Kiri

edfrom Russiaп 20.51.14.190 с,го 075 l4305-2, l ,4_2006 product code Technical Certificate No. ]Д dated 27 дuцust 20]8 Manufacturer: JSC Cheboks аrч prtlduction Association п, а. V.l, Chanaev product Саrtrid qе гп - l0 Design alion ПН. 'l1з84'l ,0|2 Batch No.5-08.1 8 (Dart two) Batch size 2.986 pcs Dala оп the certificate - (cedi{icate No , period otlalldtly and býuins authorny) Basis of mапufасtuге uп der contract Nо.J3 8 7i8 l dated 27. l 2.20 ] 7 (сопiгасt No and dale. gllaranlee lelleT eic,) The batch was manufactured according Ьу pIocess I.Iо,82}LЦ with amendments q!д adopted in accordance with the mandatory requirements of the valid technical documentation Assembly drawing Nо.ПН. ?7з 847.0 | 2 let. (-) with amendments No.(-)) Specifi.utions Шо]4Еsrццц>Jqqt__jQ!Цr]Э l Iе!з.,, w,ith amendments No.q!l2 and acknowledged ready fоr intended use. The service life ofthe cartridges as part ofrhe gепеrаtоr iS l0 уеаrs, including in the manufacturer's package l уеаr in heated and unheated stогаgе facilitiei and ialculated uроп acceptance оfа batch ofcartridges Ьу the manufacturer's QCD. The batch is packed according to the requirements ofthe technical documentation and sealed with seals with imprints: QcD Additional data: witness samoles in the пчmьеr of 24 Dieces wеrе tested. REPORTNo.108l dated lбj&20l8. No.570 dated l4.08.20l8. No.107l dated l3.08.20l8, No.1069 dated l0.08.20l8. tчо, ю6.s dated oqJB.zo l8. t lo. tооц dated oq.OB.zo t В. No. loso dated 07.08.20l 8. No. l05 l dated 06.98.20l 8 2Iockups inlhe пчrпЬеr of 24 nieces wеrе tested. Rероrt No. l084 dated l6.08, 20l8. No.10 l 3 dated 24.07.20l8. No,lъrr;Бddаtеd l4J82018. No.i072 dated |].08.2018. No.1070 dated |0.08.2018. No.1063 dated 09.08.20l8. No.1059 dated 08.08.20l8. No.1055 dated 07.08,2018 Actitrg Director of Manufacture of SpeciaI Products ,/sig1,1ature,/ M.Sh. BiktTeyev Head of Quality Сопtrоl Department signature1 N.E. Mikhailov Hcad оr Industrial Productio1,1 /Signaturei R.V. Safin Дсtiпg Fоrеmап of Quality Control Department, Industrial Рrоduсtiоп, Quality Control /signature/ A,G,Vasyayeva * Cheboksary * Chuvash Republic * Sca/, iJoinгStock СоmрапУ Cheboksary Production Association п.а, V.l. Chapaev Russian Federation * |NN 'r oGRN/  REPORT No,108l dated lб.08.20l8 of verification of а witness sample frоm compound 51-35-1 fог compliance with the requirements ofTU 4854- t 0-5399004З-Ot Batch No.1 8(8) Date of issue l6.08. 1 8 Number in the batch Number ог sarn les 3 No. l Раrапlеtеr Value 1 Diameter, mm 10:70l. 70 1 Height, mnl 31.1;31.2;31.3 _1 Weight, g 2l0; 2l0;2l0 4 Marking 5 Арреаrапсе, coating enamel ЭП-51 6 combustion time, s 26:28 29 7 Time ofextinguishing sources Ьу upon commencement оf sample operation height, s 1\.71.)7 - lоwеr l5;'l6; l4 - middle 10l 9; 8 - чрреr 8 Gепеrаl finding on compIiance with nrplies w,ith technical requirements U 4854_10_5з990043-0l Test was реrfоrmеd Ьу /signature / М. Isakov/.ýtaиp: /PERSONAL-l7/ Quality Сопtrоl Department isignature/ /Andreyev/ Slаир. i PERSONAL- l 7/ ,  REPORT No.570 dated l4.08.20l8 of verification of а witness sample frоm соmроuпd 51-35-1 for compliance lt,ith the requiremcnts of TU 4854- l0-5З99004З-0l Batch No.18(7) Date оГ issue l4.08.18 Nчmьеr in the batch Numьеr ог sarn les 3 No parameter I Value l Diameter. mm 70; 70l 70 1 Hcight. mm 31.3:31.4:31.3 Weight. g 2l0;2l0;2l0 .l lVаrkiпg Арреаrапсе. coating епапlеl ЭГI-5 l 6 combustion time. s 39l 40l 40 7 Time оf extinguishing sources Ьу upon commencement of sample operation height, s - lorver )7.)а. 1п - middle |9l22;2З - чрреr l5; 14; lб tl Gепеrаl finding on compliance with complies with technical requirements. TIJ 4854- l 0_5з99004з_01 Test was реrfогmеd Ьу /signature / M.|sakov/ ýаlир: /PERSONAL- l2i Quality Control Depaпment /signature/ /D.Andreyev l Stamp : /PERSONAL-1 2/  REPORT No.107l of чеrifiсаtiоп *,1ili3,'"';T;'?l:,n ."-no,nd 5l_з5_1 "" fоr соmрliапсе with the requirements ofTU 4854- l0_5з990043_0l Batch No.18 (6) Date оf issue l3,08,l8 Number in the batch Nчmьеr ог sam les 3 No раrаmеtеr Value ] Diameter. mm 70:70:70 1 IIei ht, mm 1.6; 3l,5; 31.55 J Wei t. l0; 2l0; 2l0 4 Маrkiп 5 еаrапсе. coatln паmеl ЭП-5l (l ombustion time. s 7:45:46 1 Time оf extinguishing sources Ьу upon commencernent оf sample operation height, s lower 9; 30: 3l ,7, 1).)д - middle -u еr ý. ]1. 1,) lt Gепеrаl finding оп compliance rvith omplies with echnical чlгеmепts U 4854_10-5з990043_0l Test was реrfоrmеd Ьу /signature / М. Isakovi Slсtпр,. /PERSONAL- l 2/ Quality Control Dерапmепt /signaturei /D. Andreyevl Stamp. /PERSONAL-l2/ l, undersigned сеrtфеd trans!ator ДIеЬапdr д!еksuпdrочiсh l|lor\lnenko, _the fluепt iп borh Russiап апс! Епglish luпgttages, сопfirпl lhul lhe above is а lruе, accurale, qпd сопрIе!е lranslalion o|lhe aп;ched dосцпепl, Я, duпlо.чuровонный перевоdчuк Морпыненко Д:tексанdр Д.tексахdровчч, ещdеюцuй pl,ggylL|r ч цн?I1,1iскц|l языксд|lu, поdпверхdаю, чmо выполненньtй мною перевоо прlulоэtсенноео dоiу,uенпq яФlяеmся правlхlьньlм, mочньlм ч поjlным. ТrапS|аtоr Аlеksапdr Aleksandrovich Martynenko Перево,lчик Мартыненко АJександр Алексанлрович z-- I hеrеЬ),сопfirm the signature ofthe tranSlator А. А. Martynenko Полпись переводчика А.А. Мартыненко подтверждаю Епtrерrепечr V.C. Сhерurпоу Пре.лприниматель В.Г. Чепурной SeaI Sain( Petersbur8 i ТSепtrаlпу District * certificate No, 604 daled l4,08.200l + VosStaniya-6 Translation Agency * Individual Епtrерrепечг v,c. Сhерurпоу 29 10 2018  J 9 l о \ Тi,апs lated.from Russ iап Fire extinguishing aerosol The fiге extinguishing aerosol is а derivative of the combustion of special aerosol-forming (pyrotechnic) compounds, consisting of fine particles of alkali rrretal salts, having а developed surface, having а firе extinguishing effect on the seat оffirе. The tеrm "aerosol firе extinguishing" means one оГ the widely used чоlumеtгiс methods of suppгessing seats оГfirе, in lr,hich ап епчiгопmепt that does not Suppon the combustion рrосеss (ап oxidation chain reaction) is created in the епtirе volurne оГthе рrоtесtеd premises оr object, The combustion products of the pyrotechnic canridge of а special аеrоsоl_Гоrmiпg fire-extinguishing composition (ДFС), the combustion of which results in а mixture of inert gases and condensed (solid) particles of predominantly alkali апd/оr alkaline еаrth metals (Са, К, Na) of miсrоп sizes (1-3 pm), having а developed surface and being а strongest inhibitor (dесеlеrаtоr) оf chain oxidation reactions оссurriпg in the flame zone of combustion аrе an extinguishing substance. The mechanism of extinguishing Ьу the firе extinguishing aerosol consists in inhibiting (slowing down and decelerating) the chemical reaction of combustion in the flаmе zone due to the intensive mixing of the active pafticles of the wаrm аеrоsоl with аir oxygen molecules participating and rеаdу to pafticipate in the oxidation reaction. In this case, the heat release in the seat of firе gradually decreases and, as а consequence, the bulk temperature оf the gas medium in the rооm decreases as wel1. The fir extinguishing аеrоsоl in а warm active phase is able to Ье suspended iп the space (rооm) to Ье protected fог 30 - 40 minutes, during which time it will continue to inhibit the combustion zone and to contain possible seats of tlге. l'he flге extinguishing аегоsоl _has а high firе extinguishing ability with а rTinimutт specitlc consumption 150 g/ml). has а tolerable level of humап toxicity, is environmentally safe, has а moderate соrrоsiче activity and is easily disposed of, especially in the active phase (ventilation). The firе extinguishing aerosols significantly surpass all firе extinguishing agents of volumetric firе extinguishing currently used in tеrms of fire extinguishing ability and main technical and economic indicatoгs, The mechanism of action of the firе extinguishing аеrоsоl is in rпапу ways similar to the rnechanism of action of firе extinguishing powders based оп alkali metals, but its higher efficiency is accounted fоr Ьу the grеаtеr dispersion оГрапiсlеs.' lower firе extinguishing сопсепtrаtiоп, long inhibitory action, and ease оf rernoval after the installations аrе activated. Extinguishing with aerosols is реrfоrmеd volumetrically and recommended to Ье used in case of firеs of class "А" (subclass "А2 "), class "В" and class "Е", including electrical installations under the voltage up to l0,000V. Тhе рrеdоmiпапt and eГficient sphere оГ application: poll,er plants, electrical equipment, transformers, sъ,itchboards and distributors. cable tunnels and gаllегiеs, luggage compartments оf саrs, engine rооms of ships, rooms with flammable and combustible substances, hangars, parking lots, warehouses Гоr ruЬЬеr and ruЬЬеr products, polymers and plastics, extinguishing of ореп combustion to rеdчсе thermal radiation and ensure the safe operation of personnel of fire brigades in the supply of basic fire extinguishing agents, The negative aspects of the firе extinguishing aerosol and extinguishing agents based оп it:  l - inefficient in extinguishing fiЬrочs, loose, porous and other combustible mateгials рrопе to spontaneous combustion and (оr) decay inside the lауеr (volume) оf the substance (sawdust, cotton, grass meal, cellulose, etc.), only containlnent рriоr to the supply of water оr foam; - most аеrоSоl extinguishing agents have tеmреrаturе fields limiting their use and installation; - а high loss of visibility at the place where the firе extinguishing aerosol is used; - а sufficiently high corosion activity for contact grочрs of low-voltage connections and low-current control svstems. I, the uпdеrsigпеd certiJied translalor Aleksaпdr Aleksaпdrovich Маrlупепkо, ,fluепl iп both Russiап апd English laпguages, сопtirm that the аЬоче is а lrue, accurale, апd сопрlеlе trапslаliоп of the attoched dосuпепl. Я, duwtомuрованный перевоdчuк MapmbtHeHKo Д:tексаttdр Алексанdровuч, влаdеюtцuit русскчu u altz,luйcKt;+t язьtкслuu, поdmверэrdаю, чtпо вьtполлtеttttьtй мtlою перевоd прлulоэtенно?о dокуlwенmа я в l яе mс я п ра в ll|l ь н bl,|r, lп о ч l t b|.|t u п о.1 l l bl -|l. Тгапslаtоr Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Martynenko Переводчик Мартыненко Алексанлр Алексанttрович 2 I hеrеЬу сопfirm the signature of the translator А. А. Martynenko Подttись переводчика А,А. Мартыненко подтверждаю Епtrерrепечr V.G. Chepumoy Предприниматель Vл В.Г. Чепурной /у ,Bool] \.,./ Sea l \ J:.== Saint Petersburg * Tsentralny District + Сепifiсаtе No. 604 dated l4.08.200l * Vosstaniya-6 Translation Аgепсу * Individual Епtrерrепеur V.G. Сhерurпоу 2 9, 10. 201в ll 9gi ard dai€ п ý ]} l, lE ýj ý L ý i l_ bl @ l lb @ Ф ý \l \о ý ý Ё l ь ь I rл ш flllll llll llш ч I ot ý ý ý iа ё ё I а Б в 3 ; Sf, l'l&lд!П ý. Фвй р Е qб ll llll ,л ]l F ý 8 в g ýF ýS лз 9з й ýlf \ ФФ 5 зо) iб аа лчх ýЁ о l +S ч9 чэ |, F l йS е и; и lý lЁ 5 р 8 ý 8 lý ý Е 1qi ýа л1 ь(Б ] ýв ý йъ а ; ý }. с dý Rц ý ;ý Rя ý l ý ,]i ý 9 ý * а ý ý Ё ý = f Е  FS) ýq ёЁ хФ- ч(а зý \ оý l,- € ;) с) з Ф lD о cD q) ý сгD (Е сtrD э - - ý ý i i l i Еа е s Е, ? J Ф Ф ь @ л], в,Б .-б-t ]ё ) а о(о 8 Q1 й, гti S, и Ф ý tч оь +. ,<Ф ý 8Е ý ý ý ý ý  l19 в 1l0. l_ bl l lb ý ý Ё ь t t8 ь i I d, а ý Ёl Ё ч { * S ь {еФ ý ý а, в 8 lll |, ý tл 6 Ф ý ý S ý ý в ý ý Ё й р ý ý ý а и ,..l ".li t (ý ý ý. ý ý ý ý ý g I г Sa лЦ) Ёý и, =. =..= ё: -. \* хо) ,ь хQ 3ý ( |-- € ;) о (- Ф о cD ч :S (гD ._,(. Ф (trD -r- - с) а Ё ý I iii l ý q t s s *q а д R Ё Ф Ф ll ь лI .-6-- в,а _ý(ь a J) ý & U1 й, ч:!. гi S и ,.i Ф ь!о о}, ý +t -<Ф ý ;* ý ý ý ý l l  l19 11 ý l.* l- bl lb _t i ý ý ь t т! t ? ь I k { 9 { * ýý d {е d 8 ý ý в р а ý а i, ч 8 э Il 8 ý * ý ý ý й f ý е \l: ý и аS- ,-l ý - +. ý ý ý е ý ý ý  N ý э о bl l- о о о о l lb Ф о Ф ý ý 92.з ь ь ь I :: (л ý t ý 2, fi l $ D а I { & ч 9 tЕ ] 25 S ý ý й Ё d l ll й. ý Б з Б о Ф о Ё s ý о l .ý ё и сь (л :ý ч в S н Ф GD о г..] о }- ý ё ý Ф о ;- э d eD ý .]i ý |ý в i, ý ý ii ё ý _Ё i l1 Е Ё г ь ý ь ь I Ф (э Ф ! 1 ц ý ;i {{ ?9 ý-ýý f ;1 ýе"ý € ý ýё Е ý в ýв ! вý Jý ё: l i ýýý в ý. а с) й о ý Б и) g ý ,: ý й ý -.li \ ý ý ý 8 Ё Ф ý I I Сору /nv Nо ] ýол a.ddalo ба N l l l ý iýi- i l а а q {q * ? в ý ып ча ra аа з Ёй а I ; ýS ý6 ý йБ ч d, а с) (д) Б, { J], t }Ll, \ (a s ý ý \ 6 ý ý 6 -lЁ ý Е l ;- ý ý  а а \ fl { { ý t S ý g а в ý ý с ч 8 чв lll 9 ý l в Ф ý ý з Ё ý п Ф ý :э tý Ф о ý 1 S о ьý ý ý ё, ý ý t Е ý r € ý I о I I i l I I , ] I I Е ! 8 з Е 9 I i l_ f I I I {. l, l р ё }ý l i ýý dъ I I sý I I l l ý; i * 8ч I й в й. ý ý Ё и ý 1 ý s ý ý Е й ý ъ ý 8 ý ý ё, е F * l !L a Б а ;n aЕ ].; ý' а ý ,r т i я ЕФ t '. g> t .i Y. 9 a а }g ý l l } 9 ! :< ý- ý i. L дij 2 tl t t 5 l * \ : 9а р о ! ) 1 W ý , _; ia ý ; Е s a i Е i t s l ý l ý Ё i - : t i Е _l Е fr ПІДТВЕРДЖУВАЛЬНЕ ПОВІДОМЛЕННЯ Наказом Міністерства економічного розвитку і торгівлі України від 30.12.2014 № 1494 CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 en: Fixed firefighting systems - Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components прийнято як національний стандарт методом підтвердження за позначенням ДСТУ CEN/TR 15276-1:2014 uk: Стаціонарні системи пожежогасіння. Системи аерозольного пожежогасіння. Частина 1. Вимоги до компонентів та методи їх випробувань (CEN/TR 15276-1:2009, IDT) З наданням чинності від 2016-01-01 TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 15276-1 RAPPORT TECHNIQUE TECHNISCHER BERICHT January 2009 ICS 13.220.20 English Version Fixed firefighting systems - Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems - Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components Installations fixes de lutte contre I'incendie - Systemes Ortsfeste Brandbekampfungsanlagen - Loschanlagen fur d'extinction a aerosol - Partie 1 : Exigences et methodes kondensierte Aerosole - Teil 1: Anforderungen und d'essais pour les elements constitutifs Priifverfahren fur Bauteile This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 9 September 2008. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 191. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION СОМ1ТЁ EU R O PE EN DE N O RM A LISA TIO N EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FUR NORMUNG Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15276-1:2009: E worldwide for CEN national Members. C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) C o n te n ts Page Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................5 1 S cope............................................................................................................................................................. 6 2 Normative references..................................................................................................................................6 3 Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................................7 4 Component requirements.......................................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Condensed aerosol generator................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Solid aerosol-forming compound.............................................................................................................9 4.3 Cooling mechanism..................................................................................................................................... 9 4.4 Ignition device.............................................................................................................................................. 9 4.4.1 General........................................................................................................................................................... 9 4.4.2 Electrical ignition device.............................................................................................................................9 4.4.3 Thermal ignition device...............................................................................................................................9 4.4.4 Other methods of ignition device..............................................................................................................9 4.5 End plate and housing.............................................................................................................................10 4.6 Extinguishants.......................................................................................................................................... 10 5 Condensed aerosol generators requirements.....................................................................................10 5.1 General........................................................................................................................................................10 5.2 Extinguishing factor.................................................................................................................................10 5.3 Agent distribution..................................................................................................................................... 10 5.4 Discharge tim e.......................................................................................................................................... 10 5.5 Ambient temperature and humidity operation ranges....................................................................... 10 5.6 Service life..................................................................................................................................................10 5.7 Shelf life and storage conditions...........................................................................................................11 5.8 Corrosion....................................................................................................................................................11 5.9 Vibration.....................................................................................................................................................11 5.10 Mechanical shock..................................................................................................................................... 11 5.11 Discharge temperature.............................................................................................................................11 5.11.1 General........................................................................................................................................................11 5.11.2 Casing temperature..................................................................................................................................11 5.11.3 Aerosol flow tem perature....................................................................................................................... 11 5.12 Ignition device........................................................................................................................................... 11 5.12.1 General........................................................................................................................................................11 5.12.2 Electrical ignition device......................................................................................................................... 11 5.12.3 Thermal ignition device........................................................................................................................... 12 5.13 Function reliability.................................................................................................................................... 12 5.14 Open fire conditions.................................................................................................................................12 5.15 Accessories............................................................................................................................................... 12 5.16 Documentation.......................................................................................................................................... 12 6 M arking....................................................................................................................................................... 12 7 Test methods............................................................................................................................................. 13 7.1 Conditions..................................................................................................................................................13 7.2 Sam ples......................................................................................................................................................13 7.3 Conformity..................................................................................................................................................14 7.4 Extinguishing factor determination...................................................................................................... 14 7.5 Coverage determination.......................................................................................................................... 14 7.6 Discharge time test...................................................................................................................................14 7.7 Temperature and humidity operation range tests.............................................................................. 15 2  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 7.7.1 Object of the te s t....................................................................................................................................... 15 7.7.2 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 15 7.7.3 Low temperature T es t...............................................................................................................................15 7.8 Accelerated ageing te s t........................................................................................................................... 15 7.8.1 Test tim e......................................................................................................................................................15 7.8.2 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 16 7.9 Corrosion te s t............................................................................................................................................ 16 7.10 Stress corrosion test.................................................................................................................................17 7.11 Vibration test.............................................................................................................................................. 17 7.12 Impact test...................................................................................................................................................18 7.12.1 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 18 7.12.2 Test apparatus........................................................................................................................................... 18 7.13 Drop test......................................................................................................................................................20 7.13.1 Impact surface........................................................................................................................................... 20 7.13.2 Procedure....................................................................................................................................................20 7.13.3 Requirements............................................................................................................................................. 20 7.14 Casing and aerosol flow temperatures test..........................................................................................20 7.14.1 Casing temperature te s t.......................................................................................................................... 20 7.14.2 Aerosol flow temperature test................................................................................................................. 20 7.15 Ignition performance te s t........................................................................................................................ 20 7.16 Function test...............................................................................................................................................20 7.16.1 Discharge tim e........................................................................................................................................... 21 7.16.2 Aerosol flow temperatures...................................................................................................................... 21 7.16.3 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 21 7.16.4 Casing temperature te s t.......................................................................................................................... 21 7.16.5 Discharged mass....................................................................................................................................... 21 7.16.6 Explosive atmosphere actuation test.................................................................................................... 21 7.16.7 Requirements............................................................................................................................................. 22 7.17 Heat exposure te s t....................................................................................................................................22 7.17.1 Object of the te s t....................................................................................................................................... 22 7.17.2 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 22 7.17.3 Requirements............................................................................................................................................. 22 7.18 Explosive atmosphere test...................................................................................................................... 22 7.18.1 Object of the test........................................................................................................................................22 7.18.2 Test procedure........................................................................................................................................... 23 7.18.3 Requirements............................................................................................................................................. 23 Annex A (normative) Extinguishing factor/coverage test procedure............................................................ 24 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................. 47 3 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15276-1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191 “Fixed firefighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This document has the general title Fixed fire-fighting systems - Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems and will consist of the following parts: — Part 1: Requirements and test methods for components; — Part 2: Design, installation and maintenance. 4  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Introduction It has been assumed in the preparation of this document that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people in the specification, design, installation, testing, approval, inspection, operation and maintenance of systems and equipment, for whose guidance it has been prepared, and who can be expected to exercise a duty of care to avoid unnecessary release of extinguishant. Product certification: Users of this document are advised to consider the desirability of independent certification of product conformity with this document based on testing and continuing surveillance, which may be coupled with assessment of manufacturer quality systems against EN ISO 9001. Fire-fighting systems covered in this document are designed to provide a supply of fixed condensed aerosol extinguishing medium to extinguish fire. The requirements of this document are made in the light of the best technical data known to the working group at the time of writing but, since a wide field is covered, it has been impracticable to consider every possible factor or circumstance that might affect implementation of the requirements. It is important that the fire protection of a building or plant be considered as a whole. Aerosol extinguishant systems form only a part, though an important part, of the available facilities, but it should not be assumed that their adoption necessarily removes the need to consider supplementary measures, such as the provision of portable fire extinguishers or other mobile appliances for first aid or emergency use, or to deal with special hazards. Aerosol extinguishants have been recognized as effective media for the extinction of Class A fires (solid surface burning fires) and Class В and Class С fires according to EN 2, but it should not be forgotten, in the planning of comprehensive schemes, that there may be hazards for which these mediums are not suitable, or that in certain circumstances or situations there may be dangers in their use requiring special precautions. Advice on these matters can be obtained from the appropriate manufacturer of the aerosol generators or the extinguishing system. Information may also be sought from the appropriate fire authority, the health and safety authorities and insurers. In addition, reference should be made as necessary to other national standards and statutory regulations. It is essential that fire-fighting equipment be carefully maintained to ensure instant readiness when required. Routine maintenance is liable to be overlooked or given insufficient attention by the owner of the system. It is, however, neglected at peril to the lives of occupants of the premises and at the risk of crippling financial loss. The importance of maintenance cannot be too highly emphasised. Condensed aerosol may contain traces of toxic substances like those produced by a fire, and will obscure vision like smoke from fire. 5 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 1 Scope This document specifies requirements, describes test methods for condensed aerosol extinguishing components and covers solely condensed aerosols. This document is not intended to indicate approval of the extinguishants listed herein by the appropriate authorities, as other extinguishants may be equally acceptable. This document is intended as a standard covering solely condensed aerosol. The condensed aerosol generator typically consists of the following main components: a) solid aerosol-forming compound; b) cooling mechanism; c) ignition device(s); d) end plate discharge outlet(s); e) housing; f) mounting bracket. This document does not cover dispersed aerosols. This document requires, as a precaution, that the room is evacuated and sealed off whenever a generator is activated. Precautions include evacuation of the proximity area, criteria for re-entering and other safeguards as stated in Clause 5 of CEN/TR 15276-2:2009. 2 Norm ative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 316, Wood fibre boards - Definition, classification and symbols EN 622 (all parts,), Fibreboards - Specifications EN 60068-2-6, Environmental testing - Part 2-6: Tests - Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal) (IEC 60068-2-6:2007) EN 60068-2-30, Environmental testing - Part 2-30: Tests - Test Db: Damp Heat, cyclic (12 h + 12 h cycle) (IEC 60068-2-30:2005) ISO 209, Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Chemical composition ISO 5660-1, Reaction-to-fire tests - Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate - Part 1: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method) 6  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 3 Term s and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 authority organisation, office or individual responsible for approving equipment, installations or procedures in determining acceptability NOTE The authority may base acceptance on conformity to the appropriate standards. 3.2 clearance 3.2.1 electrical clearance unobstructed air distance between extinguishing system equipment and unenclosed or uninsulated live electrical components not at ground potential 3.2.2 thermal clearance air distance between a condensed aerosol generator and any structure or components sensitive to the temperature developed by the generator 3.3 condensed aerosol extinguishing medium consisting of finely divided solid particles and gaseous matter, these being generated by a combustion process of a solid aerosol-forming compound 3.4 condensed aerosol generator non-pressurised device which, when activated, generates an aerosol. It includes the mounting brackets 3.5 design factor extinguishing factor multiplied by the safety factor, required for system design purposes NOTE 1 The design factor is expressed in grams per cubic metre. NOTE 2 Extinguishing factor and design factor have been introduced as an alternative to extinguishing concentration and design concentration respectively as concentration of the actual aerosol cannot be measured or even assessed in some cases (the discharged medium, apart from the condensed aerosol, may contain products of the thermal decomposition of a chemical coolant). 3.6 discharge time time from the generator activation to the end of its discharge 3.7 extinguishing application density minimum mass of a specific aerosol-forming compound per cubic metre of enclosure volume required to extinguish fire involving a specific fuel under defined experimental conditions, excluding any safety factors NOTE The extinguishing factor is expressed in grams per cubic metre. 3.8 family group of generators with same solid compound, same kind of cooling device, same kind of discharge outlet, same ignition device, same layout and same internal/external architecture 7 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 3.9 ignition device any device which is able to ignite the solid aerosol-forming compound 3.10 listing authority recognized fire protection testing and approval body (notified laboratory) 3.11 maintenance thorough check to give maximum assurance that the extinguishing system will operate as intended NOTE It includes a thorough examination and any necessary repair or replacement of system components. 3.12 manufacturer legal person that is responsible for the design, manufacturing, packaging and quality assurance of a device before it is placed on the market 3.13 monitoring supervision of the operating integrity of an electrical, mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic control feature of a system 3.14 protected volume volume enclosed by the building elements around the protected enclosure, minus the volume of any permanent impermeable building element within the enclosure 3.15 release physical discharge or emission of an aerosol as a consequence of the generator actuation 3.16 safety factor multiplier of the extinguishing factor to determine the design factor 3.17 solid aerosol-forming compound mixture of oxidant, combustible component and technical admixtures producing fire extinguishing aerosol upon ignition 3.18 supplier legal person that is responsible for the product and is able to ensure that its quality is ensured 3.19 thermal ignition device device which automatically operates at a rated temperature and is arranged for the ignition of the solid aerosol-forming compound 3.20 test house establishment having all relevant test equipment to carry out the required tests 8  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 4 Com ponent requirem ents 4.1 Condensed aerosol generator The condensed aerosol generator typically consists of the following main components: a) solid aerosol-forming compound; b) cooling mechanism; c) ignition device(s); d) end plate discharge outlet(s); e) housing; f) mounting bracket. The generator is a non-pressurised canister, because aerosol is generated and distributed by the combustion process of the solid aerosol-forming compound. 4.2 Solid aerosol-forming compound Upon actuation of the condensed aerosol generator, the solid aerosol-forming compound shall undergo the combustion reaction producing a fire extinguishing aerosol. 4.3 Cooling mechanism The cooling mechanism shall provide an adequate cooling of the hot aerosol prior to its discharge into the enclosure. 4.4 Ignition device 4.4.1 General The ignition device is arranged to initiate the aerosol-forming compound. If the ignition device is a complex device incorporating several components, all such components shall be specified by the manufacturer. 4.4.2 Electrical ignition device The electrical ignition device shall be capable of operating via an electrical input and arranged to initiate the aerosol-forming compound. 4.4.3 Thermal ignition device The thermal ignition device shall be capable of operating at a rated temperature and arranged to initiate the aerosol-forming compound. 4.4.4 Other methods of ignition device Methods capable to ignite the aerosol-forming compound, other than 4.4.2 and 4.4.3, shall be specified. 9 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 4.5 End plate and housing The outer case and all parts inside the generator shall be made of corrosion-resistant material or shall be suitably treated to resist corrosion. The manufacturer shall ensure that the materials of construction are also compatible with the solid aerosol-forming compound and the cooling device so that corrosion or chemical action does not occur. Materials for non-metallic components that are exposed to ultraviolet light shall be UV-stabilised. 4.6 E xtinguishants The extinguishants referred to in this document are electrically non-conductive media. 5 Condensed aerosol generators requirem ents 5.1 G eneral The test samples shall conform to the technical description (drawings, parts list, description of function, operating instructions) as stated by the manufacturer (see 5.16 and 7.3). The manufacturer shall specify the minimum distance from the generator outlet to the first obstacle. The manufacturer shall specify the minimum and maximum mass of aerosol compound discharged from the generator 5.2 E xtinguishing factor The extinguishing factor for specific fuels under different classes of fires shall be determined by test using the fire test protocol described in Annex A. 5.3 A g e n t distribution The maximum area coverage and the related maximum and minimum height of the protected enclosure for each aerosol generator unit size shall be determined by test using the fire test protocol described in 7.5. 5.4 D ischarge tim e The discharge time required to achieve 95 % of the minimum design application density shall be specified by the manufacturer and shall not exceed 90 s when tested in accordance with 7.6. 5.5 A m b ien t tem perature and hum idity operation ranges Condensed aerosol generators shall operate at ambient temperatures as specified by the manufacturer and as a minimum requirement from - 20 °С to + 50 °С. Condensed aerosol generators shall operate at ambient humidity up to 95 %. These operation ranges shall be verified by the temperature and humidity operation range tests as described in 7.7. 5.6 S ervice life The service life of condensed aerosol generator under specific conditions, as described in 5.5, shall be specified by the manufacturer and as a minimum requirement shall not be less than 5 years. 10  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) The specified service life shall be verified by test using the accelerated ageing test as described in 7.8. 5.7 Shelf life and storage conditions The shelf life and storage conditions shall be specified by the manufacturer. 5.8 Corrosion The aerosol generator shall operate according to 7.16 and shall show no sign of damage which could alter the proper extinguishing action after being subjected to the corrosion test described in 7.9. Any copper alloy part used in the component shall not crack, when tested in accordance with 7.10 (stress corrosion test). 5.9 Vibration The aerosol generator shall operate according to 7.16 after being subjected to a vibration test described in 7.11. 5.10 Mechanical shock The aerosol generator shall operate according to 7.16 after being subjected to an impact test as described in 7.12. The aerosol generator shall operate according to 7.16 after being subjected to a drop test as described in 7.13. 5.11 Discharge temperature 5.11.1 General The requirements of 5.11.2 and 5.11.3 shall be verified by test according to the procedure described in 7.14. 5.11.2 Casing temperature The manufacturer shall specify the maximum developed temperature for aerosol casing that shall not exceed 400 °С. 5.11.3 Aerosol flow temperature The manufacturer shall specify the distance from the aerosol generator discharge outlet to the point where the temperatures do not exceed 75 °С, 200 °С and 400 °С. 5.12 Ignition device 5.12.1 General The characteristics of the ignition device shall be verified and the reliability of operation tested by using the test method as described in 7.15. 5.12.2 Electrical ignition device The manufacturer shall specify at least the minimum activation current and its duration, form of the signal, maximum monitoring current, range of voltage and the type of connection for a multiple generators arrangement. 11 C E N /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 5.12.3 Thermal ignition device The manufacturer shall specify at least the minimum rated temperature at which the device operates. 5.13 Function reliability When activated, the aerosol generator shall operate satisfactorily when tested in accordance with the procedure described in 7.16 (Function test). Any generator’s family shall be actuated inside an explosive atmosphere. The actuation of the generator shall not initiate any explosion. 5.14 O pen fire conditions The aerosol generator, when intended for installation inside the protected enclosure, shall pass the function test after being subjected to the heat exposure test as described in 7.17. 5.15 A ccessories The mounting bracket shall be tested together with the generator for corrosion, vibration and mechanical shock impacts as described in 7.9, 7.11, 7.12 and 7.13. 5.16 D ocum entation The manufacturer shall prepare and maintain documentation. The manufacturer shall prepare installation and user documentation, which shall be submitted to the testing authority together with the sample(s). This documentation shall comprise at least the following: a) a general description of the components; b) a technical specification including: 1) information mentioned in 5.1 and 7.16.6; 2) sufficient information to permit an assessment of the compatibility with other components of the system (if applicable e.g. mechanical, electric or software compatibility); c) installation instructions including mounting instructions; d) operating instructions; e) maintenance instructions. The manufacturer shall prepare design documentation, which shall be submitted to the testing authority together with the sample(s). This documentation shall include drawings, parts lists, block diagrams (if applicable), circuit diagrams (if applicable) and a functional description to such an extent that conformity to this document may be checked and that a general assessment of the design is possible. 6 Marking Each generator shall be marked with the following information: a) name of the product; b) manufacturer's or supplier's name or trade mark; 12  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) c) some mark(s) or code(s) (e.g. serial number or batch code), by which, at least, the date or batch and place of manufacture (if several places of manufacture) can be identified by the manufacturer; d) mass of aerosol-forming compound; e) date of manufacture; f) temperature range; g) storage humidity range; h) service life; i) distances as specified in 5.11.3. The markings shall be non-detachable, non-flammable, permanent and legible. 7 Test m ethods 7.1 Conditions The components shall be tested assembled as recommended for installation by the manufacturer. The tests shall be carried at a temperature of (25 ± 10) °С, except when otherwise stated. The tolerance for all test parameters is ± 5 %, unless otherwise stated. 7.2 Samples The manufacturer shall submit for tests 100 samples from the same batch. From this number, 20 samples shall be tested according to the function test in 7.16 only. The order of tests (with the exception of the compliance test and the functional test) may be changed by the testing authority. The sequence of tests is shown in Table 1 and is given by the numbers 1, 2, 3 etc. in the Table. A, В etc. are the different samples. 13 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Table 1 — Test order for samples Test method Test order for sampl e A В С D E F G H 7.3 Conformity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7.6 Discharge time test 2 — — — — — — — 7.7.2 Temperature and humidity test — 2 — — — — — 2 7.7.3 Low temperature test — — — — — — — 3 7.8 Accelerated ageing test — — — — 2 — — — 7.9 Corrosion test — — — 2 — — — — 7.10 Stress corrosion test — — — — — — 2 — 7.11 Vibration test — — 2 — — — — — 7.12 Impact test — 2 — — — — — — 7.13 Drop test — — — — — — — 2 7.14 Casing and aerosol flow 3 — — — — — — temperatures tests 7.16 Function test 2 4 3 3 3 — 3 4 7.17 Heat exposure test — — — 2 — — 7.3 C onform ity A visual and measurement check shall be made to determine whether the condensed aerosol generator corresponds to the description in the technical literature (drawings, parts lists, description of functions, operating and installation instructions). 7.4 E xtinguishing facto r determ ination NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.2. The extinguishing factor for specific fuels under different classes of fires shall be determined by specific test using the fire test procedure described in Annex A. Extinguishing factor tests should be conducted with generator(s) of the same family. Number of aerosol generator units shall be sufficient to provide needed extinguishing factor in the test enclosure. Mass of generators unit prior and after discharge shall be registered. Other generators unit sizes which belong to the same family shall be subjected to a cold discharge. Mass prior to and after discharge shall be registered. These data shall be compared to results from fire tests to get extinguishing factor for each generator unit type. 7.5 C overage determ ination NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.3. The maximum coverage and maximum and minimum height of the protected enclosure for each aerosol generator unit size shall be determined by test using the fire test procedures as described in Annex A. 7.6 D ischarge tim e test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.4. 14  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Discharge time test is integral part of the function test. See 7.16.1 for the discharge time test procedure. 7.7 Temperature and humidity operation range tests NOTE The tests relate to the requirements of 5.5. 7.7.1 Object of the test The object of the test is to demonstrate the ability of the equipment to function correctly at high relative humidity (with condensation) which may occur for short periods in the anticipated service environment. 7.7.2 Test procedure 7.7.2.1 General The test procedure as described in EN 60068-2-30, using the variant 1 test cycle and controlled recovery conditions shall be used. 7 1 .2.2 Conditioning Apply the following severity of conditioning: a) lower temperature: (25 ± 3) °С b) upper temperature: (55 + 2) °С c) relative humidity at lower temperature: (93 + 3) % d) relative humidity at upper temperature: (93 ± 3) % e) number of cycles: 2 7.7.2.3 Final measurements After the recovery period, the sample shall be visually checked for mechanical damage externally, and shall be subjected to the function test. 7.7.2.4 Requirements When subjected to the function test, the sample shall respond correctly. 7.7.3 Low temperature Test Condition the sample at - 20°C, or the service temperature recommended by the manufacturer whichever is the lower, for (2 ± 0,5) h. Then carry out function test immediately. When subjected to the function test, the sample shall respond correctly. 7.8 Accelerated ageing test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.6. 7.8.1 Test time The test time shall be calculated to fulfil requirements as follows: 15 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) where fi test time, in days t2 expected service life, in days Г, test temperature, in degrees Kelvin T2 equivalent storage temperature, in degrees Kelvin Table 2 — Example for the calculation result of formula (1) at T2 = 25 °С Test temperature 7^ Test days for 10 years Test days for 5 years expected service life expected service life 363,15K (90°C) 40 days 20 days 373,15K (100°C) 20 days 10 days 7.8.2 Test procedure a) Tests are performed on three fully assembled condensed aerosol generators of the selected model size(s). b) The manufacturer shall specify the maximum operation temperature and expected service life. c) The generators shall be subjected to air-oven ageing at temperature Th which shall be at least 10 °С higher than the specified maximum operation temperature, for a period of ^ days as calculated by Equation (1). d) Following the ageing test the aerosol generators shall be subjected to and pass the function test. 7.9 C orrosion test NOTE The tests relate to the requirements of 5.8. The sample shall be exposed to a salt spray within a fog chamber. The essential components and properties of the reagents and the test configuration are: — Solution consisting of NaCI in distilled water; — Concentration of the solution: (5 ± 1) %; — pH Value: 6,5 to 7,5; — Spray pressure: 0,6 bar to 1,5 bar; — Spray volume: 1 ml/h to 2 ml/h on an area of 80 cm2; 16  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) — Temperature in test cabinet: (35 ) °С; — Position of the sample: 15° to the vertical axis; — Spray time: (240 ± 2) h; — Drying time: (168 ± 5) h at a humidity of maximum 70 %. The sample shall be inspected for external mechanical damage and shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with 7.16. 7.10 Stress corrosion test The aqueous ammonia solution shall have a specific weight of (0,94 ± 0,02) kg/l. The sample shall be filled with (10 ± 0,5) ml of the solution for each litre of container volume. The sample shall be degreased for the test and shall be exposed for 10 days to the moist atmosphere of ammonia and air, at a temperature of (34 ± 2) °С. The samples shall be positioned (40 ± 5) mm above the level of the liquid. After testing, the samples shall be cleaned and dried and subjected to careful visual examination. To make cracking clearly visible, the liquid penetration method shall be used. 7.11 Vibration test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.9. The drawings and the technical data shall be checked to determine whether vibration could have an adverse effect on the performance of the non-electrical disable device. If necessary, vibration tests shall be carried out either in the standby position, loaded position or unlocked position. The sample is attached to a vibration table using fixing materials provided by the manufacturer. The test apparatus and procedure shall be as described in EN 60068-2-6, Test Fc: — Frequency range: 10Hzto150Hz — Acceleration amplitude for components which are designed to be attached to machinery: — 10Hzto50Hz: 9,81 m/s2 (= 1,0 gn) — 50 Hz to 150 Hz: 29,43 m/s2 (= 3,0 gn) — Acceleration amplitude for components which are designed to be attached to walls: — 10 Hz to 50 Hz: 1,962 m/s2 (= 0,2 gn) — 50 Hz to 150 Hz: 4,905 m/s2 (= 0,5 gn) — Sweep rate: 1 octave per 30 min — Number of sweeps: 0,5 per axis — Number of axes: 3 mutually perpendicular 17 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) The sample shall not operate during the test as a result of the vibrations. No deterioration or detachment of parts shall occur. The sample shall be inspected for external mechanical damage and shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with 7.16. 7.12 Im pact test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.10. 7.12.1 Test procedure The test apparatus shall consist of a swinging hammer incorporating a rectangular-section aluminium alloy head (Aluminium alloy AICu4 SiMg conforming to ISO 209, solution treated and precipitation treated condition) with the plane impact face chamfered to an angle of (60 ± 1)° to the horizontal, when in the striking position. A suitable apparatus is described in Figure 1 - Impact test apparatus. The specimen shall be rigidly mounted to the apparatus by its normal mounting means and shall be positioned so that it is struck by part of the upper half of the impact face of the hammer (i.e. above the centre line), when the hammer is in the vertical position (i.e. when the hammer-head is moving horizontally). The direction of impact relative to the specimen shall be chosen as the most likely to impair the normal functioning of the specimen. A horizontal blow shall be delivered to the specimen at an impact energy level of (1,9 ± 0,1) J by a hammer velocity of (1,5 ± 0,125) m/s. 7.12.2 Test apparatus The tolerance for all dimensions in this test apparatus shall be 0,5 mm, unless otherwise specified. The test apparatus (see Figure 1) shall consist essentially of a swinging hammer comprising a rectangular section head (striker), with a chamfered impact face, mounted on a tubular steel shaft. The hammer shall be fixed into a steel boss, which runs on ball bearings on a fixed steel shaft mounted in a rigid steel frame, so that the hammer can rotate freely around the axis of the fixed shaft. The design of the rigid frame shall be such as to allow complete rotation of the hammer assembly when the specimen is not present. The striker shall be of dimensions 76 mm wide, 50 mm deep and 94 mm long (overall dimensions) and shall be manufactured from aluminium alloy AICu4 SiMg according to ISO 209, solution treated and precipitation treated condition. It shall have a plane impact face chamfered at (60 ± 1)° to the long axis of the head. The tubular steel shaft shall have an outside diameter of (25 ±0,1) mm with walls (1,6 ± 0,1) mm thick. The striker shall be mounted on the shaft so that its long axis is at the radial distance of 305 mm from the axis of rotation of the assembly, the two axes being mutually perpendicular. The central boss shall be 102 mm in external diameter and 200 mm long and shall be mounted coaxially on the fixed steel pivot shaft, which is approximately 25 mm in diameter; however the precise diameter of the shaft will depend on the bearings used. Diametrically opposite the hammer shaft are two steel counter-balanced arms, each 20 mm in external diameter and 185 mm long. These arms shall be screwed into the boss so that a length of 150 mm protrudes. A steel counter-balance weight shall be mounted on the arms so that its position can be adjusted to balance the mass of the striker and arms. On the end of the central boss shall be mounted a 12 mm wide and 150 mm diameter aluminium alloy pulley and round this an inextensible cable is wound, one end being fixed to the pulley. The other end of the cable shall support the operating weight. The rigid frame shall also support the mounting board on which the specimen is mounted by its normal fixings. The mounting board shall be adjustable vertically so that the upper half of the impact face of the hammer will strike the specimen when the hammer is moving horizontally, as shown in Figure 1. 18  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) To operate the apparatus the position of the specimen and the mounting board shall be first adjusted as shown in Figure 1 and the mounting board shall then be secured rigidly to the frame. The hammer assembly shall then be balanced carefully by adjustment of the counter-balance weight with the operating weight removed. The hammer arm shall then be drawn back to the horizontal position ready for release and the operating weight is reinstated. On release of the assembly the operating weight will spin the hammer and arm through an angle of 3nl2 radians to strike the specimen. The mass of the operating weight to produce the required impact energy of 1,9 J equals (0,388/3лг) kg where r is the effective radius of the pulley in metres. This equals approximately 0,55 kg for a pulley radius of 75 mm. As a hammer velocity at impact of (1,5 ± 0,125) m/s is specified, the mass of the hammer head will need to be reduced by drilling the back face sufficiently to obtain this velocity. It is estimated that a head of mass of about 0,79 kg will be required to obtain the specified velocity, but this will have to be determined by trial and error. The sample shall be inspected for external mechanical damage and shall be subjected to a Function test in accordance with 7.16. Dimensions in mm Key 1 mounting board 5 270° angle of movement 9 boss 2 specimen 6 cord 10 counter-balance arms 3 striker 7 operating weight 11 ball bearings 4 striker shaft 8 counter-balance weight 12 pulley NOTE The sizes given to the dimensions are for guidance only. Figure 1 — Impact test apparatus 19 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 7.13 D rop test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.10. 7.13.1 Impact surface The impact surface is a solid base with a reasonably smooth surface. An example of such a surface is as follows: — steel plate, with a minimum thickness of 75 mm and Brinell hardness of not less than 200, solidly supported by a concrete foundation having a minimum thickness of 600 mm. The length and width of the surface should be not less than one and a half times the dimension of the unit being tested. 7.13.2 Procedure The test unit without packaging is dropped from a height of 2 m as measured from the lowest point of the test unit to the impact surface. A safe waiting period following impact prescribed by the test laboratory should be observed, even if no visible initiation or ignition occurs at impact. 7.13.3 Requirements The sample shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with 7.16. 7.14 Casing and aerosol flow temperatures test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.11. 7.14.1 Casing temperature test Casing temperature test is an integral part of the function test. See 7.16 for casing temperature test procedure. 7.14.2 Aerosol flow temperature test Aerosol flow temperature test is an integral part of the function test. See 7.16 for aerosol flow temperatures test procedure. 7.15 Ignition performance test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.12. The ignition of the generator shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. 25 samples of the complete ignition devices shall operate as intended. The power output of the ignition device shall be not less than that specified by the manufacturer at minimum power output sufficient to ignite the maximum designed mass of the aerosol-forming compound at the most disadvantageous operating conditions. 7.16 Function test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.13. 20  CEN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 7.16.1 Discharge time Discharge time shall be measured by using one or more of the following techniques: — thermocouples recording temperature changes at the start and end of the discharge; — infrared video recording. NOTE The reference points identified as the start and the end of the aerosol generator discharge should be the same as taken during performance testing and as defined by the manufacturer. 7.16.2 Aerosol flow temperatures Aerosol flow temperatures shall be measured by thermocouples. The following thermocouples arrangement shall be used for measuring temperatures at the specified minimum distances for 75 °С, 200 °С and 400 °С. — three cross-shaped poles are used as a support for the thermocouples and installed at the specified minimum clearances; — centre of each cross shall be in line with a centre of a condensed aerosol generator’s discharge outlet with the ends of the cross being within the cone-shaped discharge path; — crosses may be rotated against each other (i.e. X, Y, Z axis) to minimize the impact of the aerosol flow on the temperature readings; — five thermocouples may be used - one at the centre of the cross, and four at its ends; — three highest readings out of five shall be taken for recording. Any other than above described suitable measuring technique acceptable to and approved by a Listing Authority may be used for measuring discharge time, temperatures and enclosure pressure. 7.16.3 Test procedure Condition a fully assembled condensed generator for 16 h at ambient temperature of 21 °С. Discharge the generator in a test enclosure. 7.16.4 Casing temperature test The following thermocouples arrangement may be used for measuring temperature of the outer generator’s casing. — Three thermocouples shall be attached to the outer casing of the aerosol generator in the locations with the highest expected temperature. 7.16.5 Discharged mass The mass of aerosol generator shall be measured before and after the discharge. The difference of mass shall be recorded. 7.16.6 Explosive atmosphere actuation test Any generator’s family shall be actuated inside an explosive atmosphere. The actuation of the generator shall not initiate any explosion. 21 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 7.16.7 Requirements Full function requirements apply to the discharge of a condensed aerosol generator prior to conducting any of the performance testing and to the discharge of condensed aerosol generators in the function tests shown in Table 1. The conditions are described in Table 3. Table 3 — Test conditions for function test Parameter Clause Requirement Tolerance Visual examination — During discharge: no flame coming — out from discharge outlet Discharge time 7.16.1 As specified by manufacturer 10% Temperatures at the specified minimum 7.14.2 As specified by manufacturer 10% clearances for 75°C, 200°C and 400°C Temperature of the outer casing 7.14.1 — 10% Mass of aerosol compound discharged 7.16.5 — 5% Explosive atmosphere actuation test 7.16.6 0 7.17 H eat exposure test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 5.14. 7.17.1 Object of the test The object of the fire exposure test is to demonstrate the safe operation of the condensed aerosol generator during and/or after its exposure to an external fire simulating a realistic accident. 7.17.2 Test procedure Subject the sample to a temperature of (600 ± 30) °С in a furnace for a period of 10 min. The temperature inside the oven shall be recorded from the initial temperature up to the end of the test. 7.17.3 Requirements a) Should the condensed aerosol generator actuate during the test, it shall discharge as intended. b) Should the condensed aerosol generator fail to actuate during 10 min from the starting time, it shall be remotely electrically activated and shall discharge as intended. c) There shall be no rupturing to the generator casing during the discharge. The discharge time shall be in accordance with the function requirements as specified in the Function test. 7.18 Explosive atm osphere test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 7.16.6. 7.18.1 Object of the test. The object of the explosive atmosphere test is to demonstrate the safe operation of the condensed aerosol generator inside a potentially explosive atmosphere. 22  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 7.18.2 Test procedure Subject the sample of any generator’s family to an actuation test inside a test volume (fitting the extinguishing factor of the specific generator) containing a proven explosive atmosphere i.e. propane or propane/butane (the explosive atmosphere shall be proven by testing it 3 times). 7.18.3 Requirements a) Should the condensed aerosol generator actuate during the test, it shall discharge as intended. b) There shall not be initiating any explosion. c) The test shall be repeated 3 times. 23 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) Annex A (normative) Extinguishing factor/coverage test procedure A.1 G eneral The tests shall be carried out in accordance with Table A.1. Table A.1 — Tests T est objective Enclosure size Test fires Tests in accordance with Aerosol generator distribution To suit aerosol generator's heptane test pans A.5.1 verification unit size Min. Height/max protected heptane test pans A.5.2 volume and distance Max. Height/max protected volume and distance Extinguishing factor > 100 m3 (a) wood crib A.6.1 no side less than 4 m, (b) n-heptane pan A.6.2 height: not less than 3,5 m (c) polymeric sheet A.6.3 (i) PMMA (ii) Polypropylene (iii) ABS (d) Composite wood A.6.4 A.2 Principle A.2.1 An engineered or pre-engineered extinguishing system unit shall mix and distribute its extinguishant and shall totally flood the enclosure when tested in accordance with this test method under the maximum design limitations and most severe installation instructions. (See also A.2.2) A.2.2 When tested as described in A.5.1, A.5.2 and A.6.2 an extinguishing system unit shall extinguish all visible flaming within 30 s after the end of extinguishant discharge. When tested as described in A.6.1 an extinguishing system unit shall extinguish all visible flaming and prevent re-ignition of the fires after an 10 min soak period (also measured from the end of extinguishant discharge). When tested as described in A.6.3, and A.6.4 an extinguishing system unit shall extinguish all visible flaming within 60 s after the end of extinguishant discharge and also prevent re-ignition of the fires after an 10 min soak period (also measured from the end of extinguishant discharge). A.2.3 The tests described herein consider the intended use and limitations of the extinguishing system unit, with specific reference to: a) coverage for each aerosol generator unit size ; b) maximum and minimum height of the protected enclosure for each aerosol generator units size; c) location of aerosol generators in the protected area; d) maximum pressure built up during discharge; e) maximum discharge time; f) extinguishing factor for specific fuels. 24  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) A.3 Extinguishing system A.3.1 For the extinguishing tests described in A.6.1, A.6.2, A.6.3, and A.6.4, jet energy from the discharge outlets shall not influence the development of the fire. Therefore the discharge outlets shall be directed away from the fires. A.3.2 Adequate pressure relief vents in forms of closeable flaps shall be provided during all tests. Calculations for the minimum vent area as well as location of the vents shall be in accordance with manufacturer's specifications. A.4 Extinguishing factor The extinguishing factor for each test is to be 76,9 % (see 5.2 of СЕЫЯР 15276-2:2009) of the intended end use design factor specified in the manufacturer's design and installation instructions at the ambient temperature of (20 ± 5) °С within the enclosure. In the tests described in A.5.1 and A.5.2, the same extinguishing factor shall be used as in the tests described in A.6.2. A.5 Aerosol generator distribution verification tests A.5.1 M inim um height/m axim um coverage test A.5.1.1 Test facility A.5.1.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) the area (a x b) and height (H) of the enclosure (see Figure A.1) shall correspond to the maximum area coverage and minimum height specified by the manufacturer for a specific aerosol generator unit size, but not less than 100 cubic meter; b) test room volume shall be determined from the result of heptane fire test (see A.6.2): M is the generator’s unit mass in grams, с is the design factor, in grams per cubic metre; c) area sides a and b shall be calculated to fulfil following requirements: 2) the distance с (see Figures A.1 and A.2) shall be equal to maximum coverage distance (Rmgx) specified by manufacturer; d) means of pressure relief shall be provided; e) closeable openings shall be provided directly above the test pans to allow for venting prior to system actuation; f) one baffle is to be installed between the floor and ceiling with the height of the room. It is to be installed halfway between the discharge outlet location and the walls of the enclosure (see Figure A.1 for centre 25 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) mounting generator and Figure A.2 for side mounting generator). The baffle is to be perpendicular to the direction between the discharge outlet location and walls of the enclosure (see Figures A.1 and A.2), and be 20 % of the length of the short wall of the enclosure. 1 Key H minimum height and maximum height specified by manufacturer for the centre mounting generator axb maximum generator area coverage for a single generator с maximum generator coverage distance (Rmax) 1 Test pans 3 Baffle 2 Generator 4 Vents Figure A.1 — Example configuration for Generator minimum height/ maximum coverage test for centre mounting generator 26  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) 1 Key H minimum height and maximum height specified by manufacturer for the side mounting generator axb maximum generator area coverage for a single generator с maximum generator coverage distance {Rmax) 1 Test pans 3 Baffle 2 Generator 4 Vents Figure A.2 — Example configuration for Generator minimum height/ maximum coverage test for side mounting generator A.5.1.1.2 Instrumentation Sampling and storage of data from the sensors described below shall occur at a rate of at least 4 Hz. A.5.1.1.3 Oxygen concentrations The oxygen level (minimal oxygen level as per 5.1.3.2.) shall be measured by a calibrated oxygen analyser capable of measuring the percentage oxygen to within at least one decimal place (0,1 %). The sensing equipment shall be capable of continuously monitoring and recording the oxygen level inside the enclosure throughout the duration of the test. The accuracy of the measuring devices shall not be influenced by any of the fire products. At least three sensors shall be located within the enclosure (Figures A.3 and A.4). The three sensors shall be located in a horizontal distance from the centre of the room 850 mm to 1 250 mm and in the following heights: 0,1 x H, 0,5 x H and 0,9 x H (H = height of the enclosure) above the floor. A.5.1.1.4 Discharge pressure The pressure built up during system discharge shall be recorded by a pressure transducer at a distance not greater than 1 m from the generator. A.5.1.1.5 Enclosure temperature At least the temperature in a horizontal distance from the centre of the room of 850 mm to 1 250 mm and 0,5 x H (H = room height) above the floor shall be recorded (Figures A.3 and A.4). 27 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) NOTE It is recommended to use К type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm. A.5.1.1.6 Aerosol temperature and discharge times A thermocouple shall be placed just outside the discharge outlet of the aerosol generator to record aerosol temperature at the outlet as well as commencement and end of the aerosol discharge. Additional thermocouples may be placed at the minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlet as specified by the manufacturer for each unit size of the aerosol generators. NOTE It is recommended to use К type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm. A.5.1.1.7 Flame out times Cameras, e.g. infrared-cameras, or an alternative means of directly viewing the fire can be provided as an aid to determining flame out times. A thermocouple can be located centrally 30 mm above each fire pot to provide additional information. Dimensions in mm Figure A.3 — Plan view of instrumentation placement for generator minimum height/maximum area coverage and maximum height/maximum area coverage test 28  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Dimensions in mm Figure A.4 — Side view of instrumentation placement for generator minimum height/maximum area coverage and maximum height/maximum area coverage test A.5.1.2 Fuel specification A.5.1.2.1 Test pans The test pans shall be cylindrical (80 ± 5) mm in diameter and at least 100 mm high made of mild or stainless steel with a thickness of 5 mm to 6 mm. A.5.1.2.2 n-Heptane The heptane shall be: — n-heptane; or — commercial grade having the following characteristics: a) distillation 1) Initial boiling point: 90°C minimum 2) Dry point: 100°C maximum b) density (at 15,6°C) (700 ± 50) kg/m3. 29 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) A.5.1.2.3 Fire configuration and placement The test pans may contain either n-heptane or n-heptane and water. If they are to contain n-heptane and water, the n-heptane shall be at least 50 mm deep. The level of n-heptane in the pans shall be at least 50 mm below the top of the can. The test pans are to be placed within 50 mm of the corners of the test enclosure and in addition directly behind the baffle (see Figures A.1 and A.2), and located vertically within 300 mm of the top or bottom of the enclosure, or both top and bottom if the enclosure permits such placement. A.5.1.3 Test procedure A.5.1.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. A.5.1.3.2 Operation The heptane filled test pans are to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s with the closeable openings above in the open position. After 30 s all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the measured oxygen concentration in this test (averaged over the three sensors). A.5.1.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) the discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; b) the time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means. A.5.1.4 Determination of distribution performance of the generator Using the extinguishing factor for n-heptane, determined according to A.5.2, all test pans have to be extinguished within 30 s after the end of agent discharge. A .5 .2 M axim um height test A.5.2.1 Test facility A.5.2.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) area ( a x b ) and height (H) of the enclosure (see Figure A.1) shall correspond to the maximum area coverage and maximum height specified by the manufacturer for a specific aerosol generator's unit size; b) test room volume shall be determined from the result of heptane pan test (see A.6.2) (see A.6.2): 30  CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) M is the generator’s unit mass in grams, с is the design factor, in grams per cubic metre; c) area sides a and b shall be calculated to fulfil following requirements: 1) H 2) the distance с (see Figures A.1 and A.2) shall be equal to maximum coverage distance (Rmax) specified by manufacturer and shall be the same specified for minimum height; d) means of pressure relief shall be provided; e) closeable openings shall be provided directly above the test pans to allow for venting prior to system actuation; f) one baffle is to be installed between the floor and ceiling with the height of the room. It is to be installed halfway between the nozzle location and the walls of the enclosure (see Figure A.1 for centre mounting generator and Figure A.2 for side mounting generator). The baffle is to be perpendicular to the direction of nozzle discharge, and be 20 % of the length of the short wall of the enclosure. A.5.2.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in A.5.1.1.2. A.5.2.2 Fuel specification A.5.2.2.1 Test pans Specification of test pans is as described in A.5.1.2.1. A.5.2.2.2 n-Heptane See A.5.1.2.2. A.5.2.2.3 Fire construction and placement The test can filling requirements and placement within the enclosure are as described in A.5.1.2.1. A.5.2.3 Test procedure A.5.2.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. A.5.2.3.2 Operation The n-heptane filled test pans are to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s with the closeable openings above in the open position. 31 CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) After 30 s all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the measured oxygen concentration in this test (averaged over the three sensors). A.5.2.3.3 Results recording Results are to be recorded as specified in A.5.1.3.3. A.5.2.4 Determination of distribution performance of the generator Using the extinguishing factor for heptane, determined according to A.6.2, all test pans have to be extinguished within 30 s after the end of agent discharge. A.6 Extinguishing factor tests A.6.1 W ood crib test A.6.1.1 Test facility A.6.1.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) the test enclosure shall have a minimum volume of 100 m3. The height shall be at least 3,5 m. The floor dimensions shall be at least 4 m wide by 4 m long; b) means of pressure relief shall be provided; c) the temperature in the test enclosure shall be (20 ± 5) °С at the beginning of each test and there shall be enough time between the tests so that the enclosure can adapt to this temperature. A.6.1.1.2 Instrumentation Sampling and storage of data from the sensors described below shall occur at a rate of at least 4 Hz. A.6.1.1.3 Oxygen concentrations The oxygen level shall be measured by a calibrated oxygen analyser capable of measuring the percentage oxygen to within at least one decimal place (0,1 %). The sensing equipment shall be capable of continuously monitoring and recording the oxygen level inside the enclosure throughout the duration of the test. The accuracy of the measuring devices shall not be influenced by any of the fire products. At least three sensors shall be located within the enclosure (Figures A.5 and A.6). One sensor shall be located at the equivalent height of the top of the test object from the floor, 0,6 m to 1 m away from the test object. The other two sensors shall be located at 0,1 x H and 0,9 x H (with H = height of the enclosure (see Figures A.5 and A.6). A.6.1.1.4 Discharge pressure The pressure built up during system discharge shall be recorded by pressure transducer at a distance not greater than 1 m. from the discharge outlet. 32  CEN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) A.6.1.1.5 Enclosure temperature Temperature sensors shall be located centred 100 mm above the test object and 0,9 x H (H - room height), and a third sensor at the equivalent height of the top of the test object from the floor, horizontally 0,6 m to 1 m away from the test object (see Figures A.5 and A.6). NOTE It is recommended to use К type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm. A.6.1.1.6 Aerosol temperature and discharge times A thermocouple shall be placed just outside the discharge outlet of the aerosol generator to record aerosol temperature at the outlet as well as commencement and end of aerosol discharge. Additional thermocouples may be placed at the minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlet as specified by the manufacturer for each unit size of the aerosol generators. NOTE It is recommended to use К type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm. A.6.1.1.7 Flame out times Cameras, e.g. infrared-cameras, or an alternative means of directly viewing the fire can be provided as an aid to determining flame out times. Dimensions in mm Figure A.5 — Plan view of instrumentation placement for the extinguishing factor test 33 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Figure A.6 - Side view of instrumentation placement for the extinguishing concentration test A.6.1.2 Fuel specification A.6.1.2.1 Crib igniter fuel Ignition of the crib is achieved by burning 1,5 I of commercial grade n-heptane (specified in A.5.1.2.2) on a 12,5 I layer of water in a square steel pan 0,25 m2 in area, 100 mm in height and with a wall thickness of 6 mm (see Figure A.7). 34  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Figure A.7 — Pan geometry for wood crib and n-Heptane pan fire test A.6.1.2.2 Fire configuration and placement The wood crib is to consist of four layers of six, approximately 40 mm x 40 mm by (450 ± 50) mm long, kiln spruce or fir lumber having a moisture content between 9 % and 13 %. Place the alternate layers of wood members at right angles to one another. Evenly space the individual wood members in each layer forming a square determined by the specified length of the wood members. Staple or nail together the wood members forming the outside edges of the crib. The crib shall be pre-burned outside the enclosure on a stand supporting the crib 300 mm above the pan holding the igniter fuel (specified in A.6.1.3.1). After the pre-burn period the crib shall be moved into the enclosure and be located on a stand supporting the crib centrally within the enclosure with the base of the crib 600 mm above the floor (specified in A.6.1.3.1). 35 C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) A.6.1.3 Test procedure A.6.1.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass and the moisture of the crib prior to the test. A.6.1.3.2 Operation Centre the crib with the bottom of the crib approximately 300 mm above the top of the pan on a test stand constructed so as to allow for the bottom of the crib to be exposed to the atmosphere. The pre-burning shall take place outside the enclosure, if possible in a sufficiently dimensioned room (at least five times the volume of the test enclosure). In any case, the pre-burning shall not be influenced by weather conditions such as rain, wind, sun. The maximum wind speed in the proximity of the fire shall be 3 m/s. If necessary, adequate means for protection against wind etc. shall be used. Record the weather conditions including location of pre-burn, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. Ignite the n-heptane and allow the crib to burn freely. The 1,5 1 of n-heptane will provide a burn time of approximately 3 min. After the n-heptane is exhausted, the crib shall be allowed to burn freely for an additional time of 3 min resulting in a total pre-burn time of (6 +^’1) min outside the test enclosure. Just prior to the end of the pre-burn period, move the crib into the test enclosure and place it on a stand such that the bottom of the crib is 600 mm above the floor. Seal the enclosure and actuate the system. The time required to position the burning crib in the enclosure and the actuation of the system discharge shall not exceed 15 s. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the crib shall not be more than 0,5vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). From the end of system discharge, the enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 10 min. After the soak period, remove the crib from the enclosure and observe to determine that sufficient fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re-ignition. The following shall be recorded: a) presence and location of burning embers; b) whether or not the glowing embers or crib re-ignites; c) mass of the crib after the test. If necessary, amend the aerosol extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. A.6.1.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; b) time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means; c) soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure); 36  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) d) recording the temperature profile of the wood crib, using the infrared camera, is recommended. A.6.1.4 Determination of extinguishant design factor The laboratory extinguishing factor is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no re-ignition or existence of burning embers after 10 min after end of discharge). The design factor is the laboratory extinguishing factor multiplied by an appropriate 'safety factor’ (1.3). Extinguishing factor shall be calculated dividing the total mass of aerosol compound installed by the test room volume. A .6.2 n-H eptane pan test A.6.2.1 Test facility A.6.2.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.1. A.6.2.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.2. A.6.2.2 Fuel specification A.6.2.2.1 n-Heptane See A.5.1.2.2. A.6.2.2.2 Fire configuration and placement The fire will be a square steel pan of 0,25 m2, 100 mm high with a wall thickness of 6 mm as specified in A.6.1.2.1. The test pan is to contain 12,5 I of n-heptane. The resulting n-heptane surface is then 50 mm below the top of the pan. The steel pan shall be located in the centre of the test enclosure with the bottom 600 mm above the floor of the test enclosure. A.6.2.3 Test procedure A.6.2.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. A.6.2.3.2 Operation The n-heptane is to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s. After 30 s all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). 37 C E N /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) If necessary, amend the extinguishant extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. A.6.2.3.3 Results recording Results are to be recorded as specified in A.6.1.3.3 with the exception of d). A.6.2.4 Determination of extinguishant design factor The laboratory extinguishing factor is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no flaming 30 s after the end of extinguishant discharge). The design factor is the laboratory extinguishing factor multiplied by an appropriate safety factor. Extinguishing factor shall be calculated dividing the total mass of aerosol compound installed by the test room volume. A.6.3 Polym eric sheet fire test A.6.3.1 Test facility A.6.3.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.1. A.6.3.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.2. A.6.3.2 Fuel specification A.6.3.2.1 Igniter fuel The ignition source is a heptane pan (constructed of 2 mm thick mild or stainless steel) with inside to inside 51 mm x 112 mm and 21 mm deep centred 12 mm below the bottom of the plastic sheets of polymeric fuel (see Figure A.8). The 51 mm side of the pan is orientated parallel to the sheets of polymeric fuel. The pan is filled with 6,0 ml of commercial grade heptane (specified in A.6.1.2.2) on a water base of 40 ml. A.6.3.2.2 Polymeric fuel Tests are to be conducted with three plastic fuels: — Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); — Polypropylene, — Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS). Plastic properties are given in Table A.2. 38  CEN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Table A.2 — Plastic properties 25 kW/m2 Exposure in Cone Calorimeter - ISO 5660-1 Cone Calorimeter Test Fuel Colour Density Ignition Time 180 s average effective Heat Release Rate Heat of Combustion g/cm3 s Tolerance kW/m2 Tolerance MJ/kg Tolerance PMMA Black 1,19 77 30% 286 25% 23,3 25% Polypropylene Natural 0,905 91 30% 225 25% 39,6 25% (White) ABS Natural 1,04 115 30% 484 25% 29,1 25% (Cream) A.6.3.2.3 Polymeric fuel array The polymeric fuel array shall consist of 4 sheets of polymer, which are cut to 405 mm ± 5 mm high by 200 mm + 5 mm wide. The thickness of the sheets shall be as follows: — Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) - (9,0 ± 0,5) mm; — Polypropylene (PP) - (9,5 ± 0,5) mm; — Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS) — (10,0 ± 0,5) mm. Sheets are spaced and located as per Figure A.8. The bottom of the fuel array is located 203 mm from the floor. The fuel sheets shall be mechanically fixed at the required spacing. The sheets of plastic shall not significantly bend during the test. The fuel array shall be located centrally within the enclosure. A.6.3.2.4 Fuel shield A fuel shield consisting of a metal frame with sheet metal on the top and two sides shall be provided around the fuel array as indicated in Figure A.8. The fuel shield is 380 mm wide, 850 mm high and 610 mm deep. The 610 mm (wide) x 850 mm (high) sides and the 610 mm x 380 mm top are metal sheet. The two remaining sides and bottom are open. The metal sheet shall be aluminium with a wall thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. The fuel array is oriented in the fuel shield such that the 200 mm dimensions of the fuel array is parallel to the 610 mm side of the fuel shield. A.6.3.2.5 External baffles External baffles are constructed as shown in Figure A.9 and are located around the exterior of the fuel shield. The baffles are placed 90 mm above the floor. The top baffle is rotated 45° with respect to the bottom baffle. A.6.3.3 Test procedure A.6.3.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass of the plastic sheets prior to the test. 39 C E N /T R 15276-1:2009 (E) A.6.3.3.2 Operation The n-heptane is ignited and allowed to burn completely. 210 s after ignition of the n-heptane, all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the fuel shall not be more than 0,5vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). The enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 10 min from end of discharge. After the soak period, ventilate the enclosure and observe to determine that sufficient fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re­ ignition. The following shall be recorded: a) presence and location of burning fuel; b) whether or not the fire re-ignites; and c) mass of the fire structure after the test. If necessary, amend the extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishment are achieved. A.6.3.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; b) time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means; c) soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure). A.6.3.4 Determination of design extinguishant factor The laboratory extinguishing factor for each fuel is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no flaming 60 s after end of discharge and no re-ignition after 10 min from end of discharge). The design factor is the highest of the laboratory extinguishing factors for the three fuels (see A.6.3.2.2) multiplied by an appropriate safety factor. Extinguishing factor shall be calculated dividing the total mass of aerosol compound installed by the test room volume. 40 Key A Channel metal frame covered with metal sheet on top and two sides В Metal angle frame С 1/8" All thread rod fuel support D Drip tray E Load cell F Heptane pan G Spacer Figure A.8 — Polymeric sheet and composite wood panels fire 41 Key A Polycarbonate or metal baffles В Cinder block Figure A.9 — Polymeric and composite wood panels fire baffle arrangement A .6.4 C o m p o site w ood fire test A.6.4.1 Test facility A.6.4.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.1. 42  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (Е) A.6.4.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in A.6.1.1.2. A.6.4.2 Fuel specification A.6.4.2.1 Igniter fuel The ignition source is a n-heptane pan (constructed of 2 mm thick mild or stainless steel) 51mm x 112mm and 21 mm deep centred 12 mm below the bottom of the composite wood sheets (see Figure A.8). The 51 mm side of the pan is orientated parallel to the sheets of composite wood. The pan is filled with 12 ml of commercial grade n-heptane (specified in A.6.1.2.2), heptane will provide a burn time of approximately 3 min. A.6.4.2.2 Composite wood Tests are to be conducted with three composite woods: — Reformed wood (chops) both sides plastic lined; — MDF (Medium Density Fibreboards) according to EN 622 and EN 316 not lined; — Multilayers plywood ( kiln spruce or fir) not lined. Composite wood properties are given in Table A.5. Table A.5 — Composite wood properties 25 kW/m2 Exposure in cone calorimeter - ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter test Fuel Colour Density Ignition Time 180 s Average Effective Heat Release Rate Heat of Combustion g/cm3 s Tolerance kW/m2 Tolerance MJ/kg Tolerance Reformed wood White 0,783 213 30% 61,86 25% 10 2 5% (chops) both sides plastic lined Reformed wood Brown 0,882 109 30% 65,56 25 % 8,76 25% (chops) both sides unlined MDF (Medium Density Brown 0,886 91 30 % 62,23 25 % 9,33 2 5% Fibre boards) according to EN 622 and EN 316 not lined Multi-layers plywood Brown 0,991 93 30% 60,33 25 % 11,3 25% (kiln spruce or fir) not lined A.6.4.2.3 Composite wood fuel array The Composite wood fuel array consists of four sheets of Composite wood, 18,0 mm thick, 405 mm high, and 200 mm wide. Sheets are spaced and located as per Figure A.8. The bottom of the fuel array is located 203 mm from the floor. The fuel sheets shall be mechanically fixed at the required spacing. The Composite wood panels shall not significantly bend during the test. 43 CEN/TR 15276-1:2009 (E) The fuel array shall be located centrally within the enclosure. A.6.4.2.4 Fuel shield A fuel shield consisting of a metal frame with sheet metal on the top and two sides shall be provided around the fuel array as indicated in Figure A.8. The fuel shield is 380 mm wide, 850 mm high and 610 mm deep. The 610 mm (wide) x 850 mm (high) sides and the 610 mm x 380 mm top are metal sheet. The two remaining sides and bottom are open. The metal sheet shall be aluminium with a wall thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. The fuel array is oriented in the fuel shield such that the 200 mm dimensions of the fuel array is parallel to the 610 mm side of the fuel shield. A.6.4.2.5 External baffles External baffles are constructed as shown in Figure A.9 and are located around the exterior of the fuel shield. The baffles are placed 90 mm above the floor. The top baffle is rotated 45° with respect to the bottom baffle. A.6.4.3 Test procedure A.6.4.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass of the Composite wood panels prior to the test. A.6.4.3.2 Operation The n-heptane is ignited and allowed to burn completely (heptane will provide a burn time of approximately 3 min.) after the n-heptane is exhausted, the crib shall be allowed to burn freely for an additional time of 3 min resulting in a total pre-burn time of (6 ^ ) min. At 6 min after the ignition of the n-heptane all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the fuel shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). The enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 10 min from end of discharge. After the soak period, ventilate the enclosure and observe to determine that sufficient fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re ignition. The following shall be recorded: a) presence and location of burning fuel; b) whether or not the fire re-ignites; and c) mass of the fire structure after the test. If necessary, amend the extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishment are achieved. A.6.4.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: 44  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) a) discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; b) time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means; c) soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure). A.6.4.4 Determination of design extinguishant factor The laboratory extinguishing factor for each fuel is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no flaming 60 s after end of discharge and no re-ignition after 10 min from end of discharge). The design concentration is the highest of the laboratory extinguishing factors for the four fuels (see A.6.4.2.2) multiplied by an appropriate safety factor. Extinguishing factor shall be calculated dividing the total mass of aerosol compound installed by the test room volume. A.7 Aerosol generator explosive atm osphere test A.7.1 A ctuation tes t inside an explosive atm osphere environm ent. A.7.1.1 Test facility A.7.1.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) steel cabinet open on top having dimensions (volume) to fit the extinguishing factor of the specific generator to be tested; b) the ceiling of the cabinet/volume shall be sealed by a plastic sheet to allow the explosion (if occurs) to be vented outside avoiding any potential damage; c) 3 sample points shall be provided to measure the concentration of the explosive atmosphere inside the cabinet/volume: 1) one on the bottom, close to the cabinet floor, 2) one in the mid point of the test volume, 3) one on top, close to the ceiling; d) a fan driven by an electric motor ( the electric motor shall be placed outside the cabinet/volume or use an explosion proof fan unit) shall be installed on the floor to mix and obtain an homogeneous explosive atmosphere; e) an ignition automotive spark plug (or any suitable ignition device) shall be installed at about the middle of the cabinet/volume (close to the same position of the aerosol generator) to ignite the explosive mixture. A.7.1.1.2 Instrumentation The explosive mixture shall be measured utilizing a suitable explosive meter connected to the 3 sample points. 45 C E N /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) A.7.1.1.3 Explosive atmosphere The explosive atmosphere shall be obtained metering inside the test cabinet/volume propane or mixture of propane/butane utilizing a bottle equipped with a pressure reducer, mixing the atmosphere using the fan and checking the percentage of the propane of propane/butane mixture with the explosive meter (the range shall be between the Lowest Explosion Level and the Highest Explosion Level. The explosive atmosphere shall be checked by repeating the explosion test 3 times actuating the spark plug, the explosion will prove the atmosphere inside the test cabinet/volume is really in the explosive range. A.7.1.2 Test procedure A.7.1.2.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the explosive atmosphere shall be obtained and checked according the procedure described in A.7.1.1.3. A.7.1.2.2 Operation The aerosol generator shall be placed inside the test cabinet/volume about the middle of the volume and connected to the actuation device/wiring. The propane or propane/butane mixture will be administered to obtain the explosive atmosphere and the generator will be left inside the explosive atmosphere for 3 min to allow the explosive atmosphere to enter inside the generator casing. After 3 min of immersion inside the explosive atmosphere the generator shall be actuated and shall discharge without initiating any explosion. After the test, the test cabinet/volume shall be securely vented. A.7.1.2.3 Results recording Record the following data for each test: a) the data from the explosive meter proving that the administered atmosphere has been in the explosive range; b) the result of the test, by visual observation. A.7.1.3 Pass fail criteria of the explosive atmosphere generator actuation test All 3 tests shall not initiate any explosion. 46  C EN /TR 15276-1:2009 (E) Bibliography [1] EN 2, Classification of fires [2] EN ISO 9001, Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001:2008) [3] CEN/TR 15276-2, Fixed firefighting systems - Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems - Part 2: Design, installation and maintenance 47 Väga austatud daamid ja härrad, oleme asutus, mis tegeleb aerosool tulekustutus süsteemide tootmisega Venemaal ja meie tehas asub Moskvas (www. Sobolevsky.ru) Antud hetkel tegeleme oma tootmise laiendamisega Euroopasse. Päevakorra teema on asutada Tallinna tehas kus tegeleme tulekustutajate generaatori koostamisega ja monteerimisega. See tähendab, et Venemaalt toome sisse komplekteerivad koostisosad, mis konkreetsemalt on väli korpus ja sisusk aktiivsed kompomemdid. Eesmärk on valmis toodangu realiseerimine Euroopas, Aasias, Aafrikas ja Ameerika turgudel. Nende eesmärkide saavutamiseks eelmisel nädalal avasime ja registreerisime kompanii: Printout of Effective Data from Commercial Register as at 05.11.2018 at 14:57 Commercial register card No. 1 has been opened in Tartu County Court Registration Department in respect of Shieldwinds OÜ (registry code 14598857): Seoses sellega, palume Teid täpsustada kõik nõudmised ja lubatud normid, mida Teie asutus nõuab ja aktsepteerib antud valdkonnas ja tootmises: load, käsud ja muud dokumendid. Kui nii, siis andke meile teada, kus ja kuidas me saame neid saada. Lisa info: Tootmise akrediteerimise ja sertifikatsieerimise teostab KIWA Inspecta, Nl Kirjale lisan järgmised dokumendid ja sertifikaadid:  Tehniline dokumentatsioon toodete ja komplikteerimis koostisosadele.  Tulekustutaja mehhanisni õpetus.  Venemaal aktsepteeritud sertifikaadid. Lugupidamisega, Eva Viktoriia 191187, г. С.-Петербург Моховая улица, дом №3 Тел.: +7 (812) 493-51-63 Моб.: +7 (911) 929-35-36 Dear Sirs, In the Russian Federation we produce generators of fire extinguishing aerosol at our manufacturing plant in Moscow (www.sobolevsky.ru). Currently we are working on the establishment of an assembly plant of aerosol fire extinguishing systems on the territory of Estonia. That is, the component parts, namely the body and charge, will be imported from the Russian Federation to Estonia, where the assembly of the finalized product would be completed. The product would then be realized on the markets of Estonia and other countries of the European Union, and additionally on the Asian, African and American markets. For these purposes, last week we registered the following company: Printout of effective data from the Commercial Register as of 05.11.2018 at 14:57 Commercial register card No. 1 has been opened in Tartu County Court Registration Department in respect to Shieldwinds OÜ (registry code 14598857) In regards to this matter, we ask you to outline for us all the requirements and standards, which your department demands of this type of production, including any certifications, license ’s, etc... if they are required. If so, please advise us were we will apply for such. Additional Information: The accreditation of the manufacturing plant and the certification of the product will be carried out by KIWA Inspecta, NI We attached to this email:  Technical documentation for the product and its’ components  The mechanism of the fire extinguishing process  Russian certificates:  Russian Federation Certificate of Conformity  Federal Service of Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Sanitary-Epidemiological Conclusion  Hygienic Characteristics of the Product  Russian River Register Type Approval Certificate Best regards, Amber Eva Viktoriia Ps. also please fine in attachment additional information about requirements what’ s KIWA inspecta advise us And also please see below ,I try very shortly describe technological process of planned in Estonia our assembly production у нас идет к завершению полное. технологическ ие описание процесса на английском и эстонско м языках (к нему также будет прилагаться видио 1. В корпус вставляется чаша с зарядом, причем электропровод с электрическим пускателем, находящийся в корпусе (см чертеж) подсоедин яется непосредственно к заряду через отвер стие посередине заряда. 2. Заряд закрывается отражателем (для чего слу жит отражатель????? ) Пламя от электрического пускателя отражается и направляется непос редственно в заряд для более эффектив  ного его воспламенения . 3. Отражатель закрывается сеткой, которая с лужит для распыления аэрозоля. 4. Затем сверху сетки ставится крышка, кото рая прижимается 30 кг прессом и аккуратно з авальцовыется!(прокатывается), происходит запрессовка или проще говоря соединение о сновных частей корпуса 5. Далее на крышку ставится хомут и прикручи вается болтами. 6. К крышке прикрепляется КСЗ (контакты “вз рывателя"=электрического пускателя)-это вн ешнее устройство приводящее в действие эл ектрический пускатель слов!)=искра! (Если в процессе обсуждения у Вас возникнут во просы - я буду рада ответить на них) 1. A bowl with a charge is inserted into the case, and an electrical wire with an electric starter located in the case (see drawing) is connected directly to the charge through an opening in the middle of the charge. 2. The charge is closed by the reflector (for which the reflector is used ?????). The flame from the electric starter is reflected and sent directly to the charge for its more effective ignition. 3. The reflector is closed with a grid, which serves to spray the aerosol. 4. Then, a cover is put on top of the net, which is pressed down with 30 kg of press and gently rolled! (Rolled), press-fitting takes place, or simply put, the connection of the main parts of the body 5. Next, a clamp is fastened to the cover and bolted. 6.KSZ is attached to the cover (contacts of “fuse" = electric starter) - this is an external device that actuates the electric word starter!) = Sparks Уважаемые господа, В РФ мы производим Системы Аэрозольног о пожаротушения на своем производстве в Москве (www.sobolevsky.ru) В настоящий момент мы работаем над орган изацией сборочного производства ГЕНЕРАТ ОРОВ ОГНЕТУЩАЩЕГО АЭРОЗОЛЯ на территории Эстонии . То есть из РФ будут ввозиться комплекту ющие части в виду корпуса и заряда и за тем будет производиться сборка готового изделия для реализации готовой продукц ии в Эстонии , других странах Европейског о союза , а так же в АЗИИ , Африке и на Американском рынке. Для этих целей на прошлой недели мы зар егистрировали компанию: Printout of Effective Data from Commercial Register as at 05.11.2018 at 14:57 Commercial register card No. 1 has been opened in Tartu County Court Registration Department in respect of Shieldwinds OÜ (registry code 14598857): В связи с этим, просим Вас разъяснить на м все требования и нормы , которые Ваш д епартамент предъявляет к данному типу п роизводства и требуются ли для этого ра зрешения , лицензии и так далее. Если да просим Вас сообщить где и как н ам их получить. Дополнительная информация: Аккредитацию производства и сертификацию про дукции будет проводить компания KIWA Inspecta ,Nl К данному письму прилагаем:  Техническую документацию на изделие и комп лектующие  Механизм действия огнетушителя  Сертификаты Российские С уважением , Амбер Ева Виктория 191187, г. С.-Петербург Моховая улица, дом №3 Тел.: +7 (812) 493-51-63 Моб.: +7 (911) 929-35-36 INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 15779 First edition 2011-11-15 Condensed aerosol fire extinguishing systems — Requirements and test methods for components and system design, installation and maintenance — General requirements Systèmes d’extinction d’incendie utilisant des aérosols — Exigences et méthodes d’essai pour la conception des composants et des systèmes, l’installation et l’entretien — Exigences générales --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Reference number ISO 15779:2011(E) Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Contents Page Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................................. v Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................ vi 1 Scope....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Normative references.......................................................................................................................................... 1 3 Terms and definitions. ........................................................................................................................................ 1 4 Use and limitations.............................................................................................................................................. 5 4.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................... 5 4.2 Aerosol agent description................................................................................................................................. 5 4.3 Application............................................................................................................................................................. 6 4.4 Limitation of use................................................................................................................................................... 6 4.5 Electrostatic discharge....................................................................................................................................... 7 4.6 Potentially explosive atmosphere................................................................................................................... 7 4.7 Temperature limitations...................................................................................................................................... 7 4.8 Compatibility with other extinguishants........................................................................................................ 7 4.9 Environmental....................................................................................................................................................... 7 5 Safety....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 5.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................... 7 5.2 Toxicity.................................................................................................................................................................... 8 5.3 Reduced visibility................................................................................................................................................. 9 5.4 Turbulence. ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 5.5 Thermal hazards................................................................................................................................................... 9 5.6 Safety precautions............................................................................................................................................... 9 5.7 Electrical hazards............................................................................................................................................... 10 5.8 Electrical earthing.............................................................................................................................................. 11 5.9 Electrostatic discharge..................................................................................................................................... 11 6 Extinguishant...................................................................................................................................................... 11 6.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................. 11 6.2 Design application density requirements. .................................................................................................. 11 6.3 Aerosol generator performance requirements. ......................................................................................... 12 6.4 Marking................................................................................................................................................................. 14 7 Specifications, plans and approvals............................................................................................................. 14 7.1 Specifications. .................................................................................................................................................... 14 7.2 Enclosure............................................................................................................................................................. 14 7.3 Total flooding quantity...................................................................................................................................... 15 7.4 Design application density adjustment. ...................................................................................................... 16 7.5 Unit size and quantity of aerosol generators............................................................................................. 17 7.6 Operating conditions. ....................................................................................................................................... 18 7.7 Duration of protection....................................................................................................................................... 18 7.8 System discharge. ............................................................................................................................................. 19 7.9 Detection, actuation and control systems. ................................................................................................. 19 8 Commissioning and acceptance. .................................................................................................................. 21 8.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................. 21 8.2 Tests. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21 9 Inspection, maintenance, testing and training........................................................................................... 25 9.1 General.................................................................................................................................................................. 25 9.2 Inspection............................................................................................................................................................. 25 9.3 Maintenance. ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 9.4 Training................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Annex A (normative) Documentation requirements................................................................................................ 28 Annex B (informative) Toxicity and visibility testing............................................................................................... 29 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  iii --`,,```,,,,````-` Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Annex C (normative) Test methods.............................................................................................................................. 35 Annex D (normative) Extinguishing application density/Coverage test procedure. ...................................... 45 Bibliography...................................................................................................................................................................... 72 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- iv Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15779 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 21, Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting, Subcommittee SC 8, Gaseous media and firefighting systems using gas. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  v Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Introduction Firefighting systems covered in this International Standard are designed to provide a supply of condensed aerosol extinguishing medium for the extinction of fire. Several different methods of supplying condensed aerosol extinguishant to, and applying it at, the required point of discharge for fire extinction have been developed in recent years, and there is a need for dissemination of information on established systems and methods. This International Standard has been prepared to meet this need. The requirements of this International Standard are made in the light of the best technical data known to the working group at the time of writing but, since a wide field is covered, it has been impracticable to consider every possible factor or circumstance that might affect implementation of the recommendations. It has been assumed in the preparation of this International Standard that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to people appropriately qualified and experienced in the specification, design, installation, testing, approval, inspection, operation and maintenance of systems and equipment, for whose guidance it has been prepared, and who can be expected to exercise a duty of care to avoid unnecessary release of extinguishant. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- It is important that the fire protection of a building or plant be considered as a whole. Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems form only a part, though an important part, of the available facilities, but it should not be assumed that their adoption necessarily removes the need to consider supplementary measures, such as the provision of portable fire extinguishers or other mobile appliances for first aid or emergency use, or to deal with special hazards. Condensed aerosol extinguishants have for many years been a recognized effective medium for the extinction of flammable liquid fires and fires in the presence of electrical and ordinary Class A hazards, but it should not be forgotten, in the planning of comprehensive schemes, that there may be hazards for which these mediums are not suitable, or that in certain circumstances or situations there may be dangers in their use requiring special precautions. Advice on these matters can be obtained from the appropriate manufacturer of the extinguishant and/or the extinguishing system. Information may also be sought from the appropriate fire authority, the health and safety authorities and insurers. In addition, reference should be made as necessary to other national standards and statutory regulations of the particular country. It is essential that firefighting equipment be carefully maintained to ensure instant readiness when required. Routine maintenance is liable to be overlooked or given insufficient attention by the owner of the system. It is, however, neglected at peril to the lives of occupants of the premises and at the risk of crippling financial loss. The importance of maintenance cannot be too highly emphasized. Installation and maintenance should only be carried out by qualified personnel. Inspection should include an evaluation that the extinguishing system continues to provide adequate protection for the risk (protected zones as well as state of the art can change over time). Annex D deals with the tests for determination of the extinguishing application density and system performance and they are designed in such a way to allow individual installers to use his or her system and carry out all of the extinguishing tests. The tests presented in Annex D have been established to evaluate application densities suitable for the protection of Class A fires with wood crib fire tests and plastic fuel hazards such as may be encountered in information technology, telecommunications and process control facilities, as well as Class B fires with heptane pan and heptane can test fires in an enclosure of 100 m3. vi Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15779:2011(E) Condensed aerosol fire extinguishing systems — Requirements and test methods for components and system design, installation and maintenance — General requirements 1 Scope This International Standard specifies requirements and test methods for components and gives recommendations for the design, installation, testing, maintenance and safety of condensed aerosol firefighting systems in buildings, plants or other structures, and the characteristics of the extinguishants and types of fire for which they are a suitable extinguishing medium. It covers total flooding systems primarily related to buildings, plant and other specific applications, utilizing electrically non-conducting condensed aerosol fire extinguishants for which there are sufficient data currently available to enable validation of performance characteristics by an appropriate independent authority. Local applications of condensed aerosol extinguishing systems are not covered by this International Standard. Any local applications require a pre-engineered and pre-designed system which has been tested and approved for a specific application by a relevant authority. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 3941, Classification of fires EN 60068-2-6, Environmental testing ― Part 2-6: Tests ― Test Fc: Vibration (sinusoidal) EN 60068-2-30, Environmental testing ― Part 2-30: Tests ― Test Db and guidance: Damp heat, cyclic (12h + 12h cycle) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 aerosol extinguishing agent condensed aerosol extinguishing medium consisting of finely divided solid particles, generally in the order of magnitude of microns in diameter suspended in gas generated and distributed by a combustion process of a solid aerosol-forming compound 3.2 aerosol generator non-pressurized container which, when activated, generates a condensed aerosol extinguishing agent NOTE The pressurized container system includes the mounting bracket(s). 3.3 aggressive environment environment including the following or as defined by the appropriate authority: a) exterior situations exposed to the sun, ultraviolet radiation, wind, rain, or salt spray; b) corrosive atmospheres; --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  1 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) c) abnormally dusty or moisture-laden atmospheres; d) extreme temperatures; e) vibrations and shocks 3.4 approved acceptable to a relevant authority NOTE In determining the acceptability of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the authority may base acceptance on compliance with the appropriate standards. 3.5 authority organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment, installations or procedures 3.6 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- automatic performing a function without the necessity of intentional human intervention 3.7 automatic/manual switch means of converting the system from automatic to manual actuation 3.8 electrical clearance unobstructed air distance between the aerosol generator components and unenclosed or uninsulated live electrical components not at ground potential 3.9 thermal clearance air distance between a condensed aerosol generator and any structure or components sensitive to the temperature developed by the generator 3.10 competent person designated person, suitably trained, qualified by knowledge and practical experience and with the necessary instructions, to enable the required tests and examinations to be carried out 3.11 coolant heat-absorbing medium or process 3.12 design application density extinguishing application density of extinguishant, including a safety factor, required for system design purposes NOTE 1 The design application density may also be referred to as the design factor. NOTE 2 Measured in g/m3. 3.13 discharge time time from the generator activation until the end of its discharge/extinguishing application density NOTE Measured in g/m3. 3.14 extinguishant condensed aerosol extinguishing agent 2 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 3.15 extinguishing application density effective minimum mass of discharged extinguishant per unit of enclosure volume required to extinguish fire involving a specific fuel under defined experimental conditions, using a specific aerosol generator type and size, excluding any safety factor NOTE Measured in g/m3. 3.16 family of condensed aerosol generators range of generators designed with the same solid compound, the same kind of cooling device, discharge outlet, ignition device, layout and internal/external architecture (varying of mass of solid compound) 3.17 effective mass mass of discharged extinguishant required to achieve the design application density within the protected volume within the specified discharge time 3.18 hold time period of time during which an extinguishant is required to maintain at least the extinguishing application density to maintain even distribution throughout protected volume 3.19 hot work grinding, welding, thermal or oxygen cutting or heating and other related heat-producing or spark-producing operations 3.20 ignition device device which is able to ignite the solid aerosol-forming compound 3.21 inspection visual examination to give reasonable assurance that the extinguishing system is fully charged and operable and has not been activated or tampered with, and that there is no obvious physical damage or condition to prevent operation 3.22 location drawing layout diagram of protected volume clearly indicating the as-installed location of all aerosol generators, controls, maintenance isolate switch (lock-off devices), and associated components of the systems 3.23 lock-off device lockable manual shut-off device that prevents the electrical actuation of aerosol generators NOTE 1 The lock-off device may be in the form of a lockable system isolate switch. NOTE 2 The actuation of this device provides an indication of system isolation. NOTE 3 The intent is to prevent the discharge of agent into the hazard area when the lock-off device is activated. 3.24 lowest observed adverse effect level LOAEL lowest agent factor at which an adverse toxicological or physiological effect has been observed 3.25 listed systems or components that are included in a list published by a listing authority organization --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  3 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 3.26 listing organization internationally recognized fire protection system or components test and certification organization NOTE Examples of these organizations are: Factory Mutual (FM); Underwriters Laboratories (UL/ULC); Loss Prevention Certification Board (LPCB); VdS Schadenverhütung; All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Fire Protection (VNIIPO). 3.27 maintenance thorough check to give maximum assurance that the extinguishing system will operate as intended NOTE Maintenance includes a thorough examination and any necessary repair or replacement of system components. 3.28 manual requiring intentional intervention to accomplish a function 3.29 manufacturer entity that is responsible for the design, manufacturing, packaging and quality assurance of a device before it is placed on the market 3.30 mass median aerodynamic diameter MMAD particle size and distribution of any aerosol statistically, based on the weight and size of the particle, along with the geometric standard deviation NOTE Fifty percent of the particles by weight will be smaller than the median diameter and fifty percent of the particles will be larger (US EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 870.1300 Acute Inhalation Toxicity, August 1998). 3.31 monitoring supervision of the operating integrity of an electrical, mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic control feature of a system 3.32 no observed adverse effect level NOAEL highest agent factor at which no adverse toxicological or physiological effect has been observed 3.33 normally occupied area area that is occupied by persons, under normal circumstances 3.34 particulate concentration concentration of the solid fraction of the aerosol in the protected space after system discharge at the design application density NOTE 1 Measured in g/m3. NOTE 2 This information is necessary to assess the potential health effects of accidental exposure to the agent in occupied spaces, and the potential degree of visibility obscuration. 3.35 release physical discharge or emission of aerosol as a consequence of the aerosol generator’s actuation 3.36 safety factor multiplier of the extinguishing application density to determine the aerosol design application density 4  --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 3.37 solid aerosol-forming compound mixture of oxidant, combustible component and technical admixtures producing fire extinguishing aerosol upon ignition 3.38 supplier entity that is responsible for the product and is able to ensure that its quality is ensured 3.39 system isolate switch manually operated switch located at each entrance to the protected area, electrically supervised and secured from unauthorized use which prevents the automatic or manual electrical activation of the condensed aerosol generators by electrically opening the released circuit 3.40 total flooding system firefighting system arranged to discharge extinguishant into an enclosed space to achieve the appropriate design application density factor 3.41 unoccupiable area area which cannot be occupied due to dimensional or other physical constraint requiring intentional intervention to accomplish a function NOTE Examples of unoccupiable areas are shallow voids or cabinets. 3.42 user entity whom the system is designed for, and who is responsible for operation and to ensure the consistency of performance as described by the supplier and to follow the legal regulations 4 Use and limitations 4.1 General --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- This International Standard sets out requirements for the design, installation, service and maintenance of aerosol systems used as fire extinguishing media for total flooding applications. This International Standard also covers performance requirements and methods of testing for aerosol generators or storage containers and associated components. The design, installation, service and maintenance of aerosol fire-extinguishing systems shall be performed by those competent in fire extinguishing system technology. 4.2 Aerosol agent description 4.2.1 Condensed aerosol Condensed aerosol consists of finely divided solid particles typically based on alkali metal salts and gases typically comprised of nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Condensed aerosol is not stored in a container. It is self-generated by a combustion process of a solid aerosol- forming compound contained in a non-pressurized canister, an aerosol generator. Aerosol generators also contain an actuation device(s) designed to ignite the aerosol-forming compound and may have various cooling arrangements to cool the aerosol prior to its release into a protected area. The aerosol generating combustion process provides sufficient energy for a rapid discharge and efficient distribution of the aerosol. No propelling gas is required for the aerosol delivery. An aerosol generator has one or more discharge outlets and is normally placed inside the protected risk area. No piping is required. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  5 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 4.2.2 Physical characteristics Aerosols are electrically non-conductive gas-like media, which are suspended in the air in the protected volume. Being a suspension of fine solid particles in a gaseous medium, the aerosol is not a clean agent. Following actuation of an aerosol generator there is a period of time during which the aerosol remains suspended within the enclosure; if the enclosure is not ventilated, the aerosol suspension will eventually settle down, forming a dust-like residue, normally in a very small quantity. 4.2.3 Extinguishing mechanism Aerosols extinguish fires by: --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- a) chemical interference by removing the reactive free radicals; b) physically cooling the seat of the fire; or c) reducing the concentration of oxygen by introducing inert gas. Generally, an aerosol generator will primarily use two of the three mechanisms. For aerosol generators that produce particulates, the chemical and cooling mechanisms take place mainly on the surface of the solid aerosol particles, and therefore, the finer the particles, the more effective the extinguishing mechanism. For aerosol generators that produce inert gas and water vapour, these inert gases displace air, reducing the amount of oxygen available for combustion. The combustion is then cooled to the point of extinguishment as heat is transferred to the water. 4.3 Application Aerosol extinguishants are recognized as suitable for suppression of Class A and Class B fires. The hazards, against which these systems offer protection, and any limitations on their use, shall be contained in the system supplier’s design manual. Total flooding fire-extinguishing systems are used primarily for protection against hazards that are in enclosures or equipment that, in itself, includes an enclosure to contain the extinguishant. The following are examples of such hazards, but the list is not exhaustive: a) electrical and electronic hazards; b) telecommunications facilities; c) flammable and combustible liquids and gases. Where aerosol generators are used in a potentially explosive application, the suitability of the generator to the atmosphere for the determined life shall be assessed. Thus, aerosol generators shall be constructed such that they do not cause fire or explosion when actuated. Aerosol generators may be used in hazardous areas subject to the manufacturer obtaining the specific listings and approvals for such areas from the appropriate authorities having jurisdiction. CAUTION — Aerosol extinguishing systems are intended for the types of fire for which they are a suitable extinguishing medium. The end user should consider the potential adverse effects of aerosol extinguishing agent discharge residue on sensitive equipment and other objects. 4.4 Limitation of use The extinguishants referred to in this International Standard shall not be used on fires involving the following fuels unless relevant testing has been carried out to the satisfaction of the authority: a) chemicals containing their own supply of oxygen, such as cellulose nitrate; 6 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) b) mixtures containing oxidizing materials, such as sodium chlorate or sodium nitrate; c) chemicals capable of undergoing autothermal decomposition, such as some organic peroxides; d) reactive metals (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium and zirconium), reactive hydrides, or metal amides, some of which may react violently with some aerosol extinguishants; e) oxidizing agents such as nitric oxides and fluorine; f) pyrophoric materials such as white phosphorous or metallo-organic compounds. The above list may not be exhaustive. 4.5 Electrostatic discharge Care shall be taken when discharging extinguishant into potentially explosive atmospheres. Electrostatic charging of aerosol generators or other conductors not bonded to earth may occur during the discharge of extinguishant. These conductors may discharge to other objects with sufficient energy to initiate an explosion. Where the system is used for inerting, generators shall be adequately bonded and earthed. 4.6 Potentially explosive atmosphere Under certain conditions, the potential for explosive atmospheres may exist. Areas where such potential may exist are classified as hazardous. Condensed aerosols may be used in hazardous areas subject to the manufacturer obtaining the specific listings and approvals for such areas from the appropriate authorities. 4.7 Temperature limitations All devices shall be designed for the service they will encounter and shall not readily be rendered inoperative or susceptible to accidental operation. Devices shall normally be designed to function properly from -20 °C to +75 °C, or marked to indicate temperature limitations, or in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications which shall be marked on the name-plate, or (where there is no name-plate) in the manufacturer’s instruction manual. For condensed aerosols, special care shall be taken to determine the maximum ambient temperature at which the aerosol generator can be installed, without risk of actuation by temperature itself. Condensed aerosol generators shall not be employed at less than the minimum thermal clearance distances specified in the manufacturer’s instruction manual. 4.8 Compatibility with other extinguishants Mixing of extinguishants in the same container shall be permitted only if the system is approved for use with such a mixture. Systems employing the simultaneous discharge of aerosols and other extinguishants to protect the same enclosed space shall not be permitted. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 4.9 Environmental When selecting an extinguishing system or agent to protect a hazard area, the effects of the agent on the environment shall be considered. 5 Safety 5.1 General Any hazard to personnel created by the actuation and discharge of the condensed aerosol extinguishing system shall be considered in the design of the system with reference to the hazards associated with particular aerosol © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  7 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) extinguishants. When selecting an aerosol extinguishant, careful consideration should be given to independent occupational health and safety data. Potential hazards of aerosol extinguishing systems include noise, reduced visibility, high or low temperature, turbulence, potential toxicity, and skin or eye irritation to persons in the protected space and other areas where the aerosol may migrate. For additional information see Annex B. Determination for use of an agent in spaces that are normally occupied, normally unoccupied, or unoccupiable shall be based on an evaluation of the adverse effects(s) caused due to accidental exposure to the agent. Potential adverse health effects shall be assessed for the particulate concentration, the size of the particulates (i.e. the mass median aerodynamic diameter), and the concentration of gases expected after actuation of the aerosol extinguishing system at the concentration design density. In any proposed use of condensed aerosol where there is a possibility that people may enter the protected enclosure or be close to the protected risk, suitable safeguards such as personnel training, warning signs, pre-discharge alarms and system isolate switches shall be provided. Means of ventilation after fire should be readily available. Unnecessary exposure to a condensed aerosol shall be avoided. Following the use of a condensed aerosol, personnel should not enter the protected area until it has been thoroughly ventilated. Venting of the post-fire atmosphere should be to an open-air area, where possible, to prevent the inadvertent exposure of personnel to any combustion products of the fire and aerosol-generating reaction. In case of fire involving unknown products it is imperative to check the concentration of carbon monoxide and other potentially toxic gases before entering the premises. Following a system discharge, the aerosol that has settled should be removed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Protective clothing including gloves and goggles should be worn. A respirator or mask may be required. Adherence to this International Standard does not remove the user’s statutory responsibility to comply with the appropriate safety regulations. In order to assess the potential human health effects manufacturers should conduct the toxicity testing for use. This requires direct toxicity assessment on the aerosol after discharge of the system at the maximum design factor. 5.2 Toxicity 5.2.1 General No fire suppression extinguishant shall be used which is carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic at the design concentration density expected during use. 5.2.2 Condensed aerosols Condensed aerosol extinguishing systems for normally occupied areas are permitted where the aerosol particulate concentration does not exceed the adverse effect level as determined by a scientifically accepted technique (see Annex B). Any gases produced as a result of the aerosol-forming reaction shall not exceed the appropriate excursion limit for the critical toxic effect. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- When activated, condensed aerosol generators may produce toxic levels of gases such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia, which are typical by-products of the aerosol generating reaction. Actual concentrations of these by-products depend on the chemical compositions of the solid aerosol-forming compound and coolant, engineering design of the aerosol generators and conditions of the enclosure under protection. Maximum allowable exposure to a design factor of the aerosol under conditions of a sealed enclosure shall be provided for each agent by its manufacturer. Any possible adverse effects on humans that may be experienced at the indicated allowable exposures should be described. The information shall be supported by the appropriate test results on chemical composition of the aerosol and its short-term “acute” adverse effects. The results shall be endorsed by an independent testing laboratory having an appropriate authority. 8 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 5.3 Reduced visibility 5.3.1 General All aerosol extinguishing agents reduce visibility, some more than others. Annex B contains guidance in assessing visibility levels for aerosol extinguishing agents. 5.3.2 Safety precautions Safety precautions such as personnel training, goggles, audio devices, floor mounted directional lighting, evacuation plans and exit drills shall be included in the operational plan for the occupancy. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 5.4 Turbulence Turbulence caused by high-velocity discharge from the condensed aerosol generator may be enough to dislodge substantial objects directly in its path, such as ceiling tiles and light fittings. Therefore, tiles and light fittings should be properly secured. Aerosol discharge may also cause enough general turbulence to move unsecured paper and light objects. 5.5 Thermal hazards 5.5.1 Minimum thermal clearance Condensed aerosol generators shall not be employed at less than the minimum thermal clearance as specified in the listing of the product. For locations where personnel may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to the temperature not exceeding 75 °C. For locations where combustible materials or equipment may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to the temperature not exceeding 200 °C. For locations where non-combustible materials or equipment may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to the temperature not exceeding 400 °C. 5.5.2 Removal of discharged generators Protective gloves shall be worn when removing discharged condensed aerosol generators immediately after discharge. 5.5.3 Hot work As open flame or prolonged exposure to temperatures exceeding 400°C may cause activation of the condensed aerosol generators, they shall be removed from a protected area prior to any hot work being carried out within their vicinity. 5.5.4 Casing temperatures for condensed aerosol generators The manufacturer shall indicate the maximum temperature of the condensed aerosol generator casing during system discharge. 5.6 Safety precautions 5.6.1 General In any proposed use of aerosol where people may enter the protected enclosure or be close to the protected risk, suitable safeguards such as personnel training, warning signs, pre-discharge alarms and system isolate switches shall be provided. Means of ventilation after fire should be readily available. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  9 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 5.6.2 Specific requirements The following general safety aspects shall apply for areas protected by the aerosol systems and which are capable of being occupied: a) Time delay devices: 1) a pre-discharge alarm shall be incorporated with a time delay sufficient to allow evacuation of personnel prior to discharge; 2) time delay devices shall be used only for evacuation of personnel or to prepare the hazard area for discharge; 3) in the event of failure of the pre-discharge alarm and time delay, means should be provided to limit exposure to agents approved for use in normally occupied areas to no longer than five minutes. The effect of reduced visibility on egress time shall be considered. b) Exit routes, which shall be kept clear at all times, and emergency lighting and adequate direction signs to minimize travel distances for areas which may be occupied. c) Outward-swinging self-closing doors which can be opened from the inside, including when locked from the outside. d) Continuous visual and audible alarms at entrances and designated exits inside the protected area and continuous visual alarm outside the protected area which operate until the protected area has been made safe. e) Appropriate warning and instruction signs. f) Where required, pre-discharge alarms within such areas that are distinctive from all other alarm signals that will operate immediately upon detection of the fire. g) Means for prompt natural or forced-draft ventilation of such areas after any discharge of extinguishant. Care should be taken to completely dissipate hazardous atmospheres and not just move them to other locations. h) Instructions and drills for all personnel within or in the vicinity of protected areas, including maintenance or construction personnel who may be brought into the area, to ensure they take proper action when the system operates. Personnel shall not re-enter the enclosure until it has been verified as being safe to do so. In addition to the above requirements, is it recommended that a self-contained breathing apparatus be supplied and personnel trained in its use. 5.7 Electrical hazards Where exposed electrical conductors are present, electrical clearances no smaller than those given in Table 1 shall be provided, where practicable, between the electrical conductors and all parts of the system that may be approached during maintenance. Where these clearances cannot be achieved, warning notices shall be provided and a safe system of maintenance work shall be adopted. The system should be so arranged that all normal operations can be carried out safely by the operator. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 10 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Table 1 — Required electrical clearances to enable operation, inspection, cleaning, repairs, painting and normal maintenance work to be carried out Minimum clearance from any point on or around the permanent equipment where a person may be required to stand a Maximum rated voltage (m) (KV) To the nearest part not at earth To the nearest unscreened potential of an insulator b live conductor in air supporting a live conductor (section clearance) (ground clearance) 15 2,6 2,5 33 2,75 2,5 44 2,90 2,5 66 3,10 2,5 88 3,20 2,5 110 3,35 2,5 132 3,50 2,5 165 3,80 2,5 220 4,30 2,5 275 4,60 2,5 a Measured from position of the feet. b The term “insulator” includes all forms of insulating supports, such as pedestal and suspension insulators, bushings, cable sealing ends and the insulating supports of certain types of circuit breaker. 5.8 Electrical earthing Systems within electrical substations or switch rooms shall be efficiently bonded and earthed to prevent the metalwork from becoming electrically charged. 5.9 Electrostatic discharge The system shall be adequately bonded and earthed to minimize the risk of electrostatic discharge. 6 Extinguishant 6.1 General This clause sets out the requirements for the extinguishant concentrations. In the future, additional parts of this International Standard may be developed covering different types of extinguishing systems. 6.2 Design application density requirements 6.2.1 Fire classification For fire classifications, see ISO 3941. 6.2.2 Class B fire The minimum Class B design application density for each extinguishant shall be a demonstrated minimum extinguishing application density for each Class B fuel multiplied by a safety factor of 1,3. The minimum extinguishing application density used shall be that demonstrated by the minimum extinguishing application density fire test (D.6.2 pan fire test). © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright International Organization for Standardization  11 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Procedures using heptane in the fire extinguishment/area coverage fire test procedure are detailed in D.6.1 and D.6.2. For hazards involving multiple fuels, the value for the fuel requiring the greatest design application density shall be used. 6.2.2.1 Minimum Class B design application density The minimum design application density for Class B fires shall be the highest (extinguishing) application density derived from n-heptane pan test (D.6.2) and generator distribution tests (D.5.1 and D.5.2) multiplied by a 1,3 safety factor (see 7.3.1). 6.2.3 Class A solid burning surface fire The minimum extinguishing application density for Class A surface fires shall be determined by test using the fire test procedure described in D.6.3 (Polymeric sheet fire tests) and D.6.4 (Class A compatible wood crib test). The minimum design application density for Class A surface fires shall be the highest extinguishing concentration density determined from the results of four test scenarios times a safety factor of 1,3. 6.2.3.1 Minimum Class A solid surface burning design application density The minimum design application density for Class A fires solid surface burning design application density shall be the highest (extinguishing) application density derived from the wood crib test (D.6.1), polymeric sheet tests (D.6.3) and the Class A compatible wood crib test (D.6.4). This application would be adjusted to account for the generator distribution by multiplying by the ratio of the n-heptane pan application density to the distribution test application density. A safety factor of 1,3 would also be applied (see 7.3.1). 6.2.4 EDP (electronic data processing) rooms, telecommunication and electronic risks It is recognized that the wood crib and polymeric sheet Class A fire tests may not adequately indicate extinguishing concentrations suitable for the protection of certain plastic fuel hazards (e.g. electrical and electronic type hazards involving grouped power or data cables such as computer and control room under- floor voids, telecommunication facilities, etc.). An extinguishing concentration not less than that determined in accordance with 6.2.3, or not less than that determined from the heptane fire test described in D.6.2, whichever is the greater, should be used under certain conditions. These conditions may include: a) cable bundles greater than 100 mm in diameter; b) cable trays with a fill density greater than 20 % of the tray cross-section; c) horizontal or vertical stacks of cable trays (closer than 250 mm); d) equipment energized during the extinguishment period where the collective power consumption exceeds 5 kW. NOTE Where electrical equipment shut down is delayed, higher concentrations, longer hold times, or other fire protection systems can be considered. 6.2.4.1 Minimum EDP rooms telecommunication and electronic risks application density The minimum design application density for EDP rooms telecommunication and electronic risks design application density shall be the highest (extinguishing) application density derived from polymeric sheet test --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- (D.6.3) and the Class A compatible wood crib test (D.6.4). This application would be adjusted to account for the generator distribution by multiplying by the ratio of the n-heptane pan application density to the distribution test application density. A safety factor of 1,3 would also be applied. 6.3 Aerosol generator performance requirements 6.3.1 General This clause sets out requirements for the aerosol generator container’s performance. 12 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 6.3.2 Distribution coverage 6.3.2.1 Condensed aerosol generators The maximum area coverage and the maximum and minimum protected area height limitations for each condensed aerosol generator unit size shall be determined by the fire extinguishment/area coverage fire test procedure as described in D.5.1 and D.5.2. 6.3.3 Effective discharge Discharge time shall be specified by the manufacturer and shall not exceed 90 s. Aerosol containers and released aerosols shall not cause fire or explosion during actuation and discharge. The minimum thermal clearances from the condensed aerosol generator’s discharge outlet(s) for 75 °C, 200 °C and 400 °C shall be specified in the product listing. Refer to 7.5.2 for requirements on minimum thermal clearances. Parameters of the aerosol discharge shall be verified by the test procedure as described in Annex C. 6.3.4 Ambient temperature and humidity operation range Aerosol containers shall be operable for the total service live period within temperature and humidity range specified by the manufacturer and listed by approval agencies. The temperature operation range shall be verified by the accelerated aging test procedure as described in Annex C. The humidity operation range shall be verified by the temperature and humidity operation range tests as described in Annex C. 6.3.5 Service life The service life period includes the storage and installation life period for the product. Aerosol containers shall be designed for the service they will encounter and shall not readily be rendered inoperative or susceptible to accidental operation. The service life of aerosol containers for typical applications shall be specified by the manufacturer and listed by approval agencies. The specified service life shall be verified by the accelerated aging test procedure as described in Annex C. 6.3.6 Vibration and shock resistance The aerosol container and its mounting bracket shall withstand the vibration and shock resistance tests as described in Annex C. 6.3.7 Corrosion The aerosol container and its mounting bracket shall withstand the corrosion test as described in Annex C. 6.3.8 Impact The packaged condensed aerosol generator shall not be a disposal hazard after the impact (drop test) as described in Annex C. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 6.3.9 Actuation element The technical characteristics and actuation processes shall be specified by the manufacturer for all types of actuation devices incorporated in the aerosol container. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  13 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 6.3.10 Exposure to fire Aerosol containers intended for installation inside the protected enclosure shall be tested for reliability of operation and effectiveness of the discharge under the heat exposure conditions by the test procedure as described in Annex C. 6.4 Marking Manufacturers shall put a permanent name-plate or other permanent marking specifying the following on each aerosol container: a) extinguishant trade name; b) manufacturer; c) date of manufacture; d) serial number; e) mass of aerosol forming compound. For condensed aerosols, installers shall attach a durable metallic tag to each aerosol generator indicating the installation date, and the expiration date. Installation life (from installation to expiration date) for condensed aerosol generators depends on the specific application and the installation environment (based on expected conditions of operation, e.g. temperature and humidity). 7 Specifications, plans and approvals 7.1 Specifications Specifications for condensed aerosol fire extinguishing systems shall be prepared under the supervision of a person fully experienced in the design of aerosol extinguishing systems and, where appropriate, with the advice of the authority. The specifications shall include all pertinent items necessary for the proper design of the system such as the designation of the authority, variances from the standard to be permitted by the authority, design criteria, system sequence of operations, the type and extent of the acceptance testing to be performed after installation of the system, owner training requirements and working documents as defined in A.2. The specification shall also include mounting parts for the generator. Layout and system proposal documents shall be submitted for approval to the authority before installation or modification begins. The type of documentation required is specified in Annex A. 7.2 Enclosure 7.2.1 Venting and structural strength The protected enclosure shall have sufficient structural strength and integrity to contain the extinguishant discharge. Venting shall be provided to prevent excessive over- or under-pressurization of the enclosure. A calculation method or formula to estimate a minimum vent area shall be provided by a systems manufacturer. Type and location of pressure relief vents shall ensure maximum possible containment of the agent during and after its discharge. 7.2.2 Loss of extinguishant to adjacent hazards To prevent loss of extinguishant through openings to adjacent hazards or work areas, openings shall be permanently sealed or equipped with automatic closures. Where reasonable confinement of extinguishants is not practicable, protection shall be extended to include the adjacent connected hazards or work areas. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 14 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 7.2.3 Forced-air ventilating systems Forced-air ventilating systems shall be shut down or closed automatically where their continued operation would adversely affect the performance of the fire-extinguishing system or result in propagation of the fire. Ventilation systems necessary to ensure safety are not required to be shut down upon system activation. An extended extinguishant discharge shall be provided to maintain the design concentration for the required duration of protection. The volumes of both ventilated air and the ventilation system ductwork shall be considered as part of the total hazard volume when determining extinguishant quantities. All services within the protected enclosure (e.g. fuel and power supplies, heating appliances, paint spraying) that are likely to impair the performance of the extinguishing system shall be shut down prior to, or simultaneously with, the discharge of the extinguishant. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 7.2.4 Venting requirements When an aerosol is discharged into a closed volume, a significant overpressure may be developed due to the amount of gases generated and the effects of increased temperature on the atmosphere. Later, the combined volume of aerosol and air will become greater than the initial room volume. The final result will increase the pressure or will exhaust the excess volume through vent openings. The air temperature is increased during the discharge but will return to normal levels as heat is adsorbed from solid surfaces in the room. The designer/installer shall provide reliable calculations for venting requirements for each system if applicable. 7.3 Total flooding quantity 7.3.1 General The effective mass of aerosol in the system shall be at least sufficient for the largest single hazard or group of hazards that are to be protected against simultaneously. The mass of extinguishant required to achieve the design application density shall be calculated from Equation (1): m=ρ×V (1) where m is the total flooding quantity, in g; ρ is design application density, in g/m3 (may need to be adjusted to compensate for any special conditions that would adversely affect the extinguishing efficiency, see 7.4); V is protected volume, in m3 (may include adjacent connected hazards or work areas). The design application density is to be specified by the manufacturer in the design manual. In addition to these calculated total flooding quantities, additional quantities of extinguishant may be required by national standards to compensate for any special conditions that would adversely affect the extinguishing efficiency or, if required, by the physical characteristics of the extinguishant. Where required, the reserve quantity shall be as many multiples of the main supply as the authority considers necessary. 7.3.2 Safety factor The safety factor of 1,3 relates to the increase of 30 % from the extinguishing application density to the design application density, which results in additional quantity of extinguishant. Circumstances which may not be adequately covered by this factor (although in some cases they are covered by other requirements in this © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  15 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) International Standard) and which may need allowance for additional extinguishant (i.e. more than 30 %) are included but not limited to the following: a) Where leakage occurs from a non-tight enclosure. b) Where leakage occurs due to doors being opened during or immediately after discharge. This should be covered by operational protocols for individual risks. c) Where excessive leakage occurs from an enclosure due to expansion of the extinguishant. d) Where metal surfaces, heated by the fire, may act as an ignition source if not adequately cooled during extinguishant discharge and hold time. WARNING — The additional extinguishant required to compensate for one of the above-mentioned circumstances may increase potential inhalation toxicity of the aerosol. Care should be taken to prevent any possibility of exposure by personnel to the high initial concentration of the aerosol. 7.4 Design application density adjustment 7.4.1 Effects of altitude The design calculations of the extinguishant shall be adjusted to compensate for ambient pressures that vary by more than 11 % (equivalent to approximately 1 000 m of elevation change) from standard sea level pressure (101 300 Pa absolute). The ambient pressure is affected by changes in altitude, pressurization or depressurization of the protected enclosure, and weather-related barometric pressure changes. 7.4.2 Effects of temperature Temperature, as with altitude, has no effect on condensed aerosol design factor calculations, but it affects the extinguishants spatial distribution. At elevated temperatures, aerosol expands to a greater specific volume. A system designed for standard conditions will therefore develop, at the same design factor, a higher distribution at elevated temperatures. Reduction in quantity of extinguishant is, however, not recommended, as it may result in lower extinguishant performance. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- At lower temperatures, aerosol may expand to a lesser specific volume. This may result in lower coverage compared to that achieved under standard temperature conditions. The likelihood of this should be low due to a high velocity and the elevated temperature of aerosol being released. At temperatures below zero, the quantity indicated at room temperature shall be increased to compensate for a lower coverage. Design factor determined at room temperature shall be multiplied by a correction factor determined by the manufacturer and included in the design manual. 7.4.3 Effects of ventilation All ventilation systems should be shut down prior to the actuation of the condensed aerosol system. However, the possibility of aerosol discharge into an enclosure that is ventilated should also be considered. In such enclosures, some extinguishant will be lost with the ventilating air. Assuming that ventilation must continue during and after discharge, a greater amount of extinguishant is required to develop a given design factor. Also, to maintain the design factor at a given level requires continuous extinguishant discharge for the duration of the holding period. The designer/installer shall provide reliable calculations for each system if applicable. 16 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 7.4.4 Compensation for leakage through enclosure openings The designer/installer shall provide reliable calculations for the design application density necessary to compensate for any leakage through unclosable openings. 7.5 Unit size and quantity of aerosol generators 7.5.1 Maximum or minimum protected height limitations The selected unit sizes shall comply with the maximum distance and area coverage and maximum or minimum protected height limitations as specified for each unit. The maximum and minimum height and coverage distance for each unit size of the aerosol generators are determined by area coverage fire tests as described --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- in Annex D. 7.5.2 Minimum thermal clearance The selected unit sizes shall be appropriate for the protected area in terms of the minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlets. If the protected area is congested or contains temperature-sensitive equipment, it would be appropriate to select several smaller units that require less minimum clearance although one large unit may be adequate in terms of achieving the required design quantity. The following general criteria should apply: — for locations where personnel may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to a temperature not exceeding 75 °C; — for locations where combustible materials or equipment may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to a temperature not exceeding 200 °C; — for locations where non-combustible equipment may be situated, the minimum thermal clearance shall refer to a temperature not exceeding 400 °C. 7.5.3 Several smaller units versus few large units In some applications such as cable ducts and trenches, several smaller units of the same family evenly spread along the protected enclosure would provide better distribution and faster achievement of the minimum design density throughout the area although one large unit may fulfill the agent quantity requirement. 7.5.4 Mounting locations Certain protected enclosures may have very specific permissible mounting locations. This may influence the quantity and size of the units selected. 7.5.5 Quantity of aerosol generators 7.5.5.1 General Quantity of aerosol generator’s units needed to protect a room may be increased in order not to exceed maximum coverage distance. 7.5.5.2 Same unit size © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  17 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E)  m  n=  (2)  m g  where n is the rounded-up integer number of aerosol generators of one size; m is the design application density, in grams; mg is the effective mass of aerosol in one generator, in grams. 7.5.5.3 Different unit size If different sizes of aerosol generators should be selected, the total mass of extinguishant shall be not less than the design quantity. If the different sizes have different design application densities, this has to be taken into account. The height of the protected enclosure shall not exceed the maximum height limitation listed for the smallest unit size selected, unless uniformity of the aerosol distribution for the greater height has been proved by a discharge test. 7.5.6 Multiple generator systems In case of the need of more than one aerosol generator to protect a volume, generators of the same family shall be used. 7.6 Operating conditions In-service operating conditions, such as temperature, humidity and vibration, shall be within ranges specified by the manufacturer and as listed by a listing authority for a specific aerosol extinguishant (see also 6.4). --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 7.7 Duration of protection It is important that an effective extinguishant concentration not only be achieved, but be maintained for a sufficient period of time to allow effective emergency action. This is equally important in all classes of fires since a persistent ignition source (e.g. an arc, heat source, oxyacetylene torch, or “deep-seated” fire) can lead to resurgence of the initial event once the extinguishant has dissipated. It is essential to determine the likely period during which the extinguishing concentration will be maintained within the protected enclosure. This is known as the hold time. Due to the specific characteristics of the extinction process of condensed aerosols that primarily produce particulates, no method is known to evaluate the hold time in real installations, other than real discharge which is not practical. For this reason, a specific test is required for each aerosol formulation to determine the maximum leakage area to volume ratio that provides for the minimum hold time declared by the manufacturer. For condensed aerosols that produce particulates participating in the extinction process, the approach for determining hold time is detailed in Annex D. For condensed aerosols that produce only gases (i.e. do not generate particulates participating in the extinction process), an alternative approach detailed in Annex E of ISO 14520-1:2006 may be used, based on the density of the mixture of gases produced. The leakage area for a specific room can be determined as the ELA value obtained with the door fan test described in Annex E of ISO 14520-1:2006 . The details of the test to determine the area/volume ratio are given in D.7. 18 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) To ensure the protection is adequate in terms of hold time, the following comparison must be fulfilled: ELA ≤ leakage area to volume ratio (D.7). Vroom The hold time shall be not less than 10 min, unless otherwise specified by the authority. As the application density of a condensed aerosol cannot be measured directly by a gas analysis technique, other physical properties proportional to the application density, such as optical transmittance, could be measured providing the adequate calibration between such property and the design application density can be effected. The measuring technique, procedure and calibration method shall be listed or approved by an appropriate authority. 7.8 System discharge 7.8.1 Discharge time The discharge time shall not exceed 90 s from the actuation or as otherwise accepted by the authorities. 7.8.2 Effectiveness of discharge The system design shall be such that: a) the design concentration is achieved in all parts of enclosure; b) the discharge does not cause fire or explosion; c) the discharge does not unduly splash flammable liquids. 7.8.3 Thermal clearance In order to minimize the potential heat damage to the enclosure or its contents during discharge of the condensed aerosol generators, minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlet(s) shall be observed as specified for the selected size of the condensed aerosol generator and as appropriate for the protected contents. Consideration shall also be given to the maximum casing temperature in relation to the heat sensitivity of the mounting and adjacent surfaces. 7.8.4 Extended discharge Where an extended discharge is necessary, the duration shall be sufficient to maintain the design density concentration for the required hold time. 7.9 Detection, actuation and control systems 7.9.1 General Detection, actuation and control systems may be either automatic or manual. Where they are automatic, provision shall also be made for manual operation. Detection, actuation, alarm and control systems shall be installed, tested and maintained in accordance with relevant national standards. Unless otherwise specified in a national standard, 72 h minimum standby sources of energy shall be used to provide for operation of the detection, signaling, control and actuation requirements of the system. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright International Organization for Standardization© ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  19 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 7.9.2 Automatic detection Automatic detection shall be by any method or device approved and shall be capable of early detection and indication of heat, flame, smoke, combustible vapours, or any abnormal condition in the hazard that is likely to produce fire. NOTE Detectors installed at the maximum approved spacing for fire alarm use may result in excessive delay in extinguishant release, especially where more than one detection device is required to be in alarm before automatic actuation results. 7.9.3 Operating devices 7.9.3.1 Automatic operation Automatic systems shall be controlled by automatic fire detection and actuation systems suitable for the system and hazard, and shall also be provided with a means of manual operation. Electrically operated fire detection systems shall comply with the appropriate national standard. The electric power supply shall be independent of the supply for the hazard area, and shall include an emergency secondary power supply with automatic changeover in case the primary supply fails. Because an aerosol extinguishant is a smoke-like medium in itself, release of the aerosol may cause unwanted --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- activation of smoke detectors in adjacent areas. When two or more detectors are used, it is preferable for the system to operate only after signals from both types of detectors have been received. 7.9.3.2 Manual operation Provision shall be made for manual operation of the firefighting system by means of a control situated outside the protected space or adjacent to the main exit from the space. In addition to any means of automatic operation, the system shall be provided with the following: a) one or more means, remote from the aerosol generator containers, of manual operation; or b) a manual device for providing direct mechanical actuation of the system; or c) an electrical manual release system in which the control equipment monitors for abnormal conditions in the power supply and provides a signal when the power source is inadequate. Manual operation shall cause normal operation of the generators as specified by the manufacturer. NOTE 1 National standards may not require a manual release, or may require the release to operate via the pre- discharge alarms and time delay. The manual operation device shall incorporate a double action or other safety device to restrict accidental operation. The device shall be provided with a means of preventing operation during maintenance of the system. NOTE 2 The choice of the means of operation depends upon the nature of the hazard to be protected. Automatic fire detection and alarm equipment is normally provided on a manual system to indicate the presence of a fire. 7.9.4 Electric control equipment Electric control equipment shall be used to supervise the detecting circuits, manual and automatic releasing circuits, signaling circuits, electrical actuating devices and associated wiring and, when required, cause actuation. The control equipment shall be capable of operation with the number and type of actuating devices utilized. 20 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 7.9.5 Operating alarm indicators 7.9.5.1 Alarms and indicators Alarms or indicators, or both, shall be used to indicate the operation of the system, hazards to personnel, or failure of any supervised device. The type (audible, visual or olfactory), number, and location of the devices shall be such that their purpose is satisfactorily accomplished. The extent and type of alarms or indicator equipment, or both, shall be approved. 7.9.5.2 Audible and visual pre-discharge alarms Audible and visual pre-discharge alarms shall be provided within the protected area to give positive warning of impending discharge. The pre-discharge alarms shall operate immediately on commencement of time delay upon detection of fire or manual operation of the system. The operation of the warning devices shall be continued after extinguishant discharge, until positive action has been taken to acknowledge the alarm and proceed with appropriate action. 7.9.5.3 Alarms indicating failure Alarms indicating failure of supervised devices or equipment shall give prompt and positive indication of any failure and shall be distinct from alarms indicating operation or hazardous conditions. 7.9.6 System isolate switch The discharge of electrically operated aerosol generators in total flooding applications in areas where people may be present shall be capable of being excluded by means of a system isolating switch. For systems not compatible with occupied spaces, the system isolate shall be manually operated prior to personnel entering the protected space or adjacent areas which could be rendered hazardous by the discharge of extinguishant. The system isolate switch shall be situated outside the protected area or adjacent to the main exit from the area and protected from an accidental operation. While the system isolate switch is active and the discharge of the system is inhibited, the fire detection and alarm systems shall continue to function and the system shall return to its operation control when the device is reactivated. The operation of the system isolate switch shall activate an indicator at the fire panel to ensure that the generators cannot be operated. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 8 Commissioning and acceptance 8.1 General This clause sets out the minimum requirements for the commissioning and acceptance of the aerosol extinguishing system. 8.2 Tests 8.2.1 General The completed system shall be reviewed and tested by a competent person to meet the approval of the authority. Only equipment and devices designed to national standards shall be used in the systems. To determine that the system has been properly installed and will function as specified, the tests specified in 8.2.2 to 8.2.9 shall be performed. WARNING — A system isolate switch shall be operated prior to entering the protected enclosure. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  21 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 8.2.2 Enclosure check 8.2.2.1 Determine that the protected enclosure is in general conformance with the plans. The actual enclosure volume and dimensions shall be checked against the protected volume calculations specified in the system design. Fan rundown and damper closure time shall be taken into consideration. 8.2.2.2 All total flooding systems shall have the enclosure checked to locate and then effectively seal any significant air leaks that could result in a failure of the enclosure to hold the specified extinguishant concentration level for the specified holding period. 8.2.2.3 Should pressure relief vents be designed for the application, determine that the effective total vent area is in conformance with the design calculations. Ensure that the type and location of the vents are in --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- accordance with the design recommendations so as to provide maximum possible containment of the aerosol during and after its discharge. 8.2.3 Review of design calculations 8.2.3.1 The type of enclosure occupancy (occupied, normally unoccupied or unoccupied) shall be checked against that indicated in the design documentation. 8.2.3.2 The actual enclosure volumes shall be checked against those indicated in the design documentation. 8.2.3.3 The fire hazards (classes of fires) shall be checked against those indicated in the design documentation. The selected design application value shall be appropriate for the hazard. In case of multiple fire hazards the greatest design application shall be used. 8.2.3.4 An adequate quantity of extinguishant to produce the design application density shall be provided. Total flooding quantity shall be appropriate for the actual protected volume. 8.2.3.5 Operation temperature range, humidity and other expected ambient conditions shall be checked for compliance with those permissible by the manufacturer. 8.2.4 Review of the mechanical components of condensed aerosol generators a) The number and unit size(s) of the aerosol generators shall be checked for conformance to the design calculations. The number shall be adequate to produce the specified total flooding quantity. The unit size(s) shall be appropriate in relation to maximum height and area coverage limitations. b) Orientation of the generators should be in such a manner that optimum extinguishant dispersal and containment can be effected. c) The aerosol generators shall be installed in such a manner that they will not potentially cause injury to personnel. Extinguishant shall not directly impinge on areas where personnel may be found in the normal work area, or on any loose objects or shelves, cabinet tops, or similar surfaces where loose objects could be present and become missiles. d) Minimum thermal clearances from the discharge outlet(s) shall be checked against those specified in the design documentation for the type of the enclosure occupancy, equipment and materials present in the enclosure. e) The aerosol generators and mounting brackets shall be securely fastened in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements. Specified mounting brackets or supports shall be used for each unit size of the aerosol generator. 22 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 8.2.5 Review of electrical components WARNING — Prior to the start of any work, the wiring from the releasing panel(s) to all aerosol generators shall be disconnected. When testing circuitry, it is recommended that a method be used to verify that the necessary current is available by inserting a resistor into the line equivalent to the resistance of the generator and measuring the minimum current that is specified by the manufacturer that is actually delivered. 8.2.5.1 All wiring systems shall be properly installed in compliance with the appropriate national standard and the system drawings. AC and DC voltage wiring shall not be combined in a common conduit unless properly shielded and grounded. 8.2.5.2 All field circuitry should be tested for maximum supervisory and minimum activation current. 8.2.5.3 All field circuitry shall be tested for ground fault and short circuit condition. When testing field circuitry, all electronic components (such as smoke and flame detectors or special electronic equipment for other detectors, or their mounting bases) shall be removed and jumpers properly installed to prevent the possibility of damage within these devices. Replace components after testing the circuits. 8.2.5.4 Adequate and reliable primary standby sources of energy which comply with 7.9.1 shall be used to provide for operation of the detection, signaling, control and actuation requirements of the system. 8.2.5.5 All auxiliary functions (such as alarm sounding or displaying devices, remote annunciators, air handling shutdown, power shutdown, etc.) shall be checked for proper operation in accordance with system requirements and design specifications. 8.2.5.6 Alarm devices shall be installed so that they are audible and visible under normal operating and environmental conditions. Where possible, all air-handling and power cut-off controls should be of the type that once interrupted require manual restart to restore power. 8.2.5.7 Check that for systems using alarm silencing, this function does not affect other auxiliary functions such as air handling or power cut-off where they are required in the design specification. 8.2.5.8 Check the detection devices to ensure that the types and locations are as specified in the system drawings and are in accordance with the manufacturer’s requirements. 8.2.5.9 Check that manual release devices are properly installed, and are readily accessible, accurately identified and properly protected to prevent damage. 8.2.5.10 Check that all manual release devices used to release extinguishants require two separate and distinct --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- actions for operation. They shall be properly identified. Particular care shall be taken where manual release devices for more than one system are in close proximity and could be confused or the wrong system actuated. Manual release devices in this instance shall be clearly identified as to which hazard enclosure they protect. 8.2.5.11 Check that for systems with a main/reserve capability, the main/reserve switch is properly installed, readily accessible and clearly identified. 8.2.5.12 Check that for systems using isolate switches these are located at each entrance to the protected area, properly installed and clearly identified. 8.2.5.13 Check that the control panel is properly installed and readily accessible. Check that a system isolate switch is located in the panel, properly installed and secured from unauthorized use. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  23 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 8.2.6 Preliminary function tests 8.2.6.1 Where a system is connected to a remote central alarm station, notify the station that the fire system test is to be conducted and that an emergency response by the fire department or alarm station personnel is not required. Notify all concerned personnel at the end-user’s facility that a test is to be conducted and instruct them as to the sequence of operation. 8.2.6.2 Operate system isolate switch before entering the protected area. For condensed aerosols the wiring from the releasing panel(s) to all aerosols shall be disconnected. Reconnect the release circuit with a functional device in lieu of each extinguishant unit release mechanism. For electrically actuated release mechanisms, these devices may include suitable lamps, flash bulbs or circuit breakers. Pneumatically actuated release mechanisms may include pressure gauges. Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations in all cases. 8.2.6.3 Check each resettable detector for proper response. 8.2.6.4 Check that polarity has been observed on all polarized alarm devices and auxiliary relays. 8.2.6.5 Check that all required end-of-line devices have been installed. 8.2.6.6 Check all supervised circuits for correct fault response. 8.2.7 System functional operational test 8.2.7.1 Operate the detection initiating circuit(s). All alarm functions shall occur according to the design specifications. 8.2.7.2 Operate the necessary circuit to initiate a second alarm circuit if present. Verify that all second alarm functions occur according to design specifications. 8.2.7.3 Operate the manual release device. Verify that manual release functions occur according to design specifications. 8.2.7.4 Where appropriate, operate the system isolate switch. Verify that functions occur according to the design specifications. Confirm that visual and audible supervisory signals are received at the control panel. 8.2.7.5 Check pneumatic equipment, where fitted, for integrity to ensure proper operation. 8.2.8 Remote monitoring operations 8.2.8.1 Disconnect the primary power supply, then operate one of each type of input device while on standby power. Verify that an alarm signal is received at the remote panel after the device is operated. Reconnect the primary power supply. 8.2.8.2 Operate each type of alarm condition and verify receipt of fault condition at the remote station. 8.2.9 Control panel primary power source 8.2.9.1 Verify that the control panel is connected to a dedicated switched off circuit and is labelled properly. This panel shall be readily accessible but access shall be restricted to authorized personnel only. 8.2.9.2 Test a primary power failure in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification, with the system fully operated on standby power. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 24 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 8.2.10 Completion of functional tests When all functional tests are complete (8.2.6 to 8.2.9), reconnect each extinguishant unit so that activation of the release circuit will release the extinguishant. When reconnecting the units, ensure that the system isolate switch is activated so that release circuit will not operate. After exiting the enclosure, disable the system isolate switch so that the system is returned to its fully operational design condition. Notify the central alarm station and all concerned personnel at the end-user’s facility that the fire system test is complete and that the system has been returned to full service condition by following the procedures specified in the manufacturers’ specifications. 8.2.11 Completion certificate and documentation The installer shall provide the user with a completion certificate, a complete set of instructions, calculations and drawings showing the system as-installed, and a statement that the system complies with all the appropriate requirements of this International Standard, providing details of any deviations from appropriate recommendations. The certificate shall give the design parameters and, if carried out, reports of any additional tests including the door fan test. 9 Inspection, maintenance, testing and training 9.1 General This clause specifies the requirements for inspection, maintenance and testing of an aerosol fire-extinguishing system and for the training of inspection and maintenance personnel. 9.2 Inspection 9.2.1 General --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 9.2.1.1 At least annually, or more frequently as required by the authority, all systems shall be thoroughly inspected and tested for proper operation by competent personnel. 9.2.1.2 The inspection report with recommendations shall be filed with the owner. 9.2.1.3 At least every six months, all aerosol generator assemblies shall be visually inspected and the visual inspection shall verify whether: a) the generator’s casing and actuator(s) are undamaged; b) the generators are securely mounted; c) the generators are free from corrosion; d) the expiration date does not occur prior to the next scheduled inspection; e) the generator discharge path is unobstructed. If the generators are installed in separate housing forming part of the listed assembly, an inspection of the housing meets the intent of this clause. 9.2.1.4 Discharged or expired aerosol generators removed during service or maintenance procedures shall be collected and recycled, or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner, and in accordance with existing laws and regulations. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  25 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) 9.2.1.5 The date of inspection and the name of the person performing the inspection shall be recorded on a tag attached to the aerosol generator. 9.2.2 Enclosures 9.2.2.1 At least every 12 months it shall be determined whether boundary penetration or other changes to the protected enclosure have occurred that could affect leakage and extinguishant performance. 9.2.2.2 Where the integrity test reveals increased leakage that would result in an inability to retain the extinguishant for the required period, remedial action shall be carried out. 9.2.2.3 Where it is established that changes to the volume of the enclosure or to the type of hazard within the enclosure, or both, have occurred, the system shall be redesigned to provide the original degree of protection. It is recommended that the type of hazard within the enclosure, and the volume it occupies, be regularly checked to ensure that the required concentration of extinguishant can be achieved and maintained. 9.2.2.4 Where pressure relief vents are installed, the devices shall be inspected for any mechanical damage and other impacts that could affect their operation. The effective vent area shall be checked for conformance --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- with the design calculations. 9.3 Maintenance 9.3.1 General The user shall carry out a programme of inspection, arrange a service schedule, and keep records of the inspections and servicing. NOTE The continued capability for effective performance of a firefighting system depends on fully adequate service procedures with, where possible, periodic testing. Installers should provide the user with a record in which inspection and service details can be entered. 9.3.2 User’s programme of inspection The installer shall provide the user with an inspection programme for the system and components. The programme shall include instructions on the action to be taken in respect of faults. The user’s inspection programme is intended to detect faults at an early stage to allow rectification before the system may have to operate. A suitable programme is as follows. a) Weekly: Visually check the hazard and the integrity of the enclosure for changes which might reduce the efficiency of the system. Carry out a visual check that there is no obvious damage to the system and that all operating controls and components are properly set and undamaged. b) Monthly: Check that all personnel who may have to operate the equipment or system are properly trained and authorized to do so and, in particular, that new employees have been instructed in its use. WARNING — Always operate a system isolate switch prior to entering the protected enclosure if the unit is not approved for occupied spaces. 9.3.3 Service schedule A service schedule shall include requirements for periodic inspection and test for the complete installed system, including aerosol containers, as specified in the appropriate national standards. The schedule shall be carried out by a competent person who shall provide to the user a signed, dated report of the inspection, advising any rectification carried out or needed. 26 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) During servicing, every care and precaution shall be taken to avoid release of extinguishant. 9.4 Training All persons who may be expected to inspect, test, maintain or operate fire-extinguishing systems shall be trained and kept adequately trained in the functions they are expected to perform. Personnel working in an enclosure protected by an aerosol extinguishant shall receive training in the operation and use of the system, in particular regarding safety issues. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  27 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Annex A (normative) Documentation requirements A.1 General These documents shall be prepared only by persons fully experienced in the design of extinguishing systems. Deviation from these documents shall require permission from the relevant authority. A.2 Working documents Working documents shall include at least the following items: 1) location drawings; 2) name of owner and occupant; 3) location of building in which hazard is located; 4) location and construction of protected enclosure walls and partitions; 5) enclosure cross-section, full height or schematic diagram, including raised access floor and suspended ceiling; 6) type of aerosol generators being used; 7) design application density; 8) description of occupancies and hazards to be protected against; 9) specification of aerosol generators used; 10) equipment schedule or list of materials for each piece of equipment or device, showing device name; 11) manufacturer, model or part number, quantity and description; 12) system calculation; 13) enclosure pressurization and venting calculations; 14) description of fire detection, actuation and control systems. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 28 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Annex B (informative) Toxicity and visibility testing B.1 Introduction In the fire protection sector, health and safety depends upon an individual’s ability to escape a fire hazard. This ability could be impaired if a fire suppressant has an immediate toxic effect, or decreases visibility necessary to exit an occupied space. These factors may also pose risks in a non-fire situation. Both immediate and delayed toxicity are of concern when powdered aerosols are used. The following discussion provides guidance to assist in characterizing immediate and delayed toxicity. Authorities having jurisdiction may wish to consider this information when assessing powdered aerosol fire extinguishers for occupied spaces. B.2 Assessing toxicity: irritation and inhalation toxicity tests Two toxicity tests have been proposed for assessing the potential for short-term toxicity to humans following the accidental release of a powdered aerosol. The first test is the Draize test (US EPA/OPPTS 870 2400). This test is to be performed in order to analyse the potential for irritation and corrosion in the human eye following exposure to powdered aerosol particulate matter. As reported in the test guidelines, compounds that are already known to be corrosive or caustic do not need to be assessed by this test. The second toxicity test is a 15‑minute inhalation test using rats. This test should incorporate an exposure scenario that is similar to release of the powdered aerosol fire extinguisher at its design factor. In other words, the toxicity test will use an exposure of the powdered aerosol that is identical to that to which a human would be exposed at the end use in the event of an accidental release. Two different sets of rats (each set containing --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- a group of controls and exposed rats) should be exposed for no longer than 15 min. This exposure time was chosen to provide a measure of safety regarding potential resultant toxicity because human exposure is limited to only 5 min. The rats should be exposed via whole-body inhalation methodology; nose-only exposures are not appropriate for these compounds. During and immediately following exposure, particular attention should be paid to ocular effects. Following exposure, one set of animals should be evaluated immediately for clinical signs, mortality, and inhalation and systemic toxicity as noted in OPPTS 870.1300, and for histopathology as noted below. Further, the second group of animals should be observed for 14 days post-exposure. Both sets of animals should be examined for gross pathology and histopathology of appropriate organs (e.g. lungs and potentially the nasal passages and the trachea). In addition, wet and dry lung weights should be measured in control and exposed rats to determine if edema has occurred. Specific effects to investigate in the histopathology of the lungs are pneumonia, edema, inflammation, alveolar coalescence, macrophage infiltration, and similar responses. Evaluation of these parameters may require an additional exposed group. If data are available that indicate that any components of the powdered aerosol affect systemic toxicity or particular target organs, a further evaluation of these organs in the exposed rats may be advisable. In the event that the design factor cannot be reached during a 15‑minute inhalation toxicity test, then a 4‑hour inhalation toxicity test following OPPTS 870.1300 should be performed. The exposure concentration in this assay should be the highest exposure concentration achievable (e.g. the highest airborne particle concentration that can be technologically achieved given the characteristics of the powdered aerosol). The same sets of animals and control and dose groups described in the 15‑minute inhalation test should be used in the 4‑hour test, and the same endpoints should be measured. Particular attention should be paid to ocular irritation/corrosion during and after the exposure period and throughout the clinical observation period (14‑days post-exposure). B.3 Assessing toxicity: literature review A comprehensive review of the published literature should be performed regarding the potential toxicity of components of the powdered aerosol, or of the whole product. These data can then be used to determine or Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  29 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) predict toxicity of the end product. This evaluation can include, but should not be limited to, an evaluation of appropriate short-term exposure limits and other exposure values set by regulatory agencies for components of the powdered aerosol. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 1 Regional Deposited Dose Ratio 2 Minimal Persistent Pigment Dose 3 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA) * The submitter is responsible for developing the appropriate methodology to provide this information, which will be reviewed by EPA on a case-by-case basis. Occupational exposures may be measured as described in protocol (NMAM 0500). Figure B.1 — Flowchart of assessment of powdered aerosols B.4 Assessing visibility for a powdered aerosol: a model approach To ensure that powdered aerosol products will meet the visibility requirements of the appropriate organizations, a brief assessment of visibility ratings as a function of concentration of agent and particle size is provided. Figure B.1 shows a flowchart of the steps to be taken in the assessment of powdered aerosols. Table B.1 provides an estimate of the distance an individual can see in a space where a powdered aerosol fire extinguisher has been discharged in the absence of a fire. This distance is based on a standard contrast value of 0,02 for particulate matter with a given mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) at varying concentrations, under sunlight conditions for a refractive index of 1,5 which represents the typical value for atmospheric particles including organic liquid aerosols (Rawle, [7]. It can be anticipated that the relationships presented in Table B.1 30 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) would also apply to typical indoor lighting conditions, although the changes in visibility would be somewhat less; therefore, the indoor visibility will be slightly lower than that of the outdoors. Table B.1 — Visibility as a function of particle MMAD and concentration 10 285600 2856 286 143 95 71 57 41 32 26 22 9 248400 2484 248 124 83 62 50 36 28 23 19 8 207600 2076 208 104 69 52 42 30 23 19 16 7 177600 1776 178 89 59 44 36 25 20 16 14 Particle size MMAD in µm 6 156000 1560 156 78 52 39 31 22 17 14 12 5 139200 1392 139 70 46 35 28 20 16 13 11 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 4 123600 1236 124 62 41 31 25 18 14 11 10 3 114000 1140 114 57 38 29 23 16 13 10 9 2 81600 816 82 41 27 20 16 12 9 7 6 1 25200 252 25 13 8 6 5 4 3 2 2 0.8 15600 156 16 8 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 0.5 1200 120 12 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 0.1 163200 1632 163 82 54 41 33 23 18 15 13 0 10 1,000 10,000 20,00 30,000 40,000 50,000 70,000 90,000 110,000 130,000 Concentration in mg/m3 NOTE Numbers that are not in bold type represent visibility in cm. Table B.1 estimates the visibility (cm) in a space where a powdered aerosol has been emitted. The table shows that the visibility is a strong function of the powdered aerosol’s concentration and MMAD. As the MMAD of the aerosol deviates (i.e. increases or decreases) from 0,5 µm and the concentration of the powdered aerosol remains constant, the visibility in the space improves. Additionally, as the concentration of the released powdered aerosol increases, the visibility in the space decreases. The model is based on daylight conditions, and may not precisely correspond to visibility in machinery spaces without natural light; however, the model can still be used as an approximate gauge for these circumstances. If lighting is substantially below daylight conditions, then the values in Table B.1 overestimate visibility. B.5 Design of the model This model is based upon the standard visual range formula and Mie Theory1). The following standard visual range formula is based on typical aerosol distribution in sunlight and the standard visual contrast: Lv ≈ 1200/C where Lv is visibility in km; C is the concentration of the aerosol particles in µg/m3 for particles with MMAD falling in the range of 0,1 µm to 1 µm. Figure B.2 is based on Mie Theory and shows how the amount of light scattering, represented by a scattering coefficient, is dependent upon particle MMAD. This figure shows how solar light at sea level, which has its peak wavelength in the range from 0,3 µm to 0,6 µm, is most effectively scattered by particles with similar dimensions (i.e. 0,3-0,6 µm in diameter). Thus, light is less effectively scattered by particles whose size is larger or smaller than this optimal size range, and the resulting visibility improves. Thus, the visibility for a powdered aerosol 1) Mie theory is a mathematical-physical theory of the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by spherical particles [4]. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  31 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) is approximated by a function of the concentration, as shown by the standard visual range formula, and the particle MMAD for a given characteristic standard distribution of solar light based on Mie scattering functions. -3 12 10 G × 10 , m /µm - cm 8 -1 6 G ~ d p3 G ~ d p -1 6 4 2 0 0,01 0,1 1 10 Figure B.2 — Particle MMAD (µm) NOTE The scattering coefficient has been calculated, and shown in Figure B.2 (see B.12), for a given characteristic standard distribution of solar light based on Mie scattering functions over typical ground level visual wavelengths (0,36 µm to 0,68 µm) for a typical refractive index of 1,5. Table B.2 — Aerosol settling velocity — Spherical particles in air Mass median aerosol diameter Settling velocity (µm) (cm/s) 0,1 0,000 086 0,2 0,000 23 0,5 0,001 0 1,0 0,003 5 2,0 0,013 5,0 0,078 10 0,31 20 1,2 50 7,6 B.6 Potential settling rates and the effect on visibility The scattering model described in B.5 does not include any adjustment for the velocity at which the particles settle. If the particles settle quickly, the concentration of the powdered aerosol in the air decreases and visibility increases. Table B.2 shows settling velocity for spherical particles based on Stokes law and adjustments for --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- friction and slip corrections. The table shows that over the time period of interest (< 10 min), the vast majority of particles will remain suspended for particles with MMAD < 10 μm. Fire suppressant systems tend not to use particles having MMAD > 10 μm because the particles agglomerate and fall out of suspension, rendering the fire suppressant less effective. Therefore, since the settling velocities are minimal for the size particle used in fire suppressants, the settling velocity will not significantly alter the visibilities presented in Table B.1. 32 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) B.7 Accounting for refractive index The refractive index (i.e. the change in direction of light passing through the substance) of a particle can also influence visibility. This refractive index includes both scattering and absorption of light. If the particular powdered aerosol of concern has a relatively low refractive index (e.g. 1,2) then assuming spherical particles, the particle would be approximately five times less effective in scattering light than typical atmospheric aerosols. Conversely, if a powdered aerosol has a refractive index of 1,8, then for spherical aerosols the scattering would be five times greater. Fire suppressants containing powdered aerosols with a low refractive index will yield better visibility in the space than those with a higher refractive index. Therefore, choosing chemicals (i.e. powdered aerosols) with a low refractive index for use in a fire suppressant is one means of increasing the visibility resulting from these types of materials. B.8 Designing the lighting and space to conform with physical properties of the powdered aerosol Visibility in a room where a powdered aerosol has been discharged can also be increased by careful design of the environment in which the fire extinguisher is used. Through utilization of lights with specific wavelengths rather than white light, and a room design that provides easily accessible exits, the chances for escape from a room where a powdered aerosol has been discharged can be improved. B.9 Utilizing light of specific wavelengths and photoluminescent marking systems Light is most effectively scattered by a particle size that is the same dimension as the wavelength of the incident light. As the wavelength of light deviates from the size of the powdered aerosol distributed in the air, interference between the particles and the light decreases and visibility increases. Because powdered aerosol products each have their own MMAD and refractive index, each fire suppressant will have particular wavelengths of light that penetrate through its suspended particles with minimal scattering. It is therefore possible to research the different types of light that may be used in the occupied spaces and determine which type of lighting may best be suited for use with a particular powdered aerosol. For example, mercury or sodium vapor lamps may improve visibility depending on particle size. During an emergency situation in which a powdered aerosol fire extinguisher is released, electrical or battery powered lighting systems may be unreliable. In anticipation of power failure in emergency situations, a photoluminescent floor lighting system has been developed as an alternative to traditional lighting. Photoluminescent lights, originally used in many of Norway’s hydro power plants, and the underground facilities of Oslo’s airport, have now been considered for use in high-rise towers and in planes to provide emergency --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- lighting (Jensen, 1999). Additionally, a US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) sponsored study tested the efficacy of a photoluminescent escape path-marking system in an airplane. During a nighttime evacuation scenario in a cabin without identifier lights or illuminated signs (i.e. to mimic smoke obscuring conditions in the cabin environment from the ceiling to four feet above the cabin floor), both zinc sulfide and strontium aluminate photoluminescent marking systems were tested. These materials absorb energy from natural light and the plane’s standard aircraft lighting. Then, in emergency situations, when all other lighting is extinguished, the photoluminescent system emits the energy as visible light. The FAA study concluded that the strontium aluminate system, though it charges more slowly than the zinc sulfide material, emits more light and provides adequate lighting to mark a path of egress (FAA, 1998). Thus, a photoluminescent floor marking system would potentially help in marking an exit route in a scenario involving powdered aerosol discharge. The effectiveness of such a system would depend upon the powdered aerosol concentration and particle size distribution. B.10 Decreasing distance to exits The rooms in which the powdered aerosol fire extinguishers are used may be designed such that the distance to the nearest exit is as short as possible. Other designs to consider are ones in which the distance to any wall which leads to an exit is minimized. A room constructed in this manner would allow one to see well enough to get to the wall and then feel one’s way to the closest exit. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  33 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) B.11 Training Increasing the ability of an individual to exit a space where a powdered aerosol has been released can also be achieved through training of the space’s occupants. Workers that occupy areas in which powdered aerosol fire extinguishers are present should be trained on how to react in the event of an accidental release of the fire suppressant. Personnel should be made aware of the locations of all the exits and the distance and direction of all doorways and other means of egress, even when a view of the exits is obscured by the released powdered aerosol. B.12 Recommended testing procedures After consideration of modeling and engineering adjustments identified in this annex leads to a determination that the powdered aerosol is likely to meet visibility standards, then physical testing of visibility should be performed. A nephelometer may be used to measure this visibility. Usually used to assess visual air quality or particulate matter concentrations in air, a nephelometer measures the extinction of light, which is dependent upon both the scattering and absorption of light over some distance (Parikh, 2001). Using the scattering coefficient provided by the nephelometer and the design factor, the visibility resulting from the discharge of the powdered aerosol may be assessed. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 34 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Annex C (normative) Test methods C.1 General The following shall apply to the condensed aerosol generators. C.2 Conditions The components shall be tested assembled as recommended for installation by the manufacturer. The tests shall be carried out at a temperature of (25 ± 10) °C, except when otherwise stated. The tolerance for all test parameters is 5 %, unless otherwise stated. C.3 Samples The manufacturer shall submit a sufficient number of samples from the same batch for testing. Unless otherwise noted, a minimum of 200 ignition devices of each type shall be tested for the ignition performance test in C.15. A minimum of five generators in each size within a family shall be tested in the as-received condition for the function test in C.16, which also includes the discharge time test in C.16.1 and the casing and aerosol flow temperature tests in C.16.2 and C.16.3. A minimum of three generators in the smallest and largest size within a family shall be tested for each of the following tests: temperature and humidity test in C.7, low temperature test in C.7.3, accelerated ageing test in C.8, corrosion test in C.9, stress corrosion test in C.10, vibration test in C.11, impact test in C.12, drop test in C.13, and fire exposure test in C.17. The number of generators for coverage determination in C.5 will depend upon the installation limitations of each generator within a family. A minimum of one generator in each size within a family shall be tested for the minimum height/maximum coverage test in D.5.1. A minimum of one generator in each size within a family shall be tested for the maximum height test in D.5.2. The number of generators and generator size for the extinguishing application density determination in C.5 will depend upon the area coverage limitations and generator efficiency. The generator having the smallest efficiency (that is, smallest amount of aerosol extinguishing agent produced related to the generator’s solid aerosol-forming compound mass) shall be used. The sequence of tests is shown in Table C.1 and is given by the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., in the table. A, B, etc., are the different samples. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  35 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Table C.1 — Test sequence Test order for sample Test method A B C D E F G H I J K L M C.4 Compliance 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C.5 Extinguishing application density — — — — — — — — — — — — 2 determination C.5 Coverage determination — — — — — — — — — — — 2 — C.6 Discharge time test 2 — — — — — — — — — — — — C.7 Temperature and humidity test — — 2 — — — — — — — — — — C.7.3 Low temperature test — — — 2 — — — — — — — — — C.8 Accelerated ageing test — — — — 2 — — — — — — — — C.9 Corrosion test — — — — — 2 — — — — — — — C.10 Stress corrosion test — — — — — — 2 — — — — — — C.11 Vibration test — — — — — — — 2 — — — — — C.12 Impact test — — — — — — — — 2 — — — — C.13 Drop test — — — — — — — — — 2 — — — C.14 Casing and aerosol flow temperatures tests 3 — — — — — — — — — — — — C.15 Ignition performance test — 2 — — — — — — — — — — — C.16 Function test 4 — 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 C.17 Fire exposure test — — — — — — — — — — 2 — — NOTE 1 At the option of the manufacturer, the temperature and humidity test in C.7 can be conducted with the same generator samples following the impact test in C.12. NOTE 2 At the option of the manufacturer, the low temperature test in C.7.3 can be conducted with the same generator samples following the drop test in C.13. C.4 Compliance A visual and measurement check shall be made to determine whether the condensed aerosol generator corresponds to the description in the technical literature (drawings, parts lists, description of functions, operating and installation instructions). C.5 Extinguishing application density determination The extinguishing application density for specific fuels under different classes of fires shall be determined by specific tests using the fire test procedures described in Annex D. Extinguishing application density tests should be conducted with generator(s) of the same family. The number of aerosol generator units shall be sufficient to provide the needed extinguishing application density in the test enclosure. The mass of the generator unit prior and after discharge shall be recorded. C.6 Discharge time test The discharge time test is an integral part of the function test. See C.16.1 for the discharge time test procedure. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 36 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) C.7 Temperature and humidity operation range tests C.7.1 Object of the test The object of the test is to demonstrate the ability of the equipment to function correctly at high relative humidity (with condensation) which may occur for short periods in the anticipated service environment. C.7.2 Test procedure C.7.2.1 General The test procedure described in EN 60068-2-30, using the variant 1 test cycle and controlled recovery conditions shall be used. C.7.2.2 Conditioning --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Apply the following severity of conditioning: a) lower temperature: (25 ± 3) °C b) upper temperature: (55 ± 2) °C c) relative humidity at lower temperature: (93 ± 3) % d) relative humidity at upper temperature: (93 ± 3) % e) number of cycles: 10 f) hold time at temperature and recovery time before each test: (12 ± 0,5) h C.7.2.3 Final measurements After the recovery period, the sample shall be visually checked for mechanical damage externally, and shall be subjected to the function test. C.7.2.4 Requirements When subjected to the function test, the sample shall respond correctly. C.7.3 Low temperature test Condition the sample at −20 0 °C , or the service temperature recommended by the manufacturer 0 °C , −2 −2 whichever is the lower, for a minimum of 16 h. Then carry out the function test immediately. When subjected to the function test, the sample shall respond correctly. Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  37 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) C.8 Accelerated ageing test C.8.1 Test results Test time shall be calculated to fulfill requirements as follows: t2 = 2 ∆T /10 (C.1) t1 where t1 is test time, in days; t2 is expected service life, in days; ΔT = T1 - T 2; T1 is test temperature, in degrees Celsius; T 2 is maximum operating temperature, in degrees Celsius. Table C.2 — Example for the calculation result of Equation (C.1) at T 2 = 25 °C Test temperature Test days for 10 years Test days for 5 years T1 expected service life expected service life --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 90 °C 40 days 20 days 100 °C 20 days 10 days C.8.2 Test procedure The test procedure is the following. a) Tests are performed on three fully assembled condensed aerosol generators of the selected model size(s). b) The manufacturer shall specify the maximum operation temperature and expected service life. c) The generators shall be subjected to air-oven ageing at temperature T1, which shall be at least 10 °C higher than the specified maximum operation temperature, for a period of t1 days as calculated by Equation (C.1). d) Following the ageing test, the aerosol generators shall be subjected to and pass the function test. C.9 Corrosion test The sample shall be exposed to a salt spray within a fog chamber. The essential components and properties of the reagents and the test configuration are: — solution consists of NaCl in distilled water; — concentration of the solution: (5 ± 1) %; — pH Value: 6,5 to 7,5; — spray pressure: 0,6 bar to 1,5 bar; — spray volume: 1 ml/h to 2 ml/h on an area of 80 cm2; — temperature in test cabinet: 35 +1,0 °C ; −1,7 38 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) — position of the sample: 15° to the vertical axis; — spray time: (240 ± 2) h; — drying time: (168 ± 5) h at a humidity of maximum 70 %. The sample shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with C.16. C.10 Stress corrosion test This test is to be conducted only on generators using copper alloys. The stress corrosion test is to be conducted unless it can be shown to the listing authority that the materials used in the construction are not susceptible to ammonia stress corrosion. The aqueous ammonia solution shall have a specific weight of (0,94 ± 0,02) kg/l. The sample shall be filled with (10 ± 0,5) ml of the solution for each litre of container volume. The sample shall be degreased for the test and shall be exposed for 10 days to the moist atmosphere of --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- ammonia and air, at a temperature of (34 ± 2) °C. The samples shall be positioned (40 ± 5) mm above the level of the liquid. After testing, the samples shall be cleaned and dried and subjected to careful visual examination. To make cracking clearly visible, the liquid penetration method shall be used. Cracks are unacceptable, resulting in test failure. C.11 Vibration test The drawings and the technical data shall be checked to determine whether vibration could have an adverse effect on the performance. The sample is attached to a vibration table using fixing materials provided by the manufacturer. The test apparatus and procedure shall be as described in EN 60068-2-6, Test Fc: — Frequency range: 10 Hz to 150 Hz. — Acceleration amplitude for components which are designed to be attached to machinery: — 10 Hz to 50 Hz: 9,81 m/s2 (= 1,0 gn); — 50 Hz to 150 Hz: 29,43 m/s2 (= 3,0 gn). — Acceleration amplitude for components which are designed to be attached to walls: — 10 Hz to 50 Hz: 1,962 m/s2 (= 0,2 gn); — 50 Hz to 150 Hz: 4,905 m/s2 (= 0,5 gn). — Sweep rate: 1 octave per 30 min. — Number of sweeps: 0,5 per axis. — Number of axes: 3 mutually perpendicular. The sample shall not operate during the test as a result of the vibrations. No deterioration or detachment of parts shall occur. The sample shall be inspected for external mechanical damage and shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with C.16. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  39 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) C.12 Impact test C.12.1 Test procedure The test apparatus shall consist of a swinging hammer incorporating a rectangular-section aluminium alloy head (aluminium alloy AlCu4SiMg) with the plane impact face chamfered to an angle of (60 ± 1)° to the horizontal, when in the striking position. A suitable apparatus is described in C.12.2. The specimen shall be rigidly mounted to the apparatus by its normal mounting means and shall be positioned so that it is struck by part of the upper half of the impact face of the hammer (i.e. above the centre line), when the hammer is in the vertical position (i.e. when the hammer head is moving horizontally). The direction of impact relative to the specimen shall be chosen as the most likely to impair the normal functioning of the specimen. A horizontal blow shall be delivered to the specimen at an impact energy level of (1,9 ± 0,1) J by a hammer velocity of (1,5 ± 0,125) m/s. C.12.2 Test apparatus The tolerance for all dimensions in this test apparatus shall be 0,5 mm, unless otherwise specified. The test apparatus (see Figure C.1) shall consist essentially of a swinging hammer comprising a rectangular section head (striker), with a chamfered impact face, mounted on a tubular steel shaft. The hammer shall be fixed into a steel boss, which runs on ball bearings on a fixed steel shaft mounted in a rigid steel frame, so that the hammer can rotate freely around the axis of the fixed shaft. The design of the rigid frame shall be such as to allow complete rotation of the hammer assembly when the specimen is not present. The striker shall be 76 mm wide, 50 mm deep and 94 mm long (overall dimensions) and shall be manufactured from aluminium alloy (AlCu4SiMg), solution treated and precipitation treated condition. It shall have a plane impact face chamfered at (60 ± 1)° to the long axis of the head. The tubular steel shaft shall have an outside diameter of (25 ± 0,1) mm with walls (1,6 ± 0,1) mm thick. The striker shall be mounted on the shaft so that its long axis is at the radial distance of 305 mm from the axis of rotation of the assembly, the two axes being mutually perpendicular. The central boss shall be 102 mm in external diameter and 200 mm long and shall be mounted coaxially on the fixed steel pivot shaft, which is approximately 25 mm in diameter; however, the precise diameter of the shaft will depend on the bearings used. Diametrically opposite the hammer shaft are two steel counter-balanced arms, each 20 mm in external diameter and 185 mm long. These arms shall be screwed into the boss so that a length of 150 mm protrudes. A steel counter-balance weight shall be mounted on the arms so that its position can be adjusted to balance the mass of the striker and arms. On the end of the central boss shall be mounted a 12 mm wide and 150 mm diameter aluminium alloy pulley and round this an inextensible cable is wound, one end being fixed to the pulley. The other end of the cable shall support the operating weight. The rigid frame shall also support the mounting board on which the specimen is mounted by its normal fixings. The mounting board shall be adjustable vertically so that the upper half of the impact face of the hammer will strike the specimen when the hammer is moving horizontally, as shown in Figure C.1. To operate the apparatus, the position of the specimen and the mounting board shall be first adjusted as shown in Figure C.1 and the mounting board shall then be secured rigidly to the frame. The hammer assembly shall then be balanced carefully by adjustment of the counter balance weight with the operating weight removed. The hammer arm shall then be drawn back to the horizontal position ready for release and the operating weight reinstated. On release of the assembly, the operating weight will spin the hammer and arm through an angle of 3π/2 radians to strike the specimen. The mass of the operating weight to produce the required impact energy of 1,9 J equals (0,388/3πr) kg where r is the effective radius of the pulley in metres. This equals approximately 0,55 kg for a pulley radius of 75 mm. As a hammer velocity at impact of (1,5 ± 0,125) m/s is specified, the mass of the hammer head will need to be reduced by drilling the back face sufficiently to obtain this velocity. It is estimated that a head of mass of about 0,79 kg will be required to obtain the specified velocity, but this will have to be determined by trial and error. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 40 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) The sample shall be inspected for external mechanical damage and shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with C.16. Dimensions in millimetres --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Key 1 mounting board 5 270° angle of movement 9 boss 2 specimen 6 cord 10 counter balance arms 3 striker 7 operating weight 11 ball bearings 4 striker shaft 8 counter balance weight 12 pulley NOTE The sizes given to the dimensions are for guidance only. Figure C.1 — Impact test apparatus C.13 Drop test C.13.1 Impact surface The impact surface is a solid base with a reasonably smooth surface. An example of such a surface is as follows: — steel plate, with a minimum thickness of 75 mm and Brinell hardness of not less than 200 mm, solidly supported by a concrete foundation having a minimum thickness of 600 mm. The length and width of the surface should be not less than one and a half times the dimension of the unit being tested. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  41 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) C.13.2 Procedure The test unit without packaging is dropped from a height of 2 m as measured from the lowest point of the test unit to the impact surface. A safe waiting period following impact prescribed by the test laboratory should be observed, even if no visible initiation or ignition occurs at impact. C.13.3 Requirements The sample shall be subjected to a function test in accordance with C.16. C.14 Casing and aerosol flow temperatures test C.14.1 Casing temperature test The casing temperature test is an integral part of the function test. See C.16.3 for the casing temperature test procedure. C.14.2 Aerosol flow temperature test The aerosol flow temperature test is an integral part of the function test. See C.16.2 for the aerosol flow temperatures test procedure. C.15 Ignition performance test The ignition of the generator shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. All samples of the complete ignition devices shall operate as intended. If the ignition device is a commercially/military available component with reliability test data, that data may be used to satisfy this requirement, at the discretion of the listing organization. The power output of the ignition device shall be not less than that specified by the manufacturer at minimum power output sufficient to ignite the maximum designed mass of the aerosol-forming compound at the lowest operating temperature specified by the manufacturer. Ignitors already certified by authority for ignition reliability will be not re-tested. C.16 Function test C.16.1 Discharge time Discharge time shall be measured by using one or more of the following techniques: — thermocouples recording temperature changes at the start and end of the discharge; — infrared video recording; — generator combustion pressure; — visual; — audible. NOTE The reference points identified as the start and the end of the aerosol generator discharge should be the same as taken during performance testing and as defined by the manufacturer. C.16.2 Aerosol flow temperatures Aerosol flow temperatures shall be measured by thermocouples. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 42 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) The following thermocouples arrangement shall be used for measuring temperatures at the specified minimum distances for 75 °C, 200 °C and 400 °C: — three cross-shaped poles are used as a support for the thermocouples and installed at the specified minimum clearances; — the centre of each cross should be in line with a centre of a condensed aerosol generator’s discharge outlet with the ends of the cross being within the cone-shaped discharge path; — crosses may be rotated against each other (i.e. X, Y, Z axis) to minimize the impact of the aerosol flow on the temperature readings; — five thermocouples may be used — one at the centre of the cross, and four at its ends; — the three highest readings out of five shall be taken for recording. Any measuring technique other than those described above which is acceptable to and approved by a listing authority may be used for measuring discharge time, temperatures and enclosure pressure. C.16.3 Casing temperature test The following thermocouples arrangement may be used for measuring the temperature of the outer generator’s casing. — Three thermocouples should be attached to the outer casing of the aerosol generator in the locations with the highest expected temperature. C.16.4 Effective mass of extinguishant The mass of aerosol generator shall be measured before and after the discharge. The difference of mass shall be recorded and is called effective mass of aerosol. C.16.5 Test procedure Condition a fully assembled condensed generator for 16 h at ambient temperature of (21 ± 4) °C. Discharge the generator in a test enclosure. C.16.6 Requirements Full function requirements apply to the discharge of a condensed aerosol generator prior to conducting any of the performance testing. The conditions are described in Table C.3. Table C.3 — Test conditions for function test C.16 Parameter Subclause Requirement Tolerance Visual examination — During discharge: no flame coming out — from discharge outlet Discharge time C.16.1 As specified by manufacturer ±5 s Temperatures at the specified minimum C.16.2 As specified by manufacturer ±10 % clearances for 75 °C, 200 °C and 400 °C Temperature of the outer casing C.16.3 — ±10 % Mass of aerosol compound discharged C.16.4 — ±5 % --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  43 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) C.17 Fire exposure test NOTE This test relates to the requirements of 6.3.10. C.17.1 Object of the test The object of the fire exposure test is to demonstrate the safe operation of the condensed aerosol generator during and/or after its exposure to an external fire simulating a realistic accident. C.17.2 Test procedure Each sample shall be weighed and installed in a mounting bracket such that the bottom most portion of the generator is centred (915 ± 15) mm above the bottom of the pan specified in D 6.2.2.2. For each test, at least 2,5 cm of heptane is to be placed in the pan, ignited and burnt for at least 60 s. During or after fire exposure, each aerosol generator sample shall be discharged as described in C.16.5, except the environmental condition need not to be maintained at (21 ± 4) °C. C.17.3 Requirements a) Operate as intended. b) Have a discharge time within 20 % or within ±5 s of the average discharge time determined at (21 ± 4) °C in the function test in C.16.1. c) Have an agent discharge quantity at list 90 % of the average agent discharge quantity determined at (21 ± 4) °C in the discharge test in C.16.5. The discharge time shall be in accordance with the function requirements as specified in the function test. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 44 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Annex D (normative) Extinguishing application density/Coverage test procedure D.1 General The tests shall be carried out in accordance with Table D.1. Table D.1 — Tests Test objective Enclosure size Test fires Tests in accordance with Aerosol generator distribution verification To suit aerosol generator unit size Min. height/max. protected volume and distance heptane test pans D.5.1 Max. height/max. protected volume and heptane test pans D.5.2 distance --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Extinguishing factor ≥ 100 m3 (a) wood crib D.6.1 No side less than 4 m, (b) n-heptane pan D.6.2 height: not less than (c) polymeric sheet D.6.3 3,5 m    (i) PMMA    (ii) Polypropylene    (iii) ABS (d) Class A D.6.4 compatible wood crib test Hold time ≥ 100 m3 n-heptane pan D.7 No side less than 4 m, height: not less than 3,5 m D.2 Principle D.2.1 An aerosol generating system shall mix and distribute its extinguishant and shall totally flood the enclosure when tested in accordance with this test method under the maximum design limitations and most severe installation instructions (see also D.2.2). D.2.2 When tested as described in D.5.1, D.5.2 and D.6.2, an extinguishing system unit shall extinguish all visible flaming within 30 s of the end of extinguishant discharge. When tested as described in D.6.1 and D.6.4, an extinguishing system unit shall extinguish all visible flaming and prevent re-ignition of the fires after a 10 min soaking period (also measured from the end of extinguishant discharge). When tested as described in D.6.3, an extinguishing system unit shall “knock down” the flames within 60 s of the end of extinguishant discharge (that means there are only flames allowed at the top edges of the two inner sheets) and extinguish all visible flaming within 3 min of the end of extinguishant discharge and also prevent re-ignition of the fires after a 10 min soaking period (also measured from the end of extinguishant discharge). Measures shall be taken to avoid effects of blowing out the fire leading to positive results of the extinguishing test. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  45 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) As an alternative to direct measurement of the aerosol density, the method using test cans can be used. In addition to the main test object, eight test cans filled with n-heptane shall be positioned in the upper and lower corners of the test room. The test cans shall have the following dimensions: — inner diameter of 80 mm to 82 mm, — wall thickness of 5 mm to 6 mm, — height of 100 mm to 110 mm. They shall be filled with heptane up to a height of 50 mm to 55 mm. The bottom of the cans is to be positioned 400 mm to 500 mm below the ceiling for the four upper test cans, 400 mm to 500 mm above the bottom for the lower test cans. The distance from the walls shall be 50 mm to 55 mm to each of the two nearest side walls. The test cans shall be protected from direct jet by baffles. The vertical baffles form, together with the walls of the test room, a rectangular form around each test can. The baffles are positioned in a horizontal distance of 150 mm to 155 mm from the cans and they are tightly connected with the walls. The height of the baffles is 200 mm to 205 mm with their bottom line going 0 mm to 5 mm lower than the bottom of the test cans. The construction of test cans and baffles shall not be closed on top or bottom side. D.2.3 The tests described herein consider the intended use and limitations of the extinguishing system unit, with specific reference to: a) the coverage for each aerosol generator unit size; b) the maximum and minimum height of the protected enclosure for each aerosol generator unit size; c) location of aerosol generators in the protected area; d) maximum pressure built up during discharge; e) maximum discharge time; f) extinguishing application density for specific fuels; g) the maximum leakage area to volume ratio that ensures compliance with the hold time requirements. D.2.4 The tolerance applicable to dimensions specified in the description of test facilities shall be ±5 %, if not otherwise stated. D.3 Extinguishing system --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- D.3.1 For the extinguishing tests described in D.6.1, D.6.2, D.6.3, and D.6.4, jet energy from the discharge outlets shall not influence the development of the fire. Therefore, the discharge outlets shall be directed away from the fires. D.3.2 Adequate pressure relief vents in the form of closeable flaps shall be provided during all tests. Calculations for the minimum vent area as well as location of the vents shall be in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. D.4 Extinguishing application density The extinguishing application density for each test is to be 76,9 % (see 5.2) of the intended end use design application density specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions at the ambient temperature 46 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) of (20 ± 5) °C within the enclosure. In the tests described in D.5.1 and D.5.2, the same extinguishing application density shall be used as in the tests described in D.6.2. The application density for the test described in D.7 is to be the intended end use design application density specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions at the ambient temperature of (20 ± 5) °C within the enclosure. In the tests according to D.6.1, D.6.2, D.6.3 and D.6.4, it is necessary to ensure that the main test object has been extinguished by the agent density and that the agent is distributed homogenously. The homogenous distribution shall be verified by measurements. As an alternative to direct measurement of the aerosol density, the method using test cans as described in D.6.2 can be used. If test cans are used for verification of the homogenous distribution (see D.6.2) in the tests according to D.6.1, D.6.2, D.6.3 and D.6.4, the same aerosol extinguishing density and the same type, size and placement of generators shall be used (in order to transfer the verified homogenous distribution from the heptane pan test to the others). The exact volume shall match the intended application quantity of the extinguishing units used for the test described in D.7. D.5 Aerosol generator distribution verification tests D.5.1 Minimum height/maximum coverage test D.5.1.1 Test facility D.5.1.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements. a) The area (a × b) and height (H) of the enclosure (see Figure D.1) shall correspond to the maximum area coverage and minimum height specified by the manufacturer for a specific aerosol generator unit size. b) Test room volume shall be determined from the result of the heptane fire test (see D.6.2): M V test = (m 3 ) (D.1) 0, 769 ⋅ R max where M is the generator’s effective mass of extinguishant in grams; Rmax is the design application density, in grams per cubic metre. c) Area sides a and b shall be calculated to fulfill the following requirements: V test a×b = (D.2) H The distance c (see Figures D.1 and D.2) shall be equal to maximum coverage distance (Rmax) specified by the manufacturer. d) Means of pressure relief shall be provided. e) Closeable openings shall be provided directly above the test pans to allow for venting prior to system actuation. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`-- Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  47 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) f) One baffle is to be installed between the floor and ceiling with the height of the room. It is to be installed halfway between the discharge outlet location and the walls of the enclosure (see Figure D.1 for centre mounting generator and Figure D.2 for side mounting generator). The baffle is to be perpendicular to the direction between the discharge outlet location and walls of the enclosure (see Figures D.1 and D.2), and be 20 % of the length of the short wall of the enclosure. Key a×b maximum generator area coverage for a single generator 1 test pans 2 generator 3 baffle 4 vents Figure D.1 — Example configuration for generator minimum height/maximum coverage test for centre mounting generator --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 48 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Key a×b maximum generator area coverage for a single generator 1 test pans 2 generator 3 baffle 4 vents Figure D.2 — Example configuration for generator minimum height/maximum coverage test for side mounting generator D.5.1.1.2 Instrumentation Sampling and storage of data from the sensors described below shall occur at a rate of at least 4 Hz. D.5.1.1.3 Oxygen concentrations The oxygen level shall be measured by a calibrated oxygen analyser capable of measuring the percentage oxygen to within at least one decimal place (0,1 %). The sensing equipment shall be capable of continuously monitoring and recording the oxygen level inside the enclosure throughout the duration of the test. The accuracy of the measuring devices shall not be influenced by any of the fire products. At least three sensors shall be located within the enclosure (Figures D.3 and D.4). The three sensors shall be located in a horizontal distance from the centre of the room 850 mm to 1 250 mm and in the following heights: 0,1 × H, 0,5 × H and 0,9 × H (H = height of the enclosure) above the floor. D.5.1.1.4 Discharge pressure The pressure built up in the test enclosure during system discharge shall be measured and recorded. D.5.1.1.5 Enclosure temperature --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- At least the temperature in a horizontal distance from the centre of the room of 850 mm to 1 250 mm and 0,5 × H (H = room height) above the floor shall be recorded (Figures D.3 and D.4). Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  49 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) The use of K type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm, is recommended. D.5.1.1.6 Aerosol temperature and discharge times A thermocouple shall be placed just outside the discharge outlet of the aerosol generator to record aerosol temperature at the outlet as well as commencement and end of the aerosol discharge. Additional thermocouples may be placed at the minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlet as specified by the manufacturer for each unit size of the aerosol generators. The use of K type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm, is recommended. D.5.1.1.7 Flame out times Cameras, e.g. infrared cameras, or an alternative means of directly viewing the fire, can be provided as an aid to determining flame out times. A thermocouple can be located centrally 30 mm above each fire pot to provide additional information. Dimensions in millimetres Figure D.3 — Plan view of instrumentation placement for generator minimum height/maximum area coverage and maximum height/maximum area coverage test --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 50 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in millimetres --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Key M1 At measuring point 1, record the O2 concentration. M2 At measuring point 2, record the O2 concentration and temperature. M3 At measuring point 3, record the O2 concentration. Figure D.4 — Side view of instrumentation placement for generator minimum height/maximum area coverage and maximum height/maximum area coverage test D.5.1.2 Fuel specification D.5.1.2.1 Test pans The test cans are to be cylindrical (80 ± 5) mm in diameter and at least 100 mm high made of mild or stainless steel with a thickness of 5 mm to 6 mm. D.5.1.2.2 n-Heptane The heptane used shall have the following characteristics. a) Distillation 1) Initial boiling point: 90 °C minimum. 2) Dry point: 100 °C maximum. b) Density (at 15,6 °C): (700 ± 50) kg/m3. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  51 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.5.1.2.3 Fire configuration and placement The test cans may contain either n-heptane or n-heptane and water. If they are to contain n-heptane and water, the n-heptane is to be at least 50 mm deep. The level of n-heptane in the cans shall be at least 50 mm below the top of the can. The test cans are to be placed within 50 mm of the corners of the test enclosure and directly behind the baffle (see Figures D.1 and D.2), and located vertically within 300 mm of the top or bottom of the enclosure, or both top and bottom if the enclosure permits such placement. D.5.1.3 Test procedure D.5.1.3.1 General Prior to commencing the tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. D.5.1.3.2 Operation The heptane-filled test pans are to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s with the closeable openings above in the open position. After 30 s all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the measured oxygen concentration in this test (averaged over the three sensors). D.5.1.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) the discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- b) the time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouple readings or other suitable means. D.5.1.4 Determination of distribution performance of the generator Using the extinguishing factor for n-heptane determined according to D.5.2, all test cans shall be extinguished within 30 s after the end of agent discharge. D.5.2 Maximum height test D.5.2.1 Test facility D.5.2.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) The area (a × b) and height (H) of the enclosure (see Figure D.1) shall correspond to the maximum area coverage and maximum height specified by the manufacturer for a specific aerosol generator’s unit size. b) Test room volume shall be determined from the result of heptane fire test (see D.6.2): M V test = (m 3 ) (D.3) 0, 769 ⋅ c where 52 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) M is the generator’s effective mass of extinguishant in grams; c is the design factor, in grams per cubic metre. c) Area sides a and b shall be calculated to fulfill the following requirements: V test a×b = H The distance Rmax (see Figures D.1 and D.2) shall be equal to maximum coverage distance specified by the manufacturer and shall be the same as specified for minimum height. d) Means of pressure relief shall be provided. e) Closeable openings shall be provided directly above the test pans to allow for venting prior to system actuation. f) One baffle is to be installed between the floor and the ceiling with the height of the room. It is to be installed halfway between the nozzle location and the walls of the enclosure (see Figure D.1 for centre mounting generator and Figure D.2 for side mounting generator). The baffle is to be perpendicular to the direction of nozzle discharge and be 20 % of the length of the short wall of the enclosure. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- D.5.2.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in D.5.1.1.2. D.5.2.2 Fuel specification D.5.2.2.1 Test cans Specification of test cans is as described in D.5.1.2.1. D.5.2.2.2 Heptane The grade of heptane is specified in D.5.1.2.2. D.5.2.2.3 Fire construction and placement The test can filling requirements and placement within the enclosure are as described in D.5.1.2.1. D.5.2.3 Test procedure D.5.2.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. D.5.2.3.2 Operation The heptane-filled test pans are to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s with the closeable openings above in the open position. After 30 s, all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the measured oxygen concentration in this test (averaged over the three sensors). © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  53 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.5.2.3.3 Results recording Results are to be recorded as specified in D.5.1.3.3. D.5.2.4 Determination of distribution performance of the generator Using the extinguishing factor for heptane, determined according to D.6.2, all test pans shall be extinguished within 30 s after the end of agent discharge. D.6 Extinguishing application density tests D.6.1 Wood crib test D.6.1.1 Test facility D.6.1.1.1 Construction The test enclosure shall meet the following requirements: a) the test enclosure shall have a minimum volume of 100 m3. The height shall be at least 3,5 m. The floor dimensions shall be at least 4 m wide by 4 m long; b) a means of pressure relief shall be provided; c) the temperature in the test enclosure shall be (20 ± 5) °C at the beginning of each test and there shall be enough time between the tests so that the enclosure can adapt to this temperature. D.6.1.1.2 Instrumentation Sampling and storage of data from the sensors described below shall occur at a rate of at least 4 Hz. D.6.1.1.3 Oxygen concentrations The oxygen level shall be measured by a calibrated oxygen analyser capable of measuring the percentage oxygen to within at least one decimal place (0,1 %). The sensing equipment shall be capable of continuously monitoring and recording the oxygen level inside the enclosure throughout the duration of the test. The accuracy of the measuring devices shall not be influenced by any of the fire products. At least three sensors shall be located within the enclosure (Figures D.5 and D.6). One sensor shall be located at the equivalent height of the top of the test object from the floor, 0,6 m to 1 m away from the test object. The other two sensors shall be located at 0,1 × H and 0,9 × H (with H = height of the enclosure) See Figures D.5 and D.6. D.6.1.1.4 Discharge pressure The pressure built up in the test enclosure during system discharge shall be measured and recorded. D.6.1.1.5 Enclosure temperature Temperature sensors shall be located centred 100 mm above the test object and 0,9 × H (H = room height), and a third sensor at the equivalent height of the top of the test object from the floor, horizontally 0,6 m to 1 m away from the test object (see Figures D.5 and D.6). The use of K type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm, is recommended. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 54 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.6.1.1.6 Aerosol temperature and discharge times A thermocouple shall be placed just outside the discharge outlet of the aerosol generator to record aerosol temperature at the outlet as well as commencement and end of aerosol discharge. Additional thermocouples may be placed at the minimum thermal clearance from the discharge outlet as specified by the manufacturer for each unit size of the aerosol generators. The use of K type thermocouples (Ni-CrNi), diameter 1 mm, is recommended. D.6.1.1.7 Flame out times Cameras, e.g. infrared-cameras, or an alternative means of directly viewing the fire, can be provided as an aid to determining flame out times. Thermocouples may be located 30 mm above and inside the wood crib in order to aid in determining flame out time (see Figures D.5 and D.6). Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 measuring point 2 test object Figure D.5 — Plan view of instrumentation placement for the extinguishing factor test --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  55 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in millimetres Key M1 At measuring point 1, record the O2 concentration. M2 At measuring point 2, record the O2 concentration and temperature. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- M3 At measuring point 3, record the O2 concentration. M4 At measuring point 4, record the temperature. M5 At measuring point 5, record the temperature. Figure D.6 — Side view of instrumentation placement for the extinguishing concentration test D.6.1.2 Fuel specification D.6.1.2.1 Crib igniter fuel Ignition of the crib is achieved by burning 1,5 l of heptane (specified in D.5.1.2.2) on a 12,5 l layer of water in a square steel pan 0,25 m2 in area, 100 mm in height and with a wall thickness of 6 mm (see Figure D.7). 56 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in millimetres Figure D.7 — Pan geometry for wood crib and n-heptane pan fire test D.6.1.2.2 Fire configuration and placement The wood crib shall consist of four layers of six, approximately 40 mm × 40 mm by (450 ± 50) mm long, kiln spruce or fir lumber having a moisture content between 9 % and 13 %. Place the alternate layers of wood members at right angles to one another. Evenly space the individual wood members in each layer forming a square determined by the specified length of the wood members. Staple or nail together the wood members forming the outside edges of the crib. The crib shall be pre-burned outside the enclosure on a stand supporting the crib 300 mm above the pan holding the igniter fuel (specified in D.6.1.3.2). After the pre-burn period, the crib shall be moved into the enclosure and be located on a stand supporting the crib centrally within the enclosure with the base of the crib 600 mm above the floor (specified in D.6.1.3.2). --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  57 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.6.1.3 Test procedure D.6.1.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass and the moisture of the crib prior to the test. D.6.1.3.2 Operation Centre the crib with the bottom of the crib approximately 300 mm above the top of the pan on a test stand constructed so as to allow for the bottom of the crib to be exposed to the atmosphere. The pre-burning shall take place outside the enclosure, if possible in a sufficiently dimensioned room (at least five times the volume of the test enclosure). In any case, the pre-burning shall not be influenced by weather conditions such as rain, wind, or sun. The maximum wind speed in the proximity of the fire shall be 3 m/s. If necessary, adequate means for protection against wind, etc., shall be used. Record the weather conditions including location of pre-burn, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Ignite the n-heptane and allow the crib to burn freely. The 1,5 l of n-heptane will provide a burn time of approximately 3 min. After the n-heptane is exhausted, the crib shall be allowed to burn freely for an additional time of 3 min resulting in a total pre-burn time of 6 +0,1 min outside the test enclosure. 0 Just prior to the end of the pre-burn period, move the crib into the test enclosure and place it on a stand such that the bottom of the crib is 600 mm above the floor. Seal the enclosure and actuate the system. The time required to position the burning crib in the enclosure and the actuation of the system discharge shall not exceed 15 s. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the crib shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change by more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). From the end of system discharge, the enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 10 min. After the soak period, remove the crib from the enclosure and observe to determine that sufficient fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re-ignition. The following shall be recorded: a) presence and location of burning embers; b) whether or not the glowing embers or crib re-ignites; c) mass of the crib after the test. If necessary, amend the aerosol extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. D.6.1.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) the discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds; b) the time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means; c) the soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure); d) recording the temperature profile of the wood crib, using the infrared camera, is recommended. 58 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.6.1.4 Determination of extinguishant design application density The laboratory extinguishing application density is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no re-ignition or existence of burning embers after 10 min after end of discharge). The design application density is the laboratory extinguishing factor multiplied by an appropriate “safety factor”. The extinguishing application density shall be calculated by dividing the total generator’s effective mass of extinguishant installed by the test room volume. D.6.2 Heptane pan test D.6.2.1 Test facility D.6.2.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.1. D.6.2.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.2. D.6.2.2 Fuel specification D.6.2.2.1 Heptane The grade of heptane is specified in D.5.1.2.2. D.6.2.2.2 Fire configuration and placement The fire test can shall be a square steel can of 0,25 m2, 100 mm high with a wall thickness of 6 mm as specified in D.6.1.2.1. The test can shall contain 12,5 l of n-heptane. The resulting n-heptane surface is then 50 mm below the top of the can. The steel pan shall be located in the centre of the test enclosure with the bottom 600 mm above the floor of the test enclosure. D.6.2.3 Test procedure D.6.2.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. D.6.2.3.2 Operation The heptane is to be ignited and allowed to burn for 30 s. The heptane in the test cans shall be ignited at the same time or before the main pan. The first test can shall be ignited at a maximum of 60 s before the main pan. After 30 s all openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- change by more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). The test is only positive if the main test object is extinguished later than the test cans are extinguished or at a maximum of 10 s earlier. Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  59 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) If necessary, amend the extinguishant extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. D.6.2.3.3 Results recording Results are to be recorded as specified in D.6.1.3.3 with the exception of d). D.6.2.4 Determination of extinguishant design application density The laboratory extinguishing application density is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no flaming 30 s after the end of extinguishant discharge). The design factor is the laboratory extinguishing factor multiplied by an appropriate safety factor. Extinguishing application density shall be calculated by dividing the total generator’s effective mass of extinguishant installed by the test room volume. D.6.3 Polymeric sheet fire test D.6.3.1 Test facility D.6.3.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.1. D.6.3.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.2. D.6.3.2 Fuel specification D.6.3.2.1 Igniter fuel The ignition source is a heptane pan (constructed of 2 mm thick mild or stainless steel) with inside to inside 51 mm × 112 mm and 21 mm deep centred 12 mm below the bottom of the plastic sheets of polymeric fuel (see Figures D.8 and D.9). The 51 mm side of the pan is orientated parallel to the sheets of polymeric fuel. The pan is filled with 6,0 ml of heptane (specified in D.6.1.2.2) on a water base of 40 ml. D.6.3.2.2 Polymeric fuel Tests are to be conducted with three plastic fuels: — polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); — polypropylene; — acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS). Plastic properties are given in Table D.2. 60 --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Table D.2 — Plastic properties 25 kW/m2 exposure in cone calorimeter — ISO 5660-1 cone calorimeter test 180 s average Effective Density Ignition time Fuel Colour Heat release rate Heat of combustion g/cm3 s Tolerance kW/m2 Tolerance MJ/kg Tolerance PMMA Black 1,19 77 30 % 286 25 % 23,3 25 % Natural Polypropylene 0,905 91 30 % 225 25 % 39,6 25 % (White) Natural ABS 1,04 115 30 % 484 25 % 29,1 25 % (Cream) D.6.3.2.3 Polymeric fuel array The polymeric fuel array shall consist of four sheets of polymer, which are cut to 405 mm ± 5 mm high by 200 mm ± 5mm wide. The thickness of the sheets shall be as follows: — polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA): (10 ± 1) mm; — polypropylene (PP): (10 ± 1) mm; — acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymer (ABS): (10 ± 1) mm. Sheets are spaced and located as per Figure D.8. The bottom of the fuel array is located 203 mm from the floor. The fuel sheets shall be mechanically fixed at the required spacing. The sheets of plastic shall not significantly bend during the test. The fuel array shall be located centrally within the enclosure. D.6.3.2.4 Fuel shield A fuel shield consisting of a metal frame with sheet metal on the top and two sides shall be provided around the fuel array as indicated in Figures D.8 and D.9. The fuel shield is 380 mm wide, 850 mm high and 610 mm deep. The 610 mm (wide) × 850 mm (high) sides and the 610 mm × 380 mm top are metal sheet. The two remaining sides and bottom are open. The metal sheet shall be aluminium with a wall thickness of 2 mm to 3 mm. The fuel array is oriented in the fuel shield such that the 200 mm dimensions of the fuel array is parallel to the 610 mm side of the fuel shield. D.6.3.2.5 External baffles External baffles are constructed as shown in Figure D.10 and are located around the exterior of the fuel shield. The baffles are placed 90 mm above the floor. The top baffle is rotated 45° with respect to the bottom baffle. D.6.3.3 Test procedure D.6.3.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass of the plastic sheets prior to the test. D.6.3.3.2 Operation The n-heptane is ignited and allowed to burn completely. All openings are to be closed and the extinguishing system is to be manually actuated 210 s after ignition of the n-heptane. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  61 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) At the time of actuation of the system, the amount of oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the fuel shall not be more than 0,5 vol% lower than the normal atmospheric oxygen concentration. During the test, the oxygen concentration shall not change more than 1,5 vol% due to fire products. This change shall be determined by comparing the oxygen concentration measured in the cold discharge test with the oxygen concentration measured in this fire test (averaged values). The enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 10 min from end of discharge. After the soak period, ventilate the enclosure and observe to determine that sufficient fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re‑ignition. The following shall be recorded: a) presence and location of burning fuel; b) whether or not the fire re-ignites; and c) mass of the fire structure after the test. If necessary, amend the extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. D.6.3.3.3 Results recording After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test. a) The discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds. b) The time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means. c) The soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure). D.6.3.4 Determination of the extinguishant design application density --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- The laboratory extinguishing application density for each fuel is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (flame knock down within 60 s, no flaming after 180 s, and no re-ignition after 10 min, all from end of discharge). The design application density is the highest of the laboratory extinguishing factors for the three fuels (see D.6.3.2.2) multiplied by an appropriate safety factor. Extinguishing application density shall be calculated by dividing the total mass of aerosol generator’s effective mass of extinguishant installed by the test room volume. 62 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 channel metal frame covered with metal sheeting on top and two sides 2 metal angle frame 3 fuel guide bars --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 4 load cell Figure D.8 — Polymeric sheet fire Dimensions in millimetres a)   Front Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  63 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) b)   Side c)   Plan and load cell details Key 1 metal angle frame 2 load cell 3 fuel guide bars Figure D.9 — Support rack for plastic sheets --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 64 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in millimetres Key 1 polycarbonate or metal baffles 2 cinder block Figure D.10 — Polymeric sheet fire baffle arrangement D.6.4 Class A compatible wood crib test D.6.4.1 Fuel configuration This Class A compatible fire test shall consist of two wood cribs, each measuring 0,3 m × 0,3 m × 0,3 m. The crib shall consist of eight alternate layers of four trade size 3,8 cm by 3,8 cm kiln-dried spruce or fir lumber 0,3 m long. The alternate layers of lumber shall be placed at right angles to the adjacent layers. The individual wood members in each layer are to be evenly spaced along the length of the previous layer of wood members and fastened by staples or nails. The wood cribs shall be preconditioned to have a moisture content of 9 % and 13 % by weight. D.6.4.2 Fuel placement One crib is to be placed behind a baffle installed between the floor and ceiling at the midpoint between the direction of discharge and a wall. The baffle is to be perpendicular to the direction of nozzle discharge, and be --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 20 % of the length or width of the enclosure, whichever is applicable with respect to discharge location. The crib Copyright International Organization for Standardization © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved  65 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) is to be placed on a stand and supported by four 5,1 cm bricks placed at each corner of the crib such that the bottom of the crib is 50 mm above the floor. The crib shall have a 113,5 g mass of shredded newspaper placed under the crib in the centre of the four blocks. One crib is to be placed on a stand in the centre of the enclosure and supported by four 5,1 cm bricks placed at each corner of the crib such that the bottom of the crib is 50 mm above the floor. The crib shall have a 113,5 g mass of shredded newspaper placed under the crib in the centre of the four bricks. D.6.4.3 Fuel shield A fuel shield consisting of a metal frame with sheet steel on the top shall be provided around the crib located in the centre of the enclosure as indicated in Figures D.11 and D.12. The fuel shield is to be 76 cm wide, 82,5 cm high and 76 cm deep. The 76 cm by 76 cm top is to be sheet steel. The remaining four sides and the bottom are to be open. Two external baffles measuring 1 m square and 30 cm tall are to be located around the exterior of the fuel shield as shown in Figures D.11 and D.12 The baffles are to be placed 9 cm above the floor. The lower baffle is to be oriented with its sides parallel to the fuel shield and the top baffle is to be rotated 45° with respect to the bottom baffle. A baffle is to be installed between the floor and ceiling at the midpoint between the centre of the enclosure and a wall parallel to the baffle width. The floor to ceiling baffle width is to be 20 % of the length of the walls parallel to the baffle as indicated in Figures D.11 and D.12. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- The two cribs are to be placed on the floor supported by four 5,1 cm high bricks, one at each corner of the crib as indicated in Figures D.11 and D.12. One of the cribs is to be centred between the two walls perpendicular to the floor to ceiling baffle with two sides of the crib parallel to the floor to ceiling baffle and the centre of the crib located 45 cm behind the floor to ceiling baffle relative to the centre of the enclosure. The other crib is to be centred in the enclosure. D.6.4.4 Test procedure D.6.4.4.1 General Prior to commencing tests the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. Record the mass and the moisture of the crib prior to the test. D.6.4.4.2 Operation D.6.4.4.2.1 Aerosol generator placement The aerosol generator(s) shall be installed under the maximum design limitations and most severe installation instructions according to the methods specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions. For the Class A wood crib fire tests, the aerosol generator(s) shall be installed on the side of the enclosure opposite the crib located behind the floor to ceiling baffle. The aerosol generator(s) are to be conditioned to (70 ± 5) °F [(21 ± 2,8) °C]. D.6.4.4.2.2 Fuel ignition Each crib shall have a 113,5 g mass of shredded newspaper placed under the crib in the centre of the four bricks and 236 ml of denatured ethyl alcohol is to be poured over each crib and paper, and then ignited. D.6.4.4.2.3 Pre-burn After ignition, each crib is to be allowed to burn for 2 min. The percent of oxygen is to be measured by a calibrated analyser at locations which are at the same height as the wood cribs and centred from the edge of the crib to the near wall. Two additional measurements are to be made at 0,1 H and 0,9 H, with H being the height of the enclosure. Just prior to discharging agent into the enclosure, the vents, except for the pressure 66 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) relief, are to be quickly closed and the aerosol generator system is to be manually actuated. At the time of system discharge, the percent oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the cribs is to be within 0,5 units of the normal oxygen level at atmospheric conditions. D.6.4.4.2.4 Aerosol generator actuation Except for the pressure relief, the vents are to be closed and the system is to be actuated. At the time of actuation, the percent oxygen within the enclosure at the level of the crib shall be within 0,5 units of the normal oxygen level at atmospheric conditions. The percent of oxygen is to be measured by a calibrated analyser at a location which is at the same height as the bottom of the wood crib and centred from the edge of the crib to the wall. Two additional measurements are to be made at 0,1 H and 0,9 H, with H being the height of the enclosure. D.6.4.4.2.5 Results recording The following shall be recorded: — presence and location of burning embers; — whether or not the glowing embers or crib re-ignite; — mass of the crib after the test. If necessary, amend the aerosol extinguishing factor and repeat the experimental programme until three successive, successful extinguishments are achieved. After the required pre-burn period, record the following data for each test: a) The discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds. b) The time required to achieve extinguishment, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means. c) The soaking time (time from the end of system discharge until the opening of the test enclosure). d) Recording the temperature profile of the wood crib, using the infrared camera, is recommended. D.6.4.4.2.6 Pass/fail criteria After the start of system discharge, observations shall be made for crib extinguishment. The enclosure is to remain sealed for a total of 600 s after the end of discharge. After the 600 s soak period, the cribs are to be quickly removed from the enclosure, and observed to determine whether fuel remains to sustain combustion and for signs of re-ignition. D.6.4.4.2.7 Determination of the extinguishant application density --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- The laboratory extinguishing application density is that which achieves satisfactory extinguishment of the fire over three successive tests (no re-ignition or existence of burning embers after 10 min after end of discharge). The design application density is the laboratory extinguishing factor multiplied by an appropriate “safety factor”. The extinguishing application density shall be calculated by dividing the total generator’s effective mass of extinguishant installed by the test room volume. The extinguishing application density for each test shall be 76,92 % of the intended end use design application density or densities specified in the manufacturer’s design and installation instructions. © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  67 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Key 1 wood crib location 2 floor-to-ceiling baffle 3 polycarbonate baffles 4 fuel shield Figure D.11 — Wood crib locations — Plan view --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 68 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Dimensions in centimetres Key --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 1 table baffle 2 wood crib (eight layers of four members - Trade 5 & 5 & 30 cm/2 & 2 & 12 in) 3 brick 4 polycarbonate baffles 5 shredded newspaper Figure D.12 — Centre wood crib detail — Elevation view D.7 Test of the determination of the maximum leakage area/volume ratio D.7.1 Principle © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  69 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) An engineered or pre-engineered aerosol extinguishing formulation shall be able to keep extinguishing conditions for the hold time when tested in accordance with this test method under the maximum design limitations and most severe installation instructions. The test is based on the ability of the extinguishing unit to prevent ignition of heptane cans distributed through the enclosure. D.7.1.1 Test facility D.7.1.1.1 Construction Construction of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.1. Two identical open areas shall also be provided, one on the ceiling of the enclosure and the other on the bottom centre opposite on the short side of the enclosure. The shape shall be square or rectangular with a base:height maximum ratio of 2:1. The sum of the two areas will be taken as the leakage area. D.7.1.1.2 Instrumentation Instrumentation of the enclosure is as described in D.6.1.1.2. Cameras or an alternative method described for flame out time in D.6.1.1.7 shall be used to determine the appearance of flames. All cans described shall be monitored. D.7.1.2 Fuel specification D.7.1.2.1 n-Heptane The n-heptane is commercial grade as specified in D.5.1.2.2. D.7.1.2.2 Fire configuration and placement Test cans will be as described in D.5.1.2.1. The test pans may contain either n-heptane or n-heptane and water. If they are to contain n-heptane and water, the n-heptane is to be at least 50 mm deep. The level of n-heptane in the pans shall be at least 50 mm below the top of the can. Two sets of three test cans are to be placed within 500 mm of two walls. One set will be located opposite to the other and for each set the cans will be located at 10 %, 50 % and 90 % of the height of the enclosure. Means for remote ignition shall be provided for each of the test cans. D.7.1.3 Test procedure D.7.1.3.1 General Prior to commencing tests, the composition of the extinguishing aerosol shall be analysed. D.7.1.3.2 Operation The extinguishing system is to be manually actuated. Prior to the expected hold time, all the remote ignitors will begin to actuate and the time at which it is done is to be recorded at given intervals (e.g. 5 s). --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 70 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) D.7.1.3.3 Results recording Record the following data for each test. a) The discharge time of extinguishant, in seconds. b) The time at which each actuation of the ignitors is produced, in seconds. c) The time required for the first can to ignite, in seconds. This time shall be determined by visual observation, thermocouples readings or other suitable means. D.7.1.4 Determination of hold time The hold time for the test is the time from the end of discharge until the last activation of all the ignitors that did not produce ignition of any of the cans. The test is to be repeated three times. The maximum hold time applicable to the specified leakage area to volume ratio is the shortest hold time obtained from the three tests. If the hold time obtained is less than 10 min, the test shall be repeated using a smaller leakage area. Different leakage area values can be tested to provide different hold times for different leakage area to volume ratios. The parameter(s) obtained shall be given as m² leakage area/m³ volume protected for the specified hold time. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization  71 Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) Bibliography [1] ISO 14520-1:2006, Gaseous fire-extinguishing systems — Physical properties and system design — Part 1: General requirements [2] FAA. Performance Demonstration of Zinc Sulfide and Strontium Aluminate Photoluminescent Floor Proximity Escape Path Marking Systems. DOT/FAA/AM-98/2. Office of Aviation Medicine, Washington, DC, 1998. [3] Friedlander, S. Smoke, Dust, and Haze: Fundamentals of Aerosol Behavior, Wiley, New York, 1977, p. 135. [4] Glover, D, Jr. Dictionary of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use. NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. [5] Jensen, G. Wayfinding and Rescue in Heavy Smoke or Blackouts: Low Tech Marking Outperform Sophisticated Concepts. InterConsult Group ASA article for Industrial Fire Journal. GJ 9.11 1999. [6] Parikh, J. Nepehelometer Procedure. Washington State Department of Ecology. Air Quality Program, 2001. [7] Rawle, A. Basic Principles of Particle Size Analysis. Malvern Instruments Limited. Accessed 5/27/03 from the World Wide Web. [8] US EPA Health Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 870.1300 Acute Inhalation Toxicity, August 1998. --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- 72 Copyright International Organization for Standardization  © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale  ISO 15779:2011(E) --`,,```,,,,````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- ICS 13.220.10 Price based on 72 pages © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved Copyright International Organization for Standardization Provided by IHS under license with ISO No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale