its functions;
10.5 PERMITS AND DOCUMENTS IN changes concerning the obstacle (such as the removal of the air
and other requirements prescribed in or under the Act; - prevent or materially hinder the use of natural resources; ACCORDANCE WITH navigation obstacle) and its contact information.
• the building is appropriate for the location concerned; - cause a loss of general amenity of the environment or of THE CHEMICALS ACT Conventional dismantling requires a dismantling plan. In this
• a serviceable access road to the building site exists or can be special cultural values; Facilities engaged in extensive industrial handling and stor- connection, a contractor who has a work permit for asbestos
arranged; - reduce the suitability of the environment for general re- age of chemicals require a permit granted by the Finnish Safe- demolition granted by the permit authority carries out the re-
• water supply and wastewater management can be organised creational use; ty and Chemicals Agency (Tukes). The extent of the industrial quired survey concerning asbestos and harmful substances. The
satisfactorily and without causing environmental harm; and - cause damage or harm to property or impairment of use; handling and storage of chemicals is determined based on the demolition method, protection and reuse possibilities of waste
quantity and dangers of the chemicals stored in the facility. are determined based on the survey.
90 EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions EIA Programme | Required plans, licenses and decisions 91
92 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 93
11.
11. References Marjamäki, M. 2012. Selvitys Loviisan voimalaitoksen
jäähdytys- ja jätevesipäästöistä rantakiinteistöille ja
Ramboll Finland Oy 2013. Environmental noise measurements
of Loviisa power plant in 2013.
Anttila, P. 1988. Engineering geological conditions of the Loviisa Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019a. Map service purkualueen vesialueille aiheutuvista vahingoista, 17 December
power plant area relating to the fnal disposal of reactor waste. of the Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Coun-cil.https:// 2012, LO1-C2-00736. Ramboll Finland Oy 2017. Environmental noise measurements
Voimayhtiöiden ydinjätetoimikunta, Report YJT-88-11. kartta.uudenmaanliitto.f/maakuntakaavat/index. of Loviisa power plant in 2017.
html?x=380783&y=6684698&zoom=0&lang=f&layers=0-0 27 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2018. Memo concerning
Association of Finnish Municipalities, 2020 Tax rates of November 2019. the special season hunting of the ringed seal 2018 – 2019, reg. Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority 2020. Average
municipalities in 2020. https://www.kuntaliitto.f/sites/default/ no. 1186/1 March 2018. radiation dose of people in Finland. https://www.stuk.f/
fles/media/fle/Liite%203_kuntakohtaiset%20prosentit%20 Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council. 2019b. The Helsinki- aiheet/mita-sateily-on/ihmisen-radioaktiivisuus/suomalaisen-
2020_1.xlsx 12 February 2020 Uusimaa Land Use Plan 2050 (pro-posal stage). Land use plan Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment 2019. keskimaarainen-sateilyannos 29 April 2020.
map, symbols and regulations as well as reports. Kansallisen ydinjätehuollon yhteistyöryhmän loppuraportti.
Eastern Uusimaa Regional Council 2007. Landscape types in Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriön julkaisuja 2019:39 Ministry of Snellman, M. & Helenius, J. 1992. Loviisan Hästholmenin
Eastern Uusimaa. Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019c. Cultural Eco-nomic Affairs and Employment, Helsinki 2019. ISBN PDF: pohjavesikemia, yhteenveto vuosien 1980–1992 tutkimuksista.
environments in Uusimaa. Open data download service. https:// 978-952-327-435-8. Voimayhtiöiden ydinjätetoimikunta, Report YJT-92-27.
Finnish Environment Institute 2019. Open data geographical avoinaineisto-uudenmaanliitto.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/
location data service of the environmental administration. uudenmaan-kulttuuriymp%C3%A4rist%C3%B6t?geometry=25.9 Ministry of Social Affairs and Health 1999. Statistics Finland, 2019a. Key fgures of municipalities.
24%2C60.332%2C26.578%2C60.391 27 November 2019. Ympäristövaikutusten arviointi. Ihmisiin kohdistuvat https://www.stat.f/tup/alue/kuntienavainluvut.
Finnish Heritage Agency 2019. Cultural environment service terveydelliset ja sosiaaliset vaikutukset. Oppaita 1999:1. 51 p. html#?year=2019&active1=SSS 28 November 2019.
portal. Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2019d. https://www.
https://www.kyppi.f/palveluikkuna/portti/read/asp/default. uudenmaanliitto.f/tietopalvelut/uusimaa-tietopankki/aineistot/ Monivesi Oy 2018. Fortum Power and Heat Oy Loviisa power Statistics Finland, 2019b. The PX-Web databases of Statistics
aspx 28.11.2019. vaesto 23 November 2019. plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Merialueen yhteistarkkailu: Finland, establishments of enterprises by municipality and
vesikasvillisuuden ja kovan pohjan eliöstön tutkimukset vuonna establishments of enterprises by industry and region.
Finnish Heritage Agency 2018. Cultural environment service Ilus, E. 2009. Environmental effects of thermal and radioactive 2017. 2 March 2018. http://pxnet2.stat.f/PXWeb/pxweb/f/StatFin/StatFin__yri__
portal. [www.kyppi.f] (15 June 2018) discharges from nuclear power plants in the boreal brackish alyr/?tablelist=true 28 November 2019.
water conditions of the northern Baltic Sea. STUK. National Land Survey of Finland 2019. Open map and
Finnish Transport Infrastructure Agency 2019. Traffc volumes geographical location data by the National Land Survey Town of Loviisa 2019a. Master plans and local detailed plans of
in 2018. Karonen, M., Mäntykoski, A., Nylander, E. & Lehto, K. (eds) of Finland. https://www.maanmittauslaitos.f/kartat-ja- the town of Loviisa.
https://julkinen.vayla.f/webgis-sovellukset/webgis/template. 2015. Vesien tila hyväksi yh-dessä. Kymijoen-Suomenlahden paikkatieto
html?confg=liikenne 26 November 2019. vesienhoitoalueen vesienhoitosuunnitelma vuosiksi 2016– Town of Loviisa 2019a. Map service of the town of Loviisa:
2021. Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Natural Resources Institute Finland, 2019a. Game monitoring https://kartta.loviisa.f/ims
Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2008. Expansion of the Loviisa Environment. Reports 132/2015. service. http://riistahavainnot.f/ 19 December 2019.
nuclear power plant with a third power plant unit. Environmental Town of Loviisa 2019c. https://www.loviisa.f/tiedotteet/2018-
impact assessment report. Kauppinen, T. & Nelimarkka, K. 2007. Ihmisiin kohdistuvien Natural Resources Institute Finland, 2019b. https://www.luke. vilkas-matkailuvuosi-loviisassa 28 November 2019.
vaikutusten arvioiminen. Stake guides 2007:68. 55 pp. https:// f/uutinen/itameren-hyljekannat-jatkavat-kasvua-−-laskenta-
Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2019a. Loviisa power plant’s report www.julkari.f/bitstream/handle/10024/77751/IVA-opas%20 tehtiin-hyvissa-olosuhteissa/ 9 January 2020. Uusimaa Centre for Economic Development, Transport and
on seawater temperatures and their impact on the state of taittoversio.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y the Environment 2019. Air quality in Uusimaa in 2018 and
the sea area in the summer of 20 18. Internal report Posiva 2008. Expansion of the repository for spent nuclear development in 2004–2018.
LO1-K873-00107. Kokkonen V. 2018. Statistics Finland, Enterprise statistics, fuel. Environmental impact assessment report. Posiva Oy.
Establishments of enterprises by industry and municipality, VELMU map service 2019. Data from the VELMU map service.
Fortum Power and Heat Oy 2019b. Report on environmental email 23 November 2018. Posiva 2012. Construction permit application for the Olkiluoto https://paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/velmu/ 19 December 2019.
impacts 2019. Internal report LO1-K870-00141. encapsulation plant and fnal disposal facility. Appendix 16.
Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö ry 2018. Fortum Power and Heat Oy Other report deemed necessary by the authorities: Updated VTT 2014. Environmental impact assessment report.
Hatanpää, E. 1997. Groundwater report for the Loviisa area. Loviisa power plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Comprehensive report on environmental impacts (Statement by the Ministry of Decommissioning of the FiR 1 research reactor. VTT Technical
Posiva Oy, Work report LOVIISA-96-03. annual report for joint monitoring of the sea area 2017. Kymijoen Trade and Industry on Posiva Oy’s EIA report 1999). Posiva Oy. Research Centre of Finland Ltd. October 2014.
vesi ja ympäristö ry publication No. 272/2018. ISSN 1458-8064.
Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2010. Regional Land Use Pöyry 2009. Fish breeding area surveys in Pyhäjoki, VTT 2017. Licence application, decommissioning of the FiR 1
Plan for eastern Uusimaa. Land use plan map, symbols and Kymijoen vesi ja ymparisto ry 2019. Fortum Power and Heat Ruotsinpyhtää and Simo. Fennovoima Oy. Nuclear power plant research reactor. 20 June 2017. Reg. no. 356/0652/2017.
regulations. Oy Loviisa power plant and Oy Loviisan Smoltti Ab. Annual project. 60K30029.25. October 2009.
report for joint monitoring of the sea area 2018. Kymijoen vesi ja Water Map Service 2018. Ecological status of surface
Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2016a. Missä maat on ympäristö ry publication No. 280/2019. ISSN 1458-8064. Raateoja, M. & Setälä, O. (eds.) 2016. The Gulf of Finland waters. http://paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/vesikarttaviewers/
mainiommat. Uudenmaan kulttu-uriympäristöt. Uudenmaan Assessment. Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute Html5Viewer_2_5_2/Index.html?confgBase=http://
liiton julkaisuja E 176. Launiainen, J. 1979. Studies of energy exchange between the 27/16. 362 pp. paikkatieto.ymparisto.f/Geocortex/Essentials/REST/
air and the sea surface in the coastal area of the Gulf of Finland. sites/VesikarttaKansa/viewers/VesikarttaHTML525/
Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council 2016b. Phased Regional Finnish Marine Research, 246, 3–110. ISSN 0357-1076. Fin-nish Ramboll Finland Oy 2012a. Fortum Power and Heat Oy, virtualdirectory/Resources/Confg/Default 4 June 2018.
Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 2. Land use plan map, symbols and Institute of Marine Research. Mapping and removal of turf rafts
regulations as well as reports. in Lappomträsket lake. 24 October 2012. LO1-K879-00024. ÅF-Consult Oy 2018. Loviisa power plant. Monitoring of cooling
Leino, K. 2012. Nutrient load in the sea area near the Loviisa water and wastewater in 2017.
Helsinki-Uusimaa Regional Council, 2017. Phased Regional power plant. 6 November 2012. Ramboll Finland Oy 2012b. Survey of coastal residents 2012,
Land Use Plan for Uusimaa 4. Land use plan map, symbols and Loviisa’s Hästholmsfjärden and ÅF-Consult Oy 2019. Loviisa power plant. Monitoring of cooling
regulations, as well as reports. Klobbfjärden. 30 November 2012. water and waste water in 2018.
94 EIA Programme | References EIA Programme | References 95
96 YVA | Luvun nimi YVA | Luvun nimi 97
APPENDIX 1.
Appendix
LIITE 1. 1.
Final disposal facility A nuclear facility designed for the fnal disposal of radioactive waste.
Glossary and abbreviations
Final disposal hall A hall in the fnal disposal facility in which radioactive waste is stored/deposited for fnal disposal.
In the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant, fnal disposal halls include maintenance waste
halls and the solidifed waste hall.
FiR 1 A TRIGA Mark II-type research reactor located in Otaniemi, Espoo, in Finland.
AVI Regional State Administrative Agency
Hazardous waste Hazardous waste includes decommissioned substances or items that may cause special danger,
or harm to health or the environment. Hazardous waste includes energy-saving lightbulbs and
Becquerel (Bq) The measurement unit of radioactivity, refers to a decay of one radioactive atom per second. The other fuorescent lights.
concentration of radioactive substances in foodstuffs is expressed in becquerels per unit of mass
or volume (Bq/kg or Bq/l). Multiple units of becquerel include kilobecquerel (kBq), which is one
thousand becquerels, and megabecquerel (MBq), which is one million becquerels.
IBA and FINIBA areas IBA areas are internationally signifcant bird areas, and FINIBA areas are nationally signifcant
bird areas in Finland. The parties responsible for the project to map the areas are the Finnish
Environment Institute and BirdLife Finland.
Contamination Radioactive impurity. Decontamination = purifcation of an item from radioactive impurity.
Interim storage for A water pool storage in Loviisa power plant area in which high-level spent nuclear fuel removed
Conventional waste Conventional and hazardous waste that is not radioactive. spent nuclear fuel from the reactor is stored. The interim storage consists of two water pool storages, KPA1 and
KPA2. The spent nuclear fuel is transported from the interim storage to Posiva for fnal disposal.
Cooling water Cooling water is seawater used to cool the steam from the turbines in a condenser back into
water, which is then pumped back to the steam generators. Cooling water does not come into Intermediate-level Intermediate-level waste, as well as low-level waste, are the power plant’s maintenance waste.
contact or mix with the process waters or primary and secondary system waters of the nuclear waste In addition, such waste is generated in the decommissioning of the power plant. Handling
power plant. intermediate-level waste requires effective radiation protection arrangements (the activity is
usually 1−10,000 MBq/kg).
Coordinating authority The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment is the coordinating authority in this EIA
procedure. International hearing A hearing procedure in accordance with the Espoo Convention on the
assessment of the transboundary environmental impact, in which different countries can
participate.
dB Decibel, or a unit of the sound pressure level, which has a logarithmic scale. An increase of 10 dB
increases noise by tenfold.
L/ILW repository The fnal disposal facility of Loviisa power plant for low- and intermediate-level waste. The
abbreviation L/ILW stands for ‘low- and intermediate-level waste’.
Decommissioning Dismantling a completely closed nuclear facility so that no special measures are needed in
the plant area due to radioactive substances originating from the dismantled nuclear facility.
Decommissioning also includes the handling, storage and fnal disposal of the low- and Light water reactor Reactor type in which regular water is used for cooling and as a moderator. Most nuclear power
intermediate-level waste (decommissioning waste) accumulated in the dismantling of the plant. In plant reactors in the world are light water reactors.
addition, conventional dismantling waste may be generated in decommissioning.
Liquid waste A hall at Loviisa power plant where liquid radioactive waste is stored.
Decommissioning waste Waste generated in the decommissioning of a power plant or other nuclear facilities after solidifcation plant
operation that contains radioactivity and is deposited in the L/ILW repository for fnal disposal.
See dismantling waste
Long-term safety The safety of the fnal disposal of radioactive waste with regard to the radiation exposure of
people and the environment after the fnal disposal facility has been closed. Depending on the
Dismantling waste An overall concept for waste generated in connection with the decommissioning and dismantling activity of the waste, the timespan of the review can be from hundreds to hundreds of thousands
of nuclear facilities. Dismantling waste includes both decommissioning waste that contains of years.
radioactivity and non-radioactive conventional waste.
Loviisa nuclear power The nuclear power plant located on the island of Hästholmen in Loviisa, Finland, and the related
Dry waste handling Areas in Loviisa power plant in which radioactive waste other than liquid radioactive waste is plant/power plant functions.
facility handled and packed.
Low-level waste Low-level, similar to intermediate-level waste are the power plant’s maintenance waste. In
EIA Environmental impact assessment. addition, such waste is generated in the decommissioning of the power plant. Low-level waste
can be handled without radiation protection arrangements, because its radioactivity is usually low
(generally no more than 1 MBq/kg).
ELY centre Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment.
Maintenance waste Waste accumulated in the maintenance and repair of the nuclear power plant. Maintenance waste
Final disposal The permanent disposal of radioactive waste in such a manner that the repository site does not consists, among other things, of contaminated protection and insulation materials and defective
need supervision and the radioactivity of the waste is not a hazard to nature. components. For the most part, maintenance waste is low-level waste.
98 EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations 99
Appendix
LIITE 1. 1.
Maintenance waste hall A hall in the L/ILW repository in which low- or intermediate-level waste is stored. There are three Project owner Fortum Power and Heat Oy, or the operator responsible for the implementation of the project to
maintenance waste halls in Loviisa power plant’s L/ILW repository (HJT1, HJT2 and HJT3). be reviewed in the EIA procedure.
Moderator A substance used for the moderation of the neutrons generated in the nuclear reaction. The purpose Radioactive substance A substance that decays into other substances and concurrently emits ionising radiation.
of the moderator is to maintain the reaction. In a light water reactor, regular water (light water) is
used as the moderator.
Radioactive waste Radioactive waste refers to radioactive substances and equipment, goods or materials
contaminated by radioactivity that are not required and that must be rendered safe because of
Nuclear facility A nuclear facility refers to plants used to generate nuclear energy, including research reactors, their radioactivity.
facilities carrying out extensive fnal disposal of nuclear waste, as well as facilities used for
extensive production, use, handling or storage of nuclear material and nuclear waste. For
example, at Loviisa nuclear power plant, once the power plant units have been decommissioned, Radiation controlled The radiation controlled area refers to a work area where special safety guidelines must be
the nuclear facility consists of plant parts to be made independent. area observed to ensure radiation protection, access to which is controlled. At a minimum, those
rooms in the facility where the external dose rate can exceed 3 μSv/h or where a 40-hour weekly
stay can cause an internal dose in excess of 1 mSv per year due to the radionuclides originating
Nuclear fuel Uranium (or plutonium) intended to be used in the reactors of nuclear power plants. Nuclear from a nuclear facility, shall be defned as a controlled area. (YVL Guide C.2)
fuel does not burn in the sense that it would react with oxygen (as happens when coal or wood
is burned); instead, heat is produced when the nuclei of uranium are split in chain reactions. The
‘combustion products’ are isotopes of lighter elements generated in the chain reaction. Most are Release barrier A technical or natural structure or material that provides safety functions – in other words,
radioactive. prevents radioactive substances from being released into the environment.
Nuclear material Specifc fssionable materials suitable for generating nuclear energy, such as uranium, thorium Release from regulatory If waste generated in the radiation-controlled area does not exceed the limits set by the
and plutonium. control authorities, it can be released from regulatory control. Waste released from regulatory control
can be handled as conventional waste.
Nuclear power plant A nuclear power plant refers to a nuclear facility, equipped with a nuclear reactor, used to
generate electricity or heat, or a plant complex formed by power plant units and other associated Sanitary wastewater Wastewater that originates from the toilets, kitchens, washrooms of residences, offces, buildings
nuclear facilities in the same location. and institutions, as well as equivalent areas and equipment, and from business operations.
A nuclear power plant comprises one or more nuclear power plant units, each of which has one
reactor, and one or two turbines and generators
Seepage water Groundwater that accumulates in a shaft or tunnel built or excavated in the bedrock. At Loviisa
power plant, seepage waters are generated in the L/ILW repository.
Nuclear power plant Loviisa power plant consists of two nuclear power plant units, Loviisa 1 and Loviisa 2.
unit/power plant unit/
plant unit Sievert (Sv) The unit of radioactive dose that represents the effect of radiation on the human body. Fractions
of it include a millisievert (mSv), which is a thousandth of a sievert, and a microsievert (µSv),
which is a millionth of a sievert.
Nuclear waste A generic name for the radioactive waste generated in the operation of a nuclear facility. Nuclear
waste is low- or intermediate-level waste or high-level fuel waste.
Solidifcation plant A plant in which liquid radioactive waste is rendered into solid form by mixing it with a suitable
medium. At Loviisa power plant’s solidifcation plant, liquid waste is mixed with cement and other
Operational waste Low- and intermediate-level waste generated in nuclear facilities, such as nuclear power plants. components.
For example, operational waste is generated in the handling of radioactive liquids and gases, and
in maintenance and repair work carried out in the radiation controlled area.
Solidifed waste hall A hall in the L/ILW repository in which solidifed waste is stored. There is one solidifed waste hall
in the L/ILW repository of Loviisa power plant.
Plant parts to be made The nuclear power plant’s plant parts to be made independent are the interim storage for spent
independent nuclear fuel, liquid waste storage, solidifcation plant and the L/ILW repository. Making a plant
part independent refers to the separation of certain functions, such as cooling or ventilation, from Spent nuclear fuel Nuclear fuel removed from the nuclear reactor after operation. Spent nuclear fuel contains
the systems of the power plant units, to ensure the said plant parts to be made independent can uranium fssion products and is highly radioactive.
function without the power plant units.
STUK The Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, which is the authority supervising safety in Finland, a
Power plant area The area used by the nuclear power units and other nuclear facilities in the same area or research institution and an expert organisation.
surrounding them, where moving and staying is restricted by the Ministry of the Interior Decree
issued based on section 9 article 8 of the Police Act (872/2011) (STUK Y/2/2018). Loviisa nuclear
power plant area covers the islands of Hästholmen and Tallholmen and their adjacent sea area, TEM The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. The coordinating authority in the
the Kirmosund causeway and the main gate building. environmental impact assessment procedure.
Pressurised water plant A light water reactor type in which water is used as a coolant and a moderator. The pressure of VTT VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.
the water is kept so high that the water will not boil despite the high temperature. The water that
has passed through the reactor core releases its heat into the secondary system water in separate
steam generators, where the secondary system water is vaporised and used to drive a turbine. YM The Ministry of the Environment. Serves as the coordinating authority for the international
hearing in Finland.
Process wastewater Wastewater generated in the power plant process.
YVL Guides Nuclear safety guides; the Authority Guides published by the Radiation and Nuclear Safety
Authority that describe the detailed safety requirements concerning the use of nuclear energy.
Project area The project area refers to the Hästholmen area, which is the location of the current functions of
the power plant and the changes planned for them in the project.
100 EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations EIA Programme | Glossary and abbreviations 101
APPENDIX 2.
Appendix 2.
EIA Programme experts
Expert Duties and qualifcation
Architectural drafter
Ville Mäntylä Works as a project manager and harmful substance expert in projects related to construction. He has 18 years’ experience of
Dismantling operations corresponding tasks. His areas of specialisation include dismantling consultation projects, as well as asbestos and harmful
substance surveys.
Pekka Onnila Master of Science (soil science)
Groundwater, soil and Onnila has extensive experience of the assessment of groundwater risks and impacts related, for example, to EIA projects,
Expert Duties and qualifcation land use planning and environmental permits. In addition, Onnila is responsible for groundwater monitoring related to
bedrock
various functions and forms of land use.
Master of Science (forestry planning)
Lepola has 30 years’ experience in environmental research and planning. His core competence areas include the Master of Science (environmental science) Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology)
Antti Lepola Venla Pesonen Pesonen works as an interaction designer in the interaction team of the land use unit. She has several years of diverse
environmental impact assessment of projects, water, environmental and chemical permit applications, as well as related
Project director Social impacts experience of the assessment of impacts targeting people, planning and implementation of stakeholder engagement, the
surveys. Lepola has long experience of environmental consulting related to energy production and the environmental
impact of the industry. Lepola has participated in more than 70 EIA procedures and worked as a project manager in more facilitation of events, as well as methods of interactive information gathering, analysis and reporting in various projects.
than 30 EIA procedures. Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology)
Arttu Ruhanen Ruhanen has more than 10 years’ experience of the preparation of environmental studies. Every year, he works in several
Noise dozens of projects as a planner or project manager studying noise. Ruhanen’s special expertise in matters related to
Master of Sciences (environmental economics)
Räihä has more than 10 years’ experience in environmental consulting and project management related to the noise focuses on the industry, noise studies in the mineral aggregate operations and wind power, as well as various noise
Anna-Katri Räihä measurements.
environmental projects of several felds of industry. Her core competence includes environmental impact assessments,
EIA project manager
international hearings in the EIA, environmental legislation and greenhouse gas calculations. Räihä has worked as a project Doctor of Science (aquatic ecology)
and expert
manager and project coordinator in several extensive EIA procedures and as an expert in environmental issues in numerous Sopanen has extensive experience of surveys related to the quality of surface waters and the aquatic environment, spanning
(subconsultant) Sanna Sopanen
EIA procedure impact assessments (including greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the environment, traffc 20 years. Her special expertise is related to the interactive relationships in the aquatic ecosystem and the factors affecting
impact, impact of the use of natural resources). Her EIA competence also includes various areas of communication and Surface waters
them in both inland waters and sea areas. Sopanen has participated in numerous environmental impact assessments (EIA),
stakeholder engagement. licensing and land use plan-ning projects, nature surveys, Natura assessments and various water system sur-veys as an
Master of Sciences (environmental science) expert on the impact on water systems.
Wikström works as a project manager and coordinator in environmental studies, assessment projects concerning the
Elina Wikström environmental impact of the infrastructure sector, and accessibility projects. She has more than 10 years’ experience of
EIA coordinator project management. She specialises in the management of the EIA procedure, as well as the environmental impact of
transport infrastructure projects, and the transmission and production of energy.
The following persons from Fortum Power and Heat Oy have also participated in the preparation of the EIA Programme:
Doctor of Sciences (environmental health), docent (toxicology of combustion emissions)
Mikko Happo
Happo’s job description includes expert tasks related to air quality as well as development tasks in air quality and health
Health impacts
services. In addition, his duties include expert services related to the environmental and health sector and its reporting Expert Duties and qualifcation
concerning air quality, emissions into the air, or other environmental and health impacts.
Jarkko Ahokas Master of Science in engineering, energy technology
Master of Sciences (inorganic and analytical chemistry)
Anne Kiljunen nuclear safety
Kiljunen works as an environmental expert and has seven years’ experience of various environmental expert tasks related
Air quality
to air quality. She has experience of various tasks in the feld, the reporting of measurements, preparation of environmental
permit applications and environmental impact assessments Tapani Eurajoki Master of Science in engineering, nuclear and energy technology
nuclear waste,
Master of Science in Engineering (foundation engineering and soil mechanics) long-term safety
Kirsi Koivisto Koivisto has worked in the feld of vibration inspections and studies for more than 10 years and as a project manager since
Vibration 2007. She has extensive experience in the methods used in Finland to dampen vibration and in carrying out various vibration Mika Harti Master of Science in engineering, energy technology
inspections. Koivisto’s area of specialisation includes planning, studying and development of dampening methods, as well nuclear safety
as assessing the impact of vibration.
Matti Kaisanlahti Master of Science in engineering, energy technology
Master of Social Sciences (social and economic geography) nuclear waste, power plant
Timo Laitinen Laitinen has more than six years’ experience of EIA procedures and related impact assessments. He has participated in decommissioning
Landscape and land use approximately 30 EIA procedures as an appraiser of impacts (landscape and cultural environment, land use and land use
planning) and worked as a coordinator in ten EIA procedures. Pasi Kelokaski Master of Science in radiochemistry
power plant decommissioning
Otso Lintinen Master of Science (fshing industry)
Ichthyofauna and fshing Lintinen works as a project manager in various projects related to water research. He has 11 years’ experience of Liisa Kopisto Master of Science in environmental biology;
corresponding tasks. His area of specialisation is studies concerning the fshing industry. power plants’ environmental Master of Science in engineering, environmental technology
aspects
Timo Metsänen Bachelor of Natural Resources, Environmental Planning, nature planner (special vocational qualifcation)
Avifauna Metsänen has more than 20 years’ experience of various avifauna surveys. He works as a subconsultant for Ramboll Finland Ossi Koskivirta Master of Science in engineering, nuclear technology
(subconsultant) in the project (Tmi Luontoselvitys Metsänen). acquisition of nuclear fuel,
spent nuclear fuel
Bachelor of Engineering (environmental technology)
Juho Mäkelä Satu Ojala Master of Science, limnology
Mäkelä has more than fve years’ experience of tasks related to material effciency, waste management and earth
Waste management aspects of the power plant
construction. He works as a planner in projects related to the utilisation of materials. He has also worked as an independent
quality controller in earth construction projects that require an environmental permit. related to water systems
Master of Science (environmental ecology) Tommi Ropponen Doctor of Philosophy, physics
Mäkinen has 16 years’ experience of aligning natural values and the planning of land use in various land use planning and radiation safety, accidents
construction projects. Mäkinen specialises in the impact assessments of projects with considerable environmental impacts
Jussi Mäkinen and the preparation of the required nature and environmental surveys. Mäkinen is one of Finland’s leading experts in
Nature and avifauna matters related to the Natura 2000 network (assessments, deviation procedures). His other areas of specialisation include
ecological network surveys, ecological compensation, exemption permit applications, as well as various species surveys
concerning avifauna especially.
102 EIA Programme | EIA Programme experts EIA Programme | EIA Programme experts 103
104 YVA | Luvun nimi
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam
Kokkuvõte
keskkonnamõjude
hindamise
programmist
rahvusvahelise
arutelu jaoks
August 2020
YVA | Luvun nimi 1
Sisu
1. Projekti omaniku ja projekti taust 3
1.1 Projekti omanik 3
1.2 Projekti taust 3
2. Projekti kirjeldus ja ülevaade võimalustest 4
2.1 Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht 4
2.2 Elektrijaama praegune tegevus 6
2.3 KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused 6
Variant 1, VE1 7
Variant 0, VE0 7
Variant 0+, VE0+ 8
2.4 Projekti ajakava 8
3. Tuumaelektrijaama ohutus 9
3.1 Tuumaohutus ja kiirgusohutus 9
Kiirgus ja seire 9
Tuumaohutus 10
Valmisolek hädaolukorraks ja turvameetmed 11
Jäätmekäitlus 12
3.2 Elektrijaama vananemise haldamine ja hooldamine 13
4. Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus 13
4.1 Rahvusvaheline arutelu 13
4.2 Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus Soomes 14
4.3 KMH menetluse ajakava 16
5. Projekti keskkonnamõju hindamine 16
5.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamise kava ülesehitus 16
5.2 Hindamisel kasutatavad aruanded ja muu materjal 16
5.3 Hinnatud mõjud ja nende olulisus 17
5.4 Kõige olulisema keskkonnamõju ja piiriülese mõju hindamine 17
5.5 Hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte ja mõjupiirkonna ulatuse ettepanek 19
5.6 Kahjuliku mõju leevendamine ja seire 21
6. Soomes projekti jaoks nõutavad load, plaanid ja otsused 22
6.1 Tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased litsentsid ja load 22
6.2 Muud load 22
Põhikaardid: Soome maa-amet, 2019
Keskkonnamõju hinnang on koostatud soome keeles. Versioonid teistes keeltes on tõlked algsest doku-
mendist, millest Fortum lähtub.
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama keskkonnamõjude hindamise (KMH) programm – kokkuvõte rahvusvahelise arutelu jaoks 1
KONTAKTANDMED
Projekti omanik: Fortum Power and Heat Oy
Postiaadress P.O. Box 100, FI-00048 FORTUM,
Soome
Telefon +358 10 4511
Kontaktisikud Ari-Pekka Kirkinen, Liisa Kopisto
E-post eesnimi.perekonnanimi@for-
tum.com
Koordineeriv asutus: Majandus- ja tööministeerium
Postiaadress P.O. Postkast 32, FI-00023 valitsus,
Soome
Telefon +358 2 9504 8274, +358 2 9506
0125
Kontaktisikud Jaakko Louvanto, Linda Kumpula
E-post
[email protected]
Rahvusvaheline arutelu: Keskkonnaministeerium
Postiaadress P.O. Postkast 35, FI-00023 valitsus,
Soome
Telefon +358 2 9525 0246
Kontaktisik Seija Rantakallio
E-post
[email protected]
KMH konsultant: Ramboll Finland Oy
Postiaadress PL 25 FI-02601 Espoo, Soome
Telefon +358 2075 5611
Kontaktisik Antti Lepola
E-post
[email protected]
2
1. PROJEKTI OMANIKU JA PROJEKTI TAUST
1.1 Projekti omanik
Projekti omanik KMH protseduuris on Fortum Power and Heat Oy, mis kuulub täielikult Fortum Corporatio-
nile. Soome riigile kuulub 50,8% Fortum Corporationi aktsiatest. 2020. aasta kevadel omandas Fortum ena-
musosaluse ettevõttes Uniper SE, mis asub Saksamaal. Uniper omandamisega muutus Fortum üheks kõige
suuremaks energiaettevõtteks Euroopas ning üha olulisemaks operaatoriks ka Venemaal. Uniper konsoli-
deeriti Fortum Grupiga 2020. aasta aprillis, kuid hetkeseisuga tegutseb endiselt eraldiseisva äriühinguna.
Fortum Corporationis ja tema tütarettevõtetes on tööl ligi 20 000 inimest, neist umbes 2000 töötab Soo-
mes. Põhjamaades on Fortum suuruselt teine elektrienergia tootja ja suurim elektrimüüja. Fortum on üks
suuremaid soojusenergia tootjaid maailmas. Fortum pakub ka kaugjahutust, energiatõhusaid teenuseid,
taaskasutust ja jäätmekäitlust, samuti Põhjamaade suurimat laadimisjaamade võrku elektriautodele. For-
tumi tütarettevõte Uniper kaupleb suurte mahtudega maailma energiaturul ning omab maagaasi terminali
ja teisi gaasiga seotud taristuobjekte.
Tuumaenergial on oluline roll Fortumi elektrienergia tootmises, mis on süsinikdioksiidi emissioonide vaba.
Koos Uniperiga on Fortum Euroopa suuruselt teine tuumaenergia tootja. 2019. aastal oli Fortumi ja Uniperi
elektrienergia tootmine kokku umbes 180 TWh, millest 19% pärines Soomes ja Rootsis paiknevatest tuu-
maelektrijaamadest. Fortum Grupi laiahaardeline tegevus tuuma-, hüdro- ja tuuleenergia tootjana teeb te-
mast suuruselt kolmanda heitevaba elektrienergia tootja Euroopas, kusjuures 2019. aasta seisuga oli 66%
toodangust Euroopas ilma süsinikdioksiidi emissioonita. Koos elektrienergia tootmisega Venemaal, mis
peamiselt põhineb maagaasil, on 38% Fortum Grupi elektrienergia tootmisest süsinikdioksiidi emissioonide
vaba.
Loviisa tuumajaam, mille omanikuks ja haldajaks on Fortum Power and Heat Oy, koosneb kahest energia
tootmise plokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2. Loviisa elektrijaamas toodetud elektrit kasutatakse aastaringse
katkematu energiaallikana. Aastas toodab Loviisa elektrijaam riigi elektrivõrgule kokku umbes 8 teravatt-
tundi (TWh) elektrit. See moodustab umbes 10% elektrienergia tarbimisest Soomes. Loviisa tuumaelektri-
jaam aitab omalt poolt kaasa Soome ja EL-i kliimaeesmärkide saavutamisele, samuti energiaturvalisuse ta-
gamisele.
1.2 Projekti taust
Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam ehitati aastatel 1971–1980. Elektrijaam koosneb kahest elektritootmise
plokist Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2, samuti nendega seotud hoonetest ja hoidlatest, mida vajatakse tuumkütuse
ja tuumajäätmete käitlemiseks. Loviisa-1 alustas äritegevust aastal 1977, Loviisa-2 aastal 1980. Loviisa
elektrijaam on katkematult elektrit tootnud juba üle 40 aasta. Praegused tegevusload, mille on väljastanud
Soome riik, kehtivad Loviisa-1-le 2027. aasta lõpuni ja Loviisa-2-le 2030. aasta lõpuni.
Praegu tegeldakse Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama äritegevuse hindamisega, et taotleda praeguse te-
gevusloa pikendamist veel umbes 20 aasta võrra pärast selle kehtivusaja lõppu. Tulevikus langetab Fortum
otsuse, mis puudutab tuumaelektrijaama tegevuse võimalikku jätkamist ja uute tegevuslubade taotlemist.
Teine võimalus oleks valmistuda elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamiseks koos praeguse tegevusloa lõppemi-
sega.
Fortum on investeerinud Loviisa elektrijaama vananemise haldamisse ning kogu elektrijaama tegutsemise
aja teinud tegevust paremaks muutvaid samme. Elektrijaama tootmisplokke kohandati vastavalt lääne
ohutusnõuetele juba elektrijaama planeerimise faasis. Aastate vältel on Loviisa elektrijaamas teostatud
mitmeid projekte, mis on parandanud tuumaohutust. Viimastel aastatel on elektrijaama automatiseeritud
ning vananenud süsteeme ja seadmeid on ajakohastatud. Aastatel 2014–2018 tegi Loviisa elektrijaam läbi
3
jaama ajaloo kõige ulatuslikuma kaasajastamisprogrammi, millesse Fortum investeeris ligikaudu 500 mil-
jonit eurot. Tänu tehtud investeeringutele ja kogenud töötajatele on Loviisa elektrijaamal suurepärased
eeldused tehniliste ja ohutusnõuete täitmiseks, et oleks võimalik tegevust jätkata ka pärast kehtiva tege-
vusloa lõppemist.
Lisaks on märkimisväärselt vähenenud elektrijaama töötamise ajal tekkivate ja lõplikku ladestamist vaja-
vate radioaktiivsete jäätmete hulk ning ka tuumkütuse kasutamise tõhusus on paranenud. Kui kasutatud
tuumkütus välja arvata, töödeldakse ja ladustatakse elektrijaama radioaktiivsed jäätmed jaama territoo-
riumil asuval madala ja keskmise aktiivsusega radioaktiivsete jäätmete lõpliku ladustamise alal (M/KARJ
hoidlas). Elektrijaamas tekkiva kasutatud tuumkütuse lõpliku ladestamise projekt on Posiva Oy kapseldus-
tehases ja lõpliku ladustamise paigas juba ehitusfaasi jõudnud. Seega on olemas lahendus kogu Loviisa
elektrijaamas tekkiva kasutatud tuumkütuse töötlemiseks ja lõplikuks ladestamiseks.
See keskkonnamõjude hindamise protseduur (KMH protseduur) hõlmab Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama tege-
vusaja pikendamist või elektrijaama sulgemist. Mõlemal juhul vajab projekt tuumaenergiaseadusest lähtu-
valt litsentsimist ja keskkonnamõjude hindamist (keskkonnamõjude hindamise seadus, osa 3, artikkel 1,
punktid 7b ja 7d projektide loetelust). KMH programmi järgi koostatud KMH raport ja koordineeriva asu-
tuse selle kohta avaldatud põhjendatud järeldused on lisatud igale loa saamiseks esitatud avaldusele. Pro-
jekti koordineeriv asutus on majandus- ja tööministeerium.
2. PROJEKTI KIRJELDUS JA ÜLEVAADE VÕIMALUSTEST
2.1 Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht
Fortumi Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam asub Hästholmeni saarel, umbes 12 km kaugusel Loviisa linna keskpunk-
tist. Elektrijaama kaugus Helsingist on ligikaudu 100 km (joonised 1 ja 2). Elektrijaam ja temaga lahutama-
tult seotud funktsioonid, näiteks M/KARJ hoidla ja teised jäätmekäitlusega seotud hooned, jahutusvee sis-
sevõtmise ja väljalaskmise ehitised, samuti kontori- ja laohooned paiknevad kõik Hästholmeni saarel. Ma-
jutusala asub mandril.
Tegevuse pikendamise või elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamisega seotud ning KMH-ga hõlmatavad funkt-
sioonid paiknevad olemasoleva elektrijaama territooriumil ja selle lähiümbruses.
4
Rootsi
Norra
Soome
Helsingi
Venemaa
Eesti
Taani
Läti
Leedu
Saksamaa Poola
Joonis 1. Loviisa asukoht Soomes.
Elektrijaam
Joonis 2. Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama asukoht.
5
2.2 Elektrijaama praegune tegevus
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaam on elektrit tootev kondensatsiooni-elektrijaam. Loviisa elektrijaama tootmisplo-
kid Loviisa-1 ja Loviisa-2 on surveveereaktorid. Elektrienergia tootmine tuumaelektrijaamas põhineb kont-
rollitud tuumade lõhustumise ahelreaktsioonil tekkiva soojusenergia kasutamisel.
Loviisa elektrijaama kasutatakse baaskoormuse elektrienergia tootmiseks. Teiste sõnadega töötab elekt-
rijaam tavaliselt ühtlasel täisvõimsusel, et rahuldada elektrienergia tarbimise püsivat miinimumnõudlust.
Loviisa elektrijaama iga tootmisploki nominaalne soojusenergia on 1500 MW ja kasulik võimsus 507 MW.
Elektrijaama tootmisplokkide kogukasutegur on ligikaudu 34%. Loviisa elektrijaama aastane toodang on
ligikaudu 8 TWh. See moodustab ligikaudu ühe kümnendiku elektrienergia tarbimisest Soomes. Loviisa
elektrijaama kättesaadavus ja koormustegurid on olnud suurepärased.
Elektrijaama tegevuse käigus tekkivad madala ja keskmise aktiivsusega radioaktiivsed jäätmed töödel-
dakse elektrijaamas ja ladustatakse lõpliku ladustamise alal (M/KARJ hoidlas), mis asub elektrijaama terri-
tooriumil, 110 meetri sügavusel maa all. Loviisa elektrijaama kasutatud tuumkütus paigutatakse vaheladus-
tamiseks veemahutitesse kasutatud tuumkütuse vaheladustamise alal, mis asub elektrijaama territooriu-
mil. Ettenähtud ajal viiakse kasutatud tuumkütus lõplikuks ladestamiseks Posiva Oy kapseldustehasesse ja
lõpliku ladestamise paika Eurajokis asuvas Olkiluotos.
Loviisa elektrijaama jahutusvesi võetakse Hästholmeni saare läänekaldalt, kasutades kaldal asuvat vee-
võtusüsteemi, ning umbes 10 ºC soojenenud vesi lastakse merre tagasi saare idakaldal. Elektrijaama jahu-
tamiseks kasutatava merevee kogus on keskmiselt 44 m3/s. Loviisa elektrijaama praeguse tegevuse kõige
olulisem keskkonnamõju on jahutusvee merre laskmisest tingitud soojuskoormus. Naabruses asuvate me-
realade seisundit on seiratud alates 1960. aastate lõpust. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab peami-
selt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat ümbrust.
2.3 KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused
Projekti jaoks hinnatud variantide hulka kuuluvad elektrijaama tööaja pikendamine maksimumi, ligi 20
aasta võrra (VE1), ja kaks erinevat nullvarianti (VE0 ja VE0+) Nullvariandi korral elektrijaama tööaega ei
pikendata, kuid elektrijaama tootmisplokkide tegevuse lõpetamine toimub siis, kui lõppeb nende praegune
tegevusluba. Lühike kirjeldus hinnatavatest tegevustest on ära toodud tabelis 1.
Tabel 1. KMH käigus hinnatavad võimalused.
Variant Kirjeldus
Variant 1, VE1 Loviisa elektrijaama tööaja pikendamine maksimumi, ligi 20 aasta võrra pärast praeguse tege-
vusloa lõppu, millele järgneb elektrijaama sulgemine.
• See variant sisaldab ka meetmeid elektrijaama tööaja pikendamiseks, elektrijaama
tegevuse lõpetamist pärast tegevusloa kehtivusaja lõppu, elektrijaama kasutamist ja
elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatuteks osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappi-
dega seotud jäätmekäitluse meetmeid.
• Lisaks sisaldab see variant võimalust võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja
ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud ra-
dioaktiivseid jäätmeid.
Variant 0, VE0 Praeguse tegevusloa kehtivuse lõppedes (aastatel 2027/2030) Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama te-
gevus lõpetatakse.
• See variant sisaldab ka elektrijaama kasutamist ja elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatu-
teks osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappidega seotud jäätmekäitluse
meetmeid.
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Variant 0+, VE0+ Praeguse tegevusloa kehtivuse lõppedes (aastatel 2027/2030) Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama te-
gevus lõpetatakse.
• Variant sisaldab ka elektrijaama kasutamist ja elektrijaama lõplikku sõltumatuteks
osadeks lahti monteerimist ning nende etappidega seotud jäätmekäitluse meetmeid.
• Lisaks sisaldab see variant võimalust võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja
ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud ra-
dioaktiivseid jäätmeid.
Variant 1, VE1
Projekti variant 1 hõlmab Loviisa elektrijaama tööaja pikendamist maksimumini, ligi 20 aasta jagu pärast
praeguse tegevusloa lõppu. Selle pikendamise ajal käib elektrijaama kasutamine sarnaselt praegusega ning
näiteks soojusenergia tootmise kasvu jaamas pole ette nähtud.
Kui elektrijaama kasutusaega pikendatakse, on võimalik ehitada uusi hooneid ja konstruktsioone ning viia
elektrijaama alal läbi uuendustöid. See projekt sisaldab ka radioaktiivsete jäätmete elektrijaama territoo-
riumil käitlemisega seotud funktsioone ja M/KARJ hoidla laiendamist. Elektrijaama territooriumil ja selle
lähiümbruses tehtavad võimalikud muudatused oleksid:
• mõnede vanade hoonete asendamine uutega, näiteks uue vastuvõtulao, veepuhastusjaama, kee-
vitushalli ja jäätmete ladustamise halli ehitamine;
• vesiehituslikud tööd jahutusvee võtmise süsteemide ja seda ümbritseva mere piirkonnas ees-
märgiga alandada elektrijaama võetava jahutusvee temperatuuri ning kaldakindlustuste süven-
damisel ja kaevetöödel tekkiva pinnase võimalik ümberpaigutamine Hästholmeni edelaossa;
• elektrijaama tootmisvee ja heitvee ühenduste ümberehitamine, mida täpsustatakse KMH rapor-
tiga;
• kasutatud tuumkütuse vaheladustamise ala laiendamine või praeguste vaheladude mahutavuse
suurendamine (näiteks paigutades olemasolevate vaheladude veemahutitesse rohkem tuumkü-
tust).
Variant 1 võtab arvesse ka tuumajaama tegevuse pikendamise ajal selle tegevuse lõpetamiseks valmistu-
mist ja tegelikku tuumajaama tegevuse lõpetamist pärast ärikasutuse lõppu, mispuhul jätkab M/KARJ
hoidla maksimummahuga tegevust kuni umbes 2090. aastani. Funktsioone, sealhulgas tegevuse lõpeta-
mist, kirjeldatakse peatükis 2.3.2.
Üks aspekt, millega tuleb tegevusloa pikendamise ja sellele järgneva tegevuse lõpetamise juures arves-
tada, on majandus- ja tööministeeriumi moodustatud riikliku radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise koos-
töögrupi soovitustega kooskõlas olev võimalus võtta vastu, töödelda, paigutada vahelattu ja ladustada
lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud radioaktiivseid jäätmeid. Selliseid
jäätmeid võib tekkida näiteks teadusasutustes, tööstuses, haiglates ja ülikoolides. Kuna Loviisa elektrijaa-
mas on juba olemas funktsioonid ja vahendid kohapeal radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemiseks ja lõplikuks
ladustamiseks, siis oleks loomulik ja kooskõlas riikliku radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise koostöögrupi
seisukohtadega, kui neid kasutataks ühiskonnas üldiste lahenduste leidmise osana.
Variant 0, VE0
Variant VE0 vaatab üle elektrijaama tegutsemise kuni praeguse tegevusloa lõppemiseni aastatel 2027 ja
2030 ning sellele järgneva tegevuse lõpetamise. Variant VE0 realiseerub siis, kui Fortum ei taotle elektri-
jaamale uut tegevusluba. Selle stsenaariumi korral tuleks elektrijaama tootmisplokkidele taotleda tegevuse
lõpetamise luba ja tegevusluba tuleks taotleda neile elektrijaama osadele, mis muudetakse sõltumatuteks.
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Tegevuse lõpetamine hõlmab radioaktiivsete süsteemide ja Loviisa elektrijaama seadmete lahti monteeri-
mist ning tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkinud jäätmete ladustamist M/KARJ hoidla praegustes hallides ja
vajadusel juurde ehitatud uutes hallides. Lisaks hõlmab tegevuse lõpetamine teatavate funktsioonide ja
elektrijaama jäätmekäitlusega seotud osade muutmist sõltumatuks, et tagada sõltumatuks muudetud
osade toimimine ilma elektrijaama tootmisplokkideta seni, kuni kasutatud tuumkütust hoiustatakse elekt-
rijaama territooriumil. Variandi VE0 korral jätkub M/KARJ hoidla tegutsemine kuni 2060. aastateni.
Elektrijaama töötamise ajal tehakse ettevalmistusi tegevuse lõpetamiseks, mis sisaldab järgmist:
• M/KARJ hoidla tööshoidmine ja laiendamine, et tagada võimalus paigutada tegevuse lõpetamise
käigus tekkivad radioaktiivsed jäätmed lõppladustamiseks M/KARJ hoidlasse;
• ettevalmistused, mis on vajalikud hoonete ja konstruktsioonide (sealhulgas kasutatud tuumkü-
tuse vaheladude, vedelate jäätmete hoiupaikade ja tahkestamisjaamade, M/KARJ hoidla) sõltu-
matuks muutmiseks.
Tegevuse lõpetamise faas sisaldab järgmist:
• elektrijaama demonteerimine, keskendudes jaama radioaktiivsete osade ja süsteemide demon-
teerimisele;
• tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivate radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemine ja lõplik ladustamine
M/KARJ hoidlasse;
• tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivate tavajäätmete käitlemine ja taaskasutus;
• kasutamine ja sõltumatuteks osadeks lahutamine;
• M/KARJ hoidla sulgemine.
Tegevuse lõpetamise faasis transporditakse ka kasutatud tuumkütus lõplikku ladustamispaika Posiva Oy
kapseldustehases ja tehakse lõppkäitlus. Nende tegevuste mõju kirjeldatakse detailselt vastavalt eelmi-
sele keskkonnamõjude hindamise aruandele, mille teostas Posiva, sealhulgas Posiva 2008. aastal koosta-
tud KMH aruandes.
Variant 0+, VE0+
Variant VE0+ on samasugune nagu VE0, välja arvatud see, et võetakse arvesse võimalust käidelda, paigu-
tada vahelattu ja ladustada lõplikku ladustamispaika väikeseid koguseid mujal Soomes tekkinud radioak-
tiivseid jäätmeid (vt peatükk 2.3.1).
2.4 Projekti ajakava
KMH menetluses käsitletavate projektivõimaluste esialgsed ajakavad on esitatud joonisel 3.
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Joonis 3. Projekti tegevuste esialgne ajakava täpsustub plaanide edenedes.
3. TUUMAELEKTRIJAAMA OHUTUS
3.1 Tuumaohutus ja kiirgusohutus
Tuumaenergiaseaduse järgi peab tuumaelektrijaam olema turvaline ega tohi ohustada inimesi, keskkonda
või materiaalseid varasid. Soomes on tuumaelektrijaamade tuuma- ja kiirgusohutust puudutavate nõuete
aluseks tuumaenergiaseaduses ja määruses sätestatu, mis lähtub Kiirguskaitse ja Tuumaohutuse Ameti
(STUK) väljastatud määrustest.
See peatükk hõlmab kõige olulisemaid kiirgus- ja tuumaohutuse valdkondi ning Loviisa elektrijaamas tuu-
majäätmete käitlemise ohutust, mille aluseks on STUK-i määrus ohutuse kohta tuumaelektrijaamas
(Y/1/2018), määrus hädaolukorra tegevuste kohta tuumaelektrijaamas (Y/2/2018), määrus tuumaenergia
turvalise kasutamise kohta (Y/3/2016) ja määrus tuumajäätmete turvalise ladustamise kohta (Y/4/2018).
Kiirgus ja seire
Radioaktiivseid aineid sisaldavad süsteemid Loviisa tuumaelektrijaamas paiknevad kiirguskontrolli tsoo-
nis. Kinni tuleb pidada spetsiaalsetest ohutusjuhistest, et kaitsta ennast kiirguse eest. Pidev kiirgusdooside
seire on korraldatud personalile, kes töötab kiirguskontrolli tsoonis; kiirguse taset mõõdetakse nii inimes-
tel kui ka esemetel, mis sellest tsoonist väljuvad. Loviisa elektrijaama tavapärase töö korral on personali
kiirgusdoosid piirmääradest oluliselt madalamad. Suurem osa kiirgusdoosist koguneb iga-aastaste seisa-
kute ajal.
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Loviisa elektrijaama radioaktiivset kiirgust jälgitakse elektrijaama kiirgusmõõteseadmetega. Radioaktiivse
kiirguse keskkonda pääsemist jälgitakse vastavalt STUK-i heaks kiidetud keskkonnakiirguse kontrollimise
programmile. Keskkonna kiirguskontrolli aluseks on pidev kiirgustaseme mõõtmine, õhu ja radioaktiivsete
sademete proovid, merevee proovid ja toiduahelast võetud proovid. Loviisa elektrijaam esitab emissioo-
nide aruandeid STUK-ile üks kord kvartalis. Sõltumatu STUK-i kontroll täiendab elektrijaama tehtud kont-
rolli. Konstruktsioonide ja personali kaitsmine kiirguse eest ning emissioonide ja kiirguse toimuvad STUK-i
järelevalve all.
Tuumaelektrijaama tegevusest tingitud elanikkonna akumuleeritud kiirgusdooside piirmäärad on sätesta-
tud tuumaenergeetika määrusega (161/1988, osa 22b). Tuumaelektrijaama tavapärasest tegevusest üksik-
isikule põhjustatud aastase doosi piirmäär on 0,1 mSv (millisiivertit), mis on alla 2% keskmisest aastasest
kiirgusdoosist 5,9 mSv, mida saab inimene Soomes. Viimastel aastatel on Loviisa elektrijaama lähistel ela-
vate inimeste saadud kiirgusdoos olnud ligikaudu 0,2% (umbes 0,00023 mSv) tuumaenergeetika määruses
sätestatud piirmäärast ning vähem kui üks kümnetuhandik tavapärasest kiirgusdoosist, mida inimene Soo-
mes saab keskmiselt teistest allikatest.
Tuumaohutus
Tuumaelektrijaamade ohutust ja neile seatud ohutusnõudeid arendatakse kogemustele tuginedes ja turva-
auditite põhjal pidevalt edasi. Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama ohutuse taseme määravad ära elektrijaama teh-
nilised tööpõhimõtted ja lahendused ning elektrijaama töös hoidva organisatsiooni kompetentsus ja ohu-
tusele keskendunud hoiakud. Süvakaitse põhimõtte kohaselt tagatakse ohutus terve rea järjestikuste ta-
sandite kaudu.
Loviisa elektrijaama tootmisplokkide tehniline tuumaohutus on tagatud turvafunktsioonidega, mille ees-
märgiks on vältida õnnetusjuhtumite teket, hoida ära nende eskaleerumine ja leevendada õnnetusjuhtu-
mite korral nende tagajärgi. Turvafunktsioonid on defineeritud selliselt, et tagada radioaktiivsete ainete
levikutõkete terviklikkus. Neid funktsioone toetavad tugimeetmed, mille operaator käivitab automaatselt.
Tuumaelektrijaama kõige olulisemateks turvafunktsioonideks on:
• reaktiivsuse kontroll, mille eesmärk on peatada reaktoris toimuv ahelreaktsioon;
• jääksoojuse eemaldamine, mille eesmärk on jahutada kütust ning seeläbi tagada kütuse ja pri-
maarsüsteemi terviklikkus;
• radioaktiivsuse leviku vältimine, mille eesmärk on isoleerida väliskest ja tagada selle terviklikkus
ning seeläbi kontrollida õnnetusjuhtumite korral radioaktiivseid emissioone.
Turvasüsteemid tagavad ka kütuse jahutamise reaktoris, kui tavapärased süsteemid pole kättesaadavad.
Kõige olulisem turvasüsteem on primaarsüsteemi boorikanal, hädaolukorra veesüsteem ja hädaolukorra
jahutussüsteem, ohjamispihustite süsteem, hädaolukorra veevõtusüsteem ning diiselgeneraatorid ja auto-
maatsüsteemid, mis toetavad nende tööd.
Tuumaelektrijaam peab olema valmis tõsisemaks õnnetuseks reaktoris. Tõsine õnnetus reaktoris tähendab
õnnetust, mille korral kütus reaktoris saab olulisel määral kannatada. Kuigi sellise õnnetuse tõenäosus on
väga väike, on Loviisa elektrijaam varustatud süsteemidega, mis on mõeldud haldama reaktoris toimuva
tõsise õnnetuse olukorda. Neid süsteeme kasutatakse tagamaks, et elektrijaamast ei pääseks radioaktiiv-
seid aineid välja ulatuses, mis võiks keskkonda tõsiselt kahjustada.
Loviisa elektrijaamas on kogu tema tegutsemisaja jooksul rakendatud mitmeid tuumaohutuse paranda-
mise projekte. Vastavalt heale ohutuskultuurile on turvalisuse parandamise eesmärgiks olnud soov jõuda
võimalikult heale ohutustasemele, samuti vastata STUK-i väljastatud nõuetele. Näiteks on pärast Fukus-
hima õnnetust rakendatud mitmeid ohutust parandavaid muudatusi. Nende muudatuste hulka kuuluvad
merest sõltumatu alternatiivse radiaatori, st õhkjahutusega jahutustornide loomine ning ettevalmistuste
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tegemine merevee kõrge taseme korral, diiselmasinate kütuse kättesaadavusega seotud arendused, kütu-
semahutist jääksoojuse eemaldamise alternatiivse viisi rakendamine, samuti akude salvestusvõimsuse
kasv. Lisaks on ulatuslikke reforme läbi viidud elektrijaama automatiseerimise alal ning vananevaid süs-
teeme ja seadmeid on kaasajastatud.
Vastavalt STUK-i määrusele Y/1/2018 peavad tuumaseadme ohutuse ja selle ohutussüsteemide tehnilised
lahendused olema hinnatud ja tõendatud analüütiliselt ning vajaduse korral ka katseliselt. Tuumaelektri-
jaama tõenäosuslik riskianalüüs (PRA) on analüütiline meetod, millele viidatakse kehtestatud nõuetes.
PRA-d kasutatakse otsustustoena tuumaelektrijaama turvalisusega seotud riskide haldamisel, näiteks kui
hinnatakse võimalust rakendada ohutust parandavaid meetmeid ja nende meetmete vajalikkust. Loviisa
tuumaelektrijaamas on tõenäosusliku riskianalüüsi hinnangu tulemusi rakendatud näiteks eespool maini-
tud ohutust parandavate täienduste määratlemisel.
Vastavalt STUK-i juhisele YVL A.7 peavad tuumaelektrijaama tootmisplokid olema sellised, et reaktori sü-
damiku kahjustumise sageduse keskmine tõenäosus on alla 10 –5/aastas. Joonisel 4 on toodud Loviisa tuu-
maelektrijaama reaktori südamiku märkimisväärse kahjustuse ja kasutatud kütuse mahutites oleva tuum-
kütuse kahjustumise sagedused, mida on hinnatud tõenäosusliku riskianalüüsi meetodiga aastateks 1996–
2019. Viimase 20 aasta jooksul on nende sagedus märkimisväärselt vähenenud ehk teiste sõnadega on
ohutustase tuumaelektrijaamas tänu ohutust parandavatele täiendustele ja meetmetele paranenud, olles
lähedane uutele tuumaenergiaseadmetele kehtestatud tasemele (joonis 4).
Joonis 4. Tuumaelektrijaama reaktori südamiku märkimisväärse kahjustuse ja kasutatud kütuse mahutites oleva tuumkütuse kahjus-
tumise esinemise tõenäosust tootmisplokis Loviisa-1 on hinnatud PRA meetodil. Sinine joon tähistab nõutud taset (10–5/aastas), mida
on uute tuumaenergiaseadmete jaoks välja pakkunud STUK-i juhend YVL A.7.
Valmisolek hädaolukorraks ja turvameetmed
Hädaolukorra valmiduse korraldus on paika pandud, valmistudes õnnetusjuhtumiteks või olukordadeks,
kus tuumaelektrijaama ohutus on saanud kahjustada. Seega viitavad turvameetmed sellisele eelnevale
ettevalmistusele, mis käib ähvarduste või illegaalse tegevuse kohta, mis on suunatud tuumaelektrijaama
või selle tegevuse vastu. Õnnetusjuhtumi tagajärgede leevendamiseks hoiavad elektrijaam ja selle juhid
oma valmisolekut hädaolukorraks, mille sisuks on tsiviilkaitsetegevused kiirgusohu korral. Tuumaenergia-
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alane seadusandlus sätestab nõuded tsiviilkaitse-, pääste- ja hädaolukorra-alasele valmidusele, samuti tur-
vameetmed. Lisaks on STUK väljastanud nende kohta detailsed nõuded YVL-juhises ja STUK-i määrustes
(Y/2/2018 ja Y/3/2016). Hädaolukorraks valmistumise tegevusi planeerides tuleks muu hulgas arvesse
võtta eraldi hädaolukorraks valmistumise juhiseid (VAL-juhised) kiirguskaitse tegevuste jaoks kiirgusohu
olukordades.
Loviisa elektrijaama ohutuse ja kriisireageerimise tiimide käsutuses on vajalikud ruumid, kommunikatsioo-
nikanalid ja varustus. Vastavad tiimid koosnevad spetsiaalse väljaõppe saanud inimestest. Töökirjeldused
ja ülesannete jaotused on hädaolukorraks valmistumise kavas ja turvameetmeid puudutavas kavas juba
ette ära määratud. Lisaks on Loviisa elektrijaamal omaenda päästemeeskond. Nii hädaolukorraks valmis-
tumist kui ka turvameetmeid ning nendega seotud kavasid ja suuniseid hoitakse ajakohastena ja arenda-
takse pidevalt, ning asjaomased inimesed harjutavad tegutsemist regulaarselt.
Jäätmekäitlus
Tuumaelektrijaama töö tekitab nii radioaktiivseid jäätmeid kui ka tavalisi (mitteradioaktiivseid) jäätmeid.
Radioaktiivsete jäätmete käitlemise aluseks on nende jäätmete püsiv eraldamine keskkonnast. Tuumae-
nergiaseaduse (990/1987) alusel tuleb radioaktiivseid jäätmeid käidelda, hoida ja alaliselt ladestada Soo-
mes. Tuumaenergeetika määrus (161/1988) sätestab lisaks, et tuumajäätmeid tuleb Soomes alaliselt lades-
tada pinnasesse või aluspõhja kivimisse. Konkreetsemad nõuded tuumajäätmete lõplikuks ladestamiseks
on sätestatud STUK-i määrusega tuumajäätmete turvalise ladustamise kohta (Y/4/2018) ja STUK-i tuu-
maohutuse juhistes (YVL juhis).
Tuumajäätmete lõplik ladestamine aluspõhja kivimisse lähtub mitme tõkke põhimõttest ehk mitmest üks-
teist kontrollivast vabanemistõkkest, et tuumajäätmed ei jõuaks üldse elukeskkonda ega inimeste
käeulatusse. Aluspõhjakivim ise on üks vabanemistõke. Teiste, tehniliste vabanemistõkete hulka kuuluvad
selline jäätmete koostis, mis radioaktiivseid aineid seob, jäätmete mahuti, jäätmemahutit ümbritsev puh-
ver, viimase prügimahuti täitmine pinnasega ning ladestamiskoha konstruktsioonide sulgemine. Tehnilised
vabanemistõkked koos jäätmete stabiilse seisundiga piiravad radioaktiivsete ainete keskkonda pääsemist
märkimisväärselt mitmesajaks aastaks, isegi mitmeks tuhandeks aastaks, mis kahandab jäätmete radioak-
tiivsuse murdosani algsest.
Tuumajäätmete lõplik ladestamine on kavandatud ja teostatud viisil, mis pikaajalise turvalisuse tagamiseks
ei nõua püsivat valvet lõpliku ladestamise paigas. Soome ja rahvusvaheliste uuringute kohaselt on võimalik
vajalikke radioaktiivsete jäätmete haldamise meetmeid rakendada kontrollitult ja turvalisel moel. Tuumae-
nergeetika määruse kohaselt peab suletud lõpliku ladestamise paigas kiirgusega kõige enam kokku puutu-
vate inimeste aastane doos jääma alla 0,1 mSv ning radiatsiooni ulatuslik mõju peab olema veel märgatavalt
väiksem.
Suurem osa Loviisa elektrijaama töötamise ajal kiirguskontrolli tsoonis tekkivatest jäätmetest on madala
aktiivsusega jäätmed. Need jäätmed koosnevad peamiselt hooldusega seotud jäätmetest (nt isolatsiooni-
materjalid, vanad töörõivad, masinate osad ja plast). Lõplikuks ladustamiseks hooldusega seotud materja-
lid sorteeritakse ja pakendatakse terasvaatidesse. Sisu aktiivsusest lähtuvalt hooldusega seotud jäätmed
kas ladestatakse lõpliku ladestamise alale (M/KARJ hoidlas), mis paikneb 110 meetri sügavusel maa all, või
lastakse tavakontrollist läbi ja käideldakse nagu tavapäraseid jäätmeid.
Vedelad radioaktiivsed jäätmed tekivad elektrijaama töö käigus töö protsessis ja heitveesüsteemist.
Vedeljäätmed on enamasti keskmise aktiivsusega jäätmed. Vedelaid jäätmeid hoitakse enne edasist tööt-
lemist vedeljäätmete mahutites. Tahkestamisjaamas segatakse vedelad radioaktiivsed jäätmed tsemendi,
kõrgahjuräbu ja lisaainetega kõvaks tahkeks aineks, mis läheb lõplikuks ladestamiseks tugevdatud tera-
sest konteinerisse. Tahkestatud vedeljäätmed paigutatakse lõplikuks ladestamiseks M/KARJ hoidlas tah-
kestatud jäätmete halli.
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Pärast elektrijaama töö lõpetamist tegevuse lõpetamise käigus tekkivaid radioaktiivseid jäätmeid käidel-
dakse elektrijaama territooriumil ja need lähevad lõplikuks ladestamiseks spetsiaalselt nende jäätmete
jaoks ehitatud halli M/KARJ hoidlas.
Ettenähtud ajal viiakse Loviisa elektrijaamas tekkinud kasutatud tuumkütus kapseldustehasesse ja lõpliku
ladestamise paika, mida haldab Posiva Oy ning mis asub Soomes, Eurajokis asuvas Olkiluotos, pärast mida
on Posiva vastutav selle kütuse lõpliku ladestamise meetmete eest.
3.2 Elektrijaama vananemise haldamine ja hooldamine
Loviisa elektrijaam on ohutuse ja kättesaadavuse poolest üks paremaid tuumaelektrijaamu maailmas. Ohu-
tuse ja töökindluse mõõtmiseks kasutatud peamised näitajad on kogu elektrijaama tegutsemise aja olnud
head.
Hästi korraldatud ja professionaalne vananemise haldamine ja hooldus on tuumaelektrijaama ohutu ja öko-
noomse toimimise tagamise eeltingimusteks. Sellist eesmärki on võimalik saavutada ohutuse, kättesaada-
vuse, tulemuslikkuse ja tasuvuse pideva parendamisega.
Loviisa elektrijaama süsteemid, struktuurid ja seadmed on tegevuse talunud mitmesuguseid pingeolukordi.
Näidete hulka kuuluvad seadmete töös olemisest tulenev tavapärane kulumine ja konstruktsioonimaterja-
lide väsimine, mis võivad halvendada seadmete terviklikkust ja toimimist. Süsteeme, konstruktsioone ja
seadmeid puudutavad eeskirjad ning muud nõuded võivad elektrijaama käigusoleku ajaga muutuda ja ka-
sutatav tehnoloogia võib edasi areneda, mis tähendab, et süsteemid, konstruktsioonid ja seadmed ei vasta
enam kehtivate nõudmiste tasemele. Nendeks teguriteks – st süsteemide, konstruktsioonide ja seadmete
vananemiseks – on valmistutud juba planeerimise faasis, jälgides ja hooldades süsteemide, konstruktsioo-
nide ja seadmete töövõimet kuni elektrijaama tegevuse lõpetamiseni. Muu hulgas viitab see ka seadmete
katsetamisele, kvaliteedikontrollile ja tavapärastele hooldusmeetmetele. See aitab tagada, et süsteemid,
seadmed ja struktuurid vastavad oma projekteerimistingimustele – teiste sõnadega, et nad täidavad seda
ülesannet, mille täitmiseks jaoks nad loodi. Seadmed vahetatakse välja siis, kui see on vananemisest tingi-
tuna vajalik. See nõuab üksikute seadmete transportimist elektrijaama ja uute seadmete töökorrasoleku
kontrollimist.
Vananemise haldamise programm ja protseduurid hõlmavad tervet Loviisa elektrijaama. Elektrijaama süs-
teemid, seadmed ja konstruktsioonid on vananemise haldamiseks jaotatud kolme kategooriasse. Vanane-
mist hallatakse vastavalt iga kategooria jaoks defineeritud protseduuridele ja ulatusele. Vananemise hal-
damise ülesanne on määratud süsteemiadministraatoritele.
4. KESKKONNAMÕJU HINDAMISE MENETLUS
Soomes on keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse läbiviimise nõude aluseks keskkonnamõju hindamise me-
netluse seadus. Peale selle järgitakse projektis piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise (ehk Espoo) konvent-
siooni (rahvusvaheline arutelu).
4.1 Rahvusvaheline arutelu
Rahvusvahelise koostöö tegemise põhimõtted keskkonnamõju hindamiseks on kirjas ÜRO piiriülese kesk-
konnamõju hindamise konventsioonis (SopS 67/1997, Espoo konventsioon). Espoo konventsioonis on sä-
testatud üldised kohustused korraldada asjaomaste riikide ametivõimudele ja kodanikele arutelu kõikide
selliste projektide korral, millel on tõenäoliselt märkimisväärne kahjulik piiriülene keskkonnamõju. Kesk-
konnamõju hindamise direktiivis on ka projektist teavitamise sätted ning nõue, et teine liikmesriik peab
soovi korral saama menetluses osaleda. Peale keskkonnamõju hindamise direktiivi on avalikkuse osalemise
ja edasikaebamise õigus sätestatud ka direktiivis „Keskkonnainfo kättesaadavuse ja keskkonnaasjade ot-
sustamises üldsuse osalemise ning neis asjus kohtu poole pöördumise konventsioon“ (SopS 121–122/2004,
13
nn Århusi konventsioon). Muu seas on Århusi konventsiooni eesmärkideks võimaldada üldsusel osaleda
keskkonnaalastes otsustustes. Århusi konventsiooni on EL-is jõustatud mitmete direktiividega (sh kesk-
konnamõju hindamise direktiiviga).
Espoo konventsioonis, keskkonnamõju hindamise direktiivis ja Århusi konventsioonis sätestatud arutelu
kohustused on Soomes jõustatud näiteks keskkonnamõju hindamise seaduse ja määrusega. Keskkonna-
mõju hindamise menetlusega seotud rahvusvahelist arutelu koordineeriv asutus on Soomes keskkonnami-
nisteerium. Tema teavitab keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse algatamisest naaberriikide keskkonnaa-
sutusi ja küsib neilt, kas nad tahavad selles osaleda. Teatisele lisatakse keskkonnamõju hindamise kava
kokkuvõte, mis on tõlgitud sihtriigi keelde, ning rootsi või inglise keelde tõlgitud tervikkava. Soome kesk-
konnaministeerium edastab saadud tagasiside keskkonnamõju hindamise kava kohta koostatud avalduses
riigisisesele koordineerimisasutusele (majandus- ja tööhõiveministeerium).
Keskkonnamõju hindamise aruande koostamise etapis korraldatakse samuti rahvusvaheline arutelu neile
osalistele, kes Soome menetluses osalemise soovist teada on andnud.
4.2 Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus Soomes
Euroopa Parlamendi ja nõukogu 13. detsembri 2011. aasta direktiiv teatavate riiklike ja eraprojektide kesk-
konnamõju hindamise kohta (2011/92/EL, KMH direktiiv) on Soomes jõustatud keskkonnamõju hindamise
menetluse seadusega (252/2017) ja valitsuse määrusega keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluse kohta
(KMH määrus, 277/2017). Esimene KMH direktiiv pärineb aastast 1985 (85/337/EMÜ) ning seda on kordu-
valt muudetud (nagu ka KMH seadust ja määrust).
Soome KMH seaduse esimeses lisas on loetletud projektid, mille puhul on keskkonnamõju hindamise me-
netlus kohustuslik. Loetelu punkti 7b kohaselt kohaldatakse KMH seaduse kohast hindamismenetlust tuu-
maelektrijaamadele ja teistele tuumareaktoritele (sh nende demonteerimisele ja sulgemisele). Peale selle
tuleb punkti 7d kohaselt läbi viia keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus ka rajatiste puhul, milles käideldakse
kasutatud tuumkütust või kõrgaktiivseid radioaktiivseid jäätmeid, muu hulgas tuuma- või muude radioak-
tiivsete jäätmete lõplikuks ladustamiseks või kasutatud tuumkütuse, muu tuuma- või radioaktiivsete jäät-
mete pikaajaliseks hoiustamiseks väljaspool tootmiskohta.
KMH eesmärk on soodustada keskkonnamõju hindamist ja selle mõjuga arvestamist võimalikult vara ning
suurendada teabe kättesaadavust ja projekti kavandamises osalemise võimalusi. KMH menetlus toimub
Soomes enne loamenetlust ning selle otstarve on projekti kavandamise ja otsuste tegemise mõjutamine.
Asutus ei või projekti elluviimise luba anda enne, kui on saanud hindamisaruande koos põhjendatud järel-
dusega ja piiriülest mõju puudutava rahvusvahelise arutelu dokumendid.
Keskkonnamõju hindamismenetlusel on kaks etappi. Menetlus algab, kui projekti omanik esitab koordinee-
rimisasutusele keskkonnamõju hindamise kava. Soomes teavitab koordineerimisasutus kava avalikust
esitlusest teisi asutusi ja projekti mõjupiirkonna omavalitsusi. Avalik esitlus kestab 30–60 päeva. Pärast
seda kogub koordineerimisasutus keskkonnamõju hindamise kava kohta saadud avaldused ja arvamused
kokku ning koostab kava kohta enda avalduse. Sellega on KMH menetluse esimene etapp läbi. Samal ajal
toimub rahvusvaheline arutelu.
Tegelik keskkonnamõju hindamine toimub menetluse teises etapis ning selles järgitakse hindamiskava ja
koordineerimisasutuse avaldust selle kohta. Hindamise tulemused koondatakse KMH aruandesse ja esita-
takse koordineerimisasutusele. Koordineerimisasutus teeb hindamisaruande üldsusele kättesaadavaks sa-
mamoodi nagu keskkonnamõju hindamise kavagi (30–60 päevaks). Ka keskkonnamõju hindamise aruande
etapis korraldatakse rahvusvaheline arutelu. Koordineerimisasutus koostab KMH aruande ja selle kohta
14
tehtud avalduste kohta põhjendatud järelduse projekti olulisima keskkonnamõju kohta, millega tuleks järg-
nevas loamenetluses arvestada. Hindamisaruanne ja koordineerimisasutuse põhjendatud järeldus lisa-
takse loataotluse dokumentidele.
Joonisel 5 on näha Soomes toimuva KMH menetluse etapid ja seosed rahvusvahelise aruteluga.
Joonis 5. KMH menetluse etapid.
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4.3 KMH menetluse ajakava
KMH menetluse olulisimad etapid ja orienteeruv ajakava on näidatud joonisel 6.
Joonis 6. KMH menetluse orienteeriv ajakava. Muude suhtlusmeetodite ajakava täpsustatakse KMH aruande etapis.
5. PROJEKTI KESKKONNAMÕJU HINDAMINE
5.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamise kava ülesehitus
Keskkonnamõju hindamise kavasse kuulub alljärgnev:
Kokkuvõte
1. Projekti omaniku ja projekti taust
2. KMH-ga hinnatavad võimalused
3. Projekti kirjeldus
4. Keskkonnamõju hindamise menetlus
5. Praegune keskkonnaseisund
6. Hinnatav mõju ja hindamismeetodid
7. Määramatud aspektid
8. Kahjuliku mõju ennetamine ja leevendamine
9. Mõjuseire
10. Nõutavad kavad, load ja otsused
5.2 Hindamisel kasutatavad aruanded ja muu materjal
Keskkonnamõju hindamise kavas esitatud praeguse keskkonnaseisundi kirjelduses on kasutatud muu hul-
gas järgmisi materjale, mis on samuti mõju hindamise aluseks:
• Soome riikliku maamõõdistamisasutuse geograafiline andmestik;
• Soome keskkonnaameti ja keskkonnainstituudi andmebaasid;
• piirkondlike omavalitsuste ja Loviisa linna maakasutuse planeerimise andmed ning maakasu-
tusplaanides sisalduvad uuringud;
• Soome muinsuskaitseameti kultuurikeskkonna registri portaal;
16
• Soome ornitoloogiaühenduse BirdLife andmed oluliste linnualade (FINIBA ja IBA) kohta ning muud
aruanded piirkondlikult oluliste linnualade kohta;
• Soome geoloogiliste uuringute asutuse uuringuandmed ja andmebaasid;
• Soome transporditaristu ameti liiklustiheduse andmed;
• Soome statistikaameti avaldatud olulised näitajad ja omavalitsuspõhised andmed;
• muud omavalitsuste ja ametivõimude avaldatud andmed;
• erinevad kaardirakendused ja aerofotod;
• varasematest Soomes tehtud tuumaenergia ja tuumajäätmete käitlemise keskkonnamõju hinda-
mistest pärinevad andmed;
• Loviisa elektrijaamaga seotud tähelepanekud, uuringud ja aruanded, milles käsitletakse muu hul-
gas jahutus- ja reovett, toitainekoormust ja merehoovusi, kutselist kalapüüki, elanikkonda, ette-
võtlust ja tööstust, piirkonna liiklust, floorat ja faunat ning radiatsiooni mõõtmist keskkonnas.
KMH aruande jaoks neis materjalides esitatud infot kontrollitakse ja vajaduse korral ajakohastatakse. Ole-
masolevate andmete täiendamiseks on kavandatud järgmised eraldi uuringud:
• kahjulikud ained setetes;
• mere aluspõhja profiilianalüüs;
• jahutusvee mudeldamine;
• piirkonna linnustiku uuring;
• elektrijaama merepiirkonna kalastiku uuring (võrgupüügikatse ja kalavastsete uuring);
• piirkonna majandusele avaldatava mõju hindamine;
• elanikkonna küsitlus ja küsitlused väikestes rühmades;
• õnnetusjuhtumi mudeldamine ja doosi arvutamine.
5.3 Hinnatud mõjud ja nende olulisus
Kavandatud projektide mõju hinnatakse KMH menetluses KMH seaduses ja määruses nõutud viisil ja täp-
susega. KMH seaduse kohaselt hinnatakse KMH menetluses projektiga seotud tegemiste otsest ja kaudset
mõju alljärgnevale:
• elanikkond (tervis, elamistingimused, heaolu);
• muld, pinnas, vesi, õhk, kliima, taimestik, organismid ja elurikkus, eriti kaitsealused liigid ja elupai-
gad;
• kogukonna ülesehitus, materiaalne vara, maastik, linnamaastik ja kultuuripärand;
• loodusvarade kasutamine;
• eelnimetatute vastastikmõju.
KMH määruse § 4 kohaselt peab hindamisaruanne sisaldama projekti ja selle mõistlike variantide olulise
keskkonnamõju kirjeldust ja hinnangut ning eri variantide keskkonnamõju võrdlust. Keskkonnamõju hin-
damisel võrreldakse võimalikku keskkonnamõju siis, kui projekti ellu ei viidaks, ja siis, kui viiakse, ning
nende kahe mõju erinevust. Võrdlemise aluseks on hindamise ajal kättesaadav ja hangitav teave.
5.4 Kõige olulisema keskkonnamõju ja piiriülese mõju hindamine
Projekti keskkonnamõju hindamisel uuritakse kõige olulisimat mõju, mida avaldavad jaama tegevuse jät-
kamine, sulgemiseks ettevalmistamine ja sulgemine. Tegevuse jätkamise keskkonnamõju on praeguse te-
gevuse mõjuga sarnane. Kõige olulisem mõju on elektrijaamast tuleva sooja jahutusvee juhtimine merre
nagu praegu. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab peamiselt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat
ümbrust. Esialgsete planeerimisandmete alusel tekib kõige olulisem keskkonnamõju jaama praeguse olu-
korraga võrreldes tabelis 2 esitatud aladel. Keskkonnamõju tegelik hindamine toimub KMH menetluse tei-
ses etapis ja selle tulemused pannakse kirja KMH aruandesse. Erakorraliste olukordade ja õnnetusjuhtu-
mite mõjust on juttu pärast tabelit.
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Tabel 2. Olulisim esialgselt tuvastatud keskkonnamõju, mida projekti muutmine võib praeguse olukorraga võrreldes avaldada, ja pii-
riülese mõju hinnang.
Kõige olulisem keskkonnamõju Esialgne piiriülese mõju hinnang
Tegevuse jätka- Esialgsete planeerimisandmete alusel oleks muutustega seo- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
mine tud mõju suunatud peamiselt maastikule – uued rajatised.
Veesüsteemidele võivad mõju avaldada vees toimuvad tööd, Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
nagu süvendamine, kaevamine ja uue tammi ehitamine. Vee-
tööd võivad aidata kaasa merre juhitava jahutusvee tempera-
tuuri alandamisele. Jahutusvee mõju on lokaalne ja puudutab
peamiselt jahutusvee merrelaskmise koha lähemat ümbrust.
Ehitustöödega võib kaasneda ajutine müra ja liiklustiheduse Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
suurenemine.
Ettevalmistused Esialgse hinnangu kohaselt on kõige suurem keskkonnamõju Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
sulgemiseks tingitud madal- ja keskaktiivsete radioaktiivsete jäätmete
hoidla kaevetöödest ja õhatud kivimite ajutisest ladustami-
sest ning see avaldub peamiselt mullale, aluspõhjale ja põhja-
veele.
Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla ehita- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
mine võib tekitada ajutiselt müra, vibratsiooni ja tolmu.
Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla ehita- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
mise ajaks võib liiklustihedus ajutiselt suureneda.
Hoonete ja rajatiste autonoomseks tegemiseks vajalike ehi- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
tustööde mõju sarnaneb elektrijaama praeguse tegevuse
omaga. See on peamiselt seotud jäätmekäitluse ja kiirguskait-
sega.
Praeguse tegutsemisega võrreldes võib mõju muutuda kasu- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
tatud tuumkütuse jahutamise tõttu vaheladustamise ajal
(enne autonoomseks tegemist). Mõju veesüsteemidele oleks
jaama praeguse tegevuse mõjust siiski vaid murdosa.
Sulgemine Sulgemise olulisim keskkonnamõju on tingitud radioaktiivse Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
seadmestiku demonteerimisest ning jäätmete käitlemisest,
transpordist ja lõplikust ladustamisest. Olulisim keskkonna-
mõju on töötajate võimalik kokkupuude kiiritusega. Peale selle
võib mõju avaldada tehnoloogiline vesi, mis puhastatakse ja
suunatakse seejärel merre.
Sulgemise mõju piirkonna majandusele on ka oluline keskkon- mis võib hõlmata kogu Soomet. Piiriülest
namõju, mõju ei ole.
Tegevuse lõpetamise projektil võib olla mõju kasvuhoonegaa- Kui süsinikdioksiidi mittetekitava tuu-
side õhku paiskamisele. maenergia kasutamise asemel haka-
takse elektrit tootma millestki muust,
võib see mõjutada Soome kasvuhoone-
gaaside õhku paiskamist. Elektri toot-
mine kuulub EL-i heitkogustega kauple-
mise süsteemi. Konkreetsete jaamade
heitkogused EL-i koguheidet ei mõjuta,
sest heitkogustega kauplemise süstee-
mis on osalejatele määratud teatud
ülempiir.
Sulgemine võib mõjutada ka pinnast ja aluspõhja, põhjavett, Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
õhku, veesüsteeme ja maastikku.
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Sulgemine võib tuua esile inimestele avaldatava mõju, eriti Mõju on kohalik. Inimesed tunnetavad
selle, kui erinevalt inimesed seda kogevad. mõju subjektiivselt ja erinevalt.
Mujal Soomes tek- See tegevus ei erine oluliselt jaama enda jäätmete käitlemi- Mõju on kohalik. Piiriülest mõju ei ole.
kinud radioaktiiv- sest. Kõige tähtsam on korraldada nende jäätmete käitlus
sete jäätmete käit- kestlikult ja vastutustundlikult ning ühiskonna parimates hu-
lemine ja vastuvõtt vides. Fortum ei võta vastu mujal Soomes tekkinud radioak-
Loviisa elektrijaa- tiivseid jäätmeid, mida ei saa kättesaadavaid tehnoloogilisi la-
mas hendusi arvestades ohutult käidelda ega lõplikult ladustada.
Esialgse hinnangu kohaselt on KMH käigus vaadeldavatest variantidest ainsana piiriülene mõju suurel
reaktoriõnnetusel, mille käigus paiskuks õhku radioaktiivset ainet (tegevuse jätkamine, VE1).
Võimalikku piiriülest mõju hinnatakse KMH aruandes levikuarvutuste alusel, millega uuritakse õnnetusjuh-
tumist tingitud heitkoguse leviku mõju jaamast 1000 km kaugusele. Peale selle hinnatakse muid hädaolu-
korra, õnnetuste ja transpordiga seotud võimalikke ohte ning nende piiriülesust.
KMH aruandes on kujuteldava suure reaktoriõnnetuse kirjeldus. Hindamise aluseks võetakse eeldus, et
keskkonda satub tuumaenergia määruse (161/1988) § 22b kohasele suure õnnetuse piirväärtusele vastav
kogus radioaktiivset ainet (100 TBq nukliidi Cs-137). Õnnetusjuhtumi tagajärjel õhku paiskunud heitkoguse
hajumist hinnatakse jaamast 1000 km raadiuses. Heitkogusest tingitud radioaktiivset sadet ja radiatsioo-
nidoosi ning nende mõju keskkonnale kirjeldatakse mudeldamistulemuste ja olemasolevate uurimisand-
mete alusel.
Peale selle esitatakse KMH aruandes muud jaama tegevuse jätkamise ja sulgemisega (sh jäätmekäitlusega)
seotud erakorralised olukorrad ning uuritakse nende keskkonnamõju, võttes aluseks tehtud uuringud ja
nõuded, mille on ametivõimud tuumaelektrijaamadele kehtestanud. Hindamisel esitatakse tuumaõnnetu-
seks valmisoleku lühikirjeldus. Peale selle esitatakse teadaolevad hädaolukorrad ja õnnetused (nt tulekah-
jud või transpordiga seotud ohuolukorrad), millega võib kaasneda kiirgusoht. Teadaolevaid hädaolukordi
ja õnnetusi saab ära hoida ja ohjata tehniliste ja halduslike meetoditega. Neid kirjeldatakse KMH aruandes
üldiselt.
KMH aruandes esitatakse ka projekti muud tavapärased ohud keskkonnale ja inimestele ning nendega seo-
tud võimalikud hädaolukorrad ja õnnetusjuhtumid. Sellised ohud võivad olla kemikaali ja nafta keskkonda
sattumine, mistõttu võib saastuda pinnas ja põhjavesi. Vaadeldakse jaama olemasolevaid ohutus- ja riski-
analüüse, et teha kindlaks võimalikud hädaolukorrad ja õnnetusjuhtumid.
KMH aruandes tehakse kindlaks ka kliimamuutuste tekitatavad riskid (nt mere veetaseme tõus või üleuju-
tused) projekti jaoks ning ettevalmistused nendeks.
KMH aruandes kirjeldatakse kasutatud tuumkütuse transporti Loviisa elektrijaamast Posiva kapseldamis-
jaama ja lõppladustamispaika Eurajokil ning lõpliku ladustamise olulisimaid põhimõtteid. Kasutatud tuum-
kütuse transpordi ja lõpliku ladustamise keskkonnamõju hinnatakse Posiva kapseldamisjaama ja lõppla-
dustamispaiga keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluses. Peamised hindamistulemused lisatakse KMH
aruandesse. Peale selle kasutatakse transpordiga seotud rakendusmeetodit ja riskiaruannet.
5.5 Hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte ja mõjupiirkonna ulatuse ettepanek
Projektiala on Hästholmeni piirkond, kus elektrijaam praegu tegutseb ja kuhu on kavandatud ka projekti-
kohased muudatused. Keskkonnamõju hinnatakse eelkõige projektipiirkonnas ja selle lähistel, aga vaadel-
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dav ala võib olla ka laiem. Keskkonnamõju hindamise alad on määratletud nii, et need hõlmaks maksimaal-
set mõjuala. Tegelikkuses piirdub keskkonnamõju tõenäoliselt vaadeldavast väiksema alaga. KMH aruan-
des esitatakse keskkonnamõju hindamise tulemused ja mõjualad.
Tabelis 3 on hindamismeetodite kokkuvõte mõjuliigiti ja vaadeldavad mõjualad.
Tabel 3. Uuritava keskkonnamõju liikide, hindamismeetodite ja vaadeldava mõjuala kokkuvõte
Komponent Hindamismeetodid Vaadeldav ala
Eksperdihinnang selle kohta, kuidas projekt seostub Projektipiirkonnast kuni
Maakasutus, maaka-
praeguse ja kavandatud maakasutuse ning maakasu- umbes 5 kilomeetri
sutuse planeerimine
tuse planeerimisega. Peale selle hinnatakse tehiskesk- kaugusel.
ja tehiskeskkond
konna objekte ja kaugust nendeni.
Eksperdihinnang projekti seosest lähikonna maasti- Projektipiirkonnast um-
Maastik ja kultuuri-
kuga (eelkõige puhkemajadega) ja maastikuga üldi- bes 5 kilomeetri kaugu-
keskkond
selt. Tehakse kindlaks kultuurikeskkonna objektid. sel.
Arvutuslik hinnang selle kohta, kui palju muudavad Projektialale viivad teed
projektiga kaasnevad muudatused liiklustihendust ja kuni Loviisas asuva põ-
kuidas mõjutab transport liiklusohutust. Hindamisel himaanteeni nr 7. Peale
Liiklus
uuritakse eraldi kasutatud tuumkütuse transportimise selle ka kasutatud
meetodeid ja riske. tuumkütuse transpordi-
teede lähiümbrus.
Eksperdihinnang projekti eri etappidest ning transpor- Projektiala ja selle lä-
dist tingitud müra ja vibratsiooni ning nende keskkon- hiümbrus kuni umbes
Müra ja vibratsioon nas hajumise kohta. 3 km raadiuses ja
transporditeid ümbrit-
sevad alad.
Eksperdihinnang tavapäraselt projekti tulemusena Tavapärane ehitustöö-
õhku paisatavate heitmete kohta. dest, demonteerimisest
ja transpordist ning te-
Õhukvaliteet
gevuse jätkamisest tin-
gitud õhusaaste umbes
1–2 km raadiuses.
Pinnas, aluspõhi ja Kavandatud ehitustööde ja lõpliku ladestamise meet- Projektipiirkond.
põhjavesi mete alusel koostatav eksperdihinnang.
Jahutusvee mudeldamine ja sellele tuginev eksperdi- Projektipiirkonnast um-
hinnang merealale avaldatava mõju kohta. Veesüstee- bes 5 kilomeetri kaugu-
mide, tehnilise vee sissevõtu ning reovee käitlemise ja sel.
Pinnavesi
keskkonda laskmise mõju eksperdihinnang. Peale selle
uuritakse saasteaineid ja tehakse aluspõhja setete
profiilianalüüs.
Kalastiku-uuringute ja pinnavee mõjuhinnangu alusel Projektipiirkonnast um-
Kalad ja kalapüük koostatakse eksperdihinnangud. bes 10 kilomeetri kau-
gusel.
Looduskeskkonnale ja kaitsealadele avaldatava mõju Projektipiirkonnast um-
Taimestik, loomastik eksperdihinnang. Peale selle tehakse KMH käigus lin- bes 10 kilomeetri kau-
ja kaitsealad nustiku-uuring. gusel, keskendudes
peamiselt merealale.
Arvutuslike ja kvalitatiivsete hinnangute alusel koosta- Elektrijaama lähiümb-
Inimeste elamistin-
tav eksperdihinnang muude mõjude (sh piirkondlik rus ja transporditeed.
gimused, heaolu ja
majandus, müra, heitmed, liiklus ja maastik) kohta. Elanike küsitlus viiakse
tervis
läbi 20 km raadiuses.
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Komponent Hindamismeetodid Vaadeldav ala
Peale selle korraldatakse elanikkonna küsitlus ja küsit-
lused väikestes rühmades.
Piirkondliku majanduse uuring, võttes aluseks olemas- Soome.
Piirkondlik majandus oleva olukorra analüüsi ja ressursivoogude mudelda-
mise.
Eksperdihinnang projekti tulemusena õhku ja merre Keskkonna kiirgusseire
sattuvate radioaktiivsete heitmete kohta. Loviisa elekt- umbes 10 km raadiu-
Radioaktiivsete ai-
rijaama lähistel esinevat kiirgust seiratakse kehtiva ses, kiirgusdoosi arvu-
nete õhkupaiska-
seirekava kohaselt ja hindamise aluseks võetakse sei- tamine 100 km raadiu-
mine ja kiirgus
reandmed. Heitkogustest tingitud kiirgusdoose hinna- ses.
takse arvutuslikult.
Eksperdihinnang näiteks õhatud kivimite kasutamise Tuumkütuse toot-
kohta ning tuumkütuse tootmisahela mõju kirjeldus. misahel üldiselt. Muu
Loodusvarade kasu-
kohalik või piirkondlik
tamine
kasutus (nt mineraalne
täitematerjal).
Eksperdihinnang eri etappides liikuvate jäätmevoo- Kasutatud tuumkütus
gude kohta ning nende töötlemise, kõrvaldamisvõima- Loviisa elektrijaamast
Jäätmed ja kõrval- luste ja lõpliku ladustamise kohta. Kasutatud tuumkü- Eurajokisse (sh trans-
saadused tuse lõpliku ladustamise ja transpordi mõju kirjeldami- porditeed). Muud koha-
seks kasutatakse varem koostatud aurandeid (sh Po- likult või piirkondlikult.
siva 2008).
Hõlmab ohutusuuringu peamisi tulemusi ning eksper- Elektrijaama lähiümb-
Madala ja keskmise
dihinnangut elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamise pikaajali- rus.
radioaktiivsusega
sele ohutusele avaldatava mõju kohta ja mujalt Soo-
jäätmete hoidla pi-
mest (v.a Loviisa jaamast) pärinevate radioaktiivsete
kaajaline ohutus
jäätmete kohta.
Energiaturud ja Eksperdihinnang projekti eri variantide korral võima- Soome.
energiavarustus- like muutuste kohta energiaturul.
kindlus
Arvutuslik hinnang süsinikdioksiidi (CO2) õhku paiska- Soome riigi tasandil.
Kliimamuutused
mise kohta ja selle mõju kohta Soome koguheitele.
Sellise kujuteldava suure reaktoriõnnetuse mudelda- 1000 km.
mine, mille tulemusena paisatakse õhku 100 TBq nuk-
Hädaolukorrad ja
liidi Cs-137. Mudeldamise tulemusena saadakse õhku
õnnetusjuhtumid
paisatud radioaktiivse sademe kogus ja kiirgusdoos.
Mõju eksperdihinnang.
Koondmõju eksperdihinnang seoses teiste piirkonnas Projektipiirkonna lä-
tegutsejate ja seotud projektidega. hiümbrus ja projekti-
Koondmõju
dega seotud omavalit-
sused.
Üle Soome piiride ulatuda võiva projektimõju mudel- 1000 km.
Piiriülene mõju
damise ja eraldi uuringute alusel koostatakse hinnang.
5.6 Kahjuliku mõju leevendamine ja seire
Keskkonnamõju hindamise käigus uuritakse ka võimalusi, kuidas projekti võimalikku kahjulikku mõju ka-
vandamise ja teostusmeetoditega ära hoida või leevendada. Kahjuliku mõju ennetamise ja leevendamise
meetodid kantakse KMH aruandesse.
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Mõjuhindamine hõlmab ka seda, kas projektiomanik peaks olemasolevaid keskkonnamõju hindamiseks va-
jalikke seirekavasid ajakohastama. Loviisa elektrijaam seirab mõju ümbritseva mereala seisundile muu hul-
gas kvalitatiivse ja bioloogilise mereseire abil (merepõhja loomastik, fütoplankton, veetaimestik) ning ka
mõju kutselisele ja harrastuskalapüügile. Peale selle seiratakse ulatuslikult keskkonna kiirgustaset.
6. SOOMES PROJEKTI JAOKS NÕUTAVAD LOAD, PLAANID JA OTSUSED
6.1 Tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased litsentsid ja load
Loviisa tuumaelektrijaama reaktoritel on tuumaenergiaseaduse kohased tegevusload vastavalt 2027. ja
2030. aasta lõpuni. Madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete lõppladustamispaiga tegevusluba keh-
tib 2055. aasta lõpuni.
Elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamiseks tuleb reaktoritele hankida uued tegevusload. Jaama reaktorite sulge-
mise jaoks on vaja sulgemisluba. Tegevus- ja sulgemisloa annab valitsus.
Nii elektrijaama tegevuse jätkamise kui ka sulgemise korral oleks madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega
jäätmete hoidlas vaja tegutseda kauem kui selle praegune tegevusluba võimaldab. Seega on selle jaoks
vaja uut tegevusluba. Peale selle ei hõlma madala ja keskmise radioaktiivsusega jäätmete hoidla olema-
solev tegevusluba kõiki kavandatud kasutusviise. Nendega saab uue tegevusloa taotlemisel arvestada.
Teistele autonoomseks tehtavatele jaamaosadele on vaja jaama kommertstegevuse lõppedes tegevus-
luba. Nende tegevusluba aegub sulgemisloa kehtima hakkamise hetkel. Projekti elluviimiseks on vaja ka
teisi tuumaenergiaseaduse kohaseid lubasid.
6.2 Muud load
Kohaliku detailplaneeringu kohaselt on lubatud jaama alal teha muudatusi, ehitada lisarajatisi ja -hooneid
ning jaam sulgeda. Peale selle on projektil vaja maakasutus- ja ehitusseaduse (132/1999) kohaseid lubasid
(nt ehitusluba) ning võib-olla ka keskkonnakaitseseaduse (527/2014) ja veeseaduse (587/2011) kohaseid
lubasid (nt keskkonnaluba ja veeluba).
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