COVER SHEET TO AMENDMENT 79
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR
INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
PART I — CORE SARPs
PART II — APPENDICES AND ATTACHMENTS
ANNEX 3
TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
TWENTIETH EDITION — JULY 2018
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
Checklist of Amendments to Annex 3
Date of
Effective date applicability
Twentieth Edition
(incorporates Amendments 1 to 79) 16 July 2018 8 November 2018
Amendment 79
(adopted by the Council on 9 March 2020)
Replacement pages (vii), (viii), (xxii), 1-7, 2-2, 3-4 and 3-5, APP 1-1,
APP 1-10 to APP 1-16, APP 2-1 to APP 2-17, APP 3-2, APP 3-23,
APP 3-26 to APP 3-33, APP 4-4, APP 4-6 and APP 4-7, APP 5-1,
APP 5-9, APP 6-2, APP 6-4, APP 6-6, APP 6-10 to APP 6-16 and 5 November 2020
APP 6-21, APP 8-1 to APP 8-3, APP 10-1 and APP 10-2, ATT E-1 20 July 2020 4 November 2021
Transmittal note
Amendment 79
to the
International Standards and
Recommended Practices
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR
INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
(Annex 3 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation)
1. The following replacement pages in Annex 3 (Twentieth Edition) incorporate Amendment 79 which becomes
applicable on 5 November 2020:
a) Page (vii) and (viii) — Table of Contents
b) Page (xxii) — Foreword
c) Page 1-7 — Part I, Chapter 1
d) Page 2-2 — Part I, Chapter 2
e) Pages 3-4 and 3-5 — Part I, Chapter3
f) Pages APP 1-1, APP 1-10 to APP 1-16 — Part II, Appendix 1
g) Pages APP 2-1 to APP 2-17 — Part II, Appendix 2
h) Pages APP 3-2, APP 3-23 , APP 3-26 to
APP 3-33 — Part II, Appendix 3
i) Pages APP 4-4, APP 4-6 and APP 4-7 — Part II, Appendix 4
j) Pages APP5-1 and APP 5-9 — Part II, Appendix 5
k) Pages APP 6-2, APP 6-4, APP 6-6,
APP 6-10 to APP 6-16 and APP 6-21 — Part II, Appendix 6
20/7/20
l) Pages APP 8-1 to APP 8-3 — Part II, Appendix 8
m) Pages APP 10-1 and APP 10-2 — Part II, Appendix 10
n) Pages ATT E-1 — Attachment E
2. Record the entry of this amendment on page (iii).
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Table of Contents Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Page
CHAPTER 11. Requirements for and use of communications ..................................................................... 11-1
11.1 Requirements for communications ..................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 Use of aeronautical fixed service communications and the public Internet —
meteorological bulletins...................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.3 Use of aeronautical fixed service communications — world area forecast system products.............. 11-2
11.4 Use of aeronautical mobile service communications .......................................................................... 11-2
11.5 Use of aeronautical data link service — contents of D-VOLMET ..................................................... 11-3
11.6 Use of aeronautical broadcasting service — contents of VOLMET broadcasts ................................. 11-3
PART II. APPENDICES AND ATTACHMENTS
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. Flight documentation — model charts and forms ................................................................ APP 1-1
APPENDIX 2. Technical specifications related to global systems, supporting centres and
meteorological offices .......................................................................................................................................... APP 2-1
1. World area forecast system ................................................................................................................. APP 2-1
2. Aerodrome meteorological offices ..................................................................................................... APP 2-4
3. Volcanic ash advisory centres............................................................................................................. APP 2-5
4. State volcano observatories ................................................................................................................ APP 2-5
5. Tropical cyclone advisory centres ...................................................................................................... APP 2-6
6. Space weather centres ......................................................................................................................... APP 2-6
APPENDIX 3. Technical specifications related to meteorological
observations and reports ..................................................................................................................................... APP 3-1
1. General provisions related to meteorological observations ................................................................ APP 3-1
2. General criteria related to meteorological reports............................................................................... APP 3-1
3. Dissemination of meteorological reports ............................................................................................ APP 3-4
4. Observing and reporting of meteorological elements ......................................................................... APP 3-5
APPENDIX 4. Technical specifications related to aircraft observations and reports ................................ APP 4-1
1. Contents of air-reports ........................................................................................................................ APP 4-1
2. Criteria for reporting ........................................................................................................................... APP 4-3
3. Exchange of air-reports....................................................................................................................... APP 4-5
4. Specific provisions related to reporting wind shear and volcanic ash ................................................ APP 4-5
APPENDIX 5. Technical specifications related to forecasts ......................................................................... APP 5-1
1. Criteria related to TAF........................................................................................................................ APP 5-1
2. Criteria related to trend forecasts ........................................................................................................ APP 5-5
3. Criteria related to forecasts for take-off .............................................................................................. APP 5-8
4. Criteria related to area forecasts for low-level flights ......................................................................... APP 5-8
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Table of Contents
Page
APPENDIX 6. Technical specifications related to SIGMET and AIRMET information,
aerodrome warnings and wind shear warnings and alerts .............................................................................. APP 6-1
1. Specifications related to SIGMET information .................................................................................. APP 6-1
2. Specifications related to AIRMET information .................................................................................. APP 6-3
3. Specifications related to special air-reports ........................................................................................ APP 6-5
4. Detailed criteria related to SIGMET and AIRMET messages
and special air-reports (uplink) ........................................................................................................... APP 6-5
5. Specifications related to aerodrome warnings .................................................................................... APP 6-6
6. Specifications related to wind shear warnings .................................................................................... APP 6-7
APPENDIX 7. Technical specifications related to aeronautical climatological information ..................... APP 7-1
1. Processing of aeronautical climatological information ....................................................................... APP 7-1
2. Exchange of aeronautical climatological information ........................................................................ APP 7-1
3. Content of aeronautical climatological information ........................................................................... APP 7-1
APPENDIX 8. Technical specifications related to service for operators
and flight crew members ..................................................................................................................................... APP 8-1
1. Means of supply and format of meteorological information .............................................................. APP 8-1
2. Specifications related to information for pre-flight planning and in-flight replanning ....................... APP 8-1
3. Specifications related to briefing and consultation ............................................................................. APP 8-2
4. Specifications related to flight documentation.................................................................................... APP 8-2
5. Specifications related to automated pre-flight information systems for
briefing, consultation, flight planning and flight documentation ........................................................ APP 8-5
6. Specifications related to information for aircraft in flight .................................................................. APP 8-6
APPENDIX 9. Technical specifications related to information for air traffic services,
search and rescue services and aeronautical information services .................................................................. APP 9-1
1. Information to be provided for air traffic services units ..................................................................... APP 9-1
2. Information to be provided for search and rescue services units ........................................................ APP 9-3
3. Information to be provided for aeronautical information services units ............................................. APP 9-4
APPENDIX 10. Technical specifications related to requirements for
and use of communications ................................................................................................................................. APP 10-1
1. Specific requirements for communications ........................................................................................ APP 10-1
2. Use of aeronautical fixed service communications and the public Internet ........................................ APP 10-1
3. Use of aeronautical mobile service communications .......................................................................... APP 10-3
4. Use of aeronautical data link service — D-VOLMET........................................................................ APP 10-3
5. Use of aeronautical broadcasting service — VOLMET broadcasts ................................................... APP 10-4
ATTACHMENTS
ATTACHMENT A. Operationally desirable accuracy of measurement or observation ........................... ATT A-1
ATTACHMENT B. Operationally desirable accuracy of forecasts ............................................................. ATT B-1
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Foreword Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Adopted/approved
Effective
Amendment(s) Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable
75 Meteorological The amendment introduces provisions related to SIGMET information, wind 22 February 2010
(17th Edition) Warnings Study Group shear warnings, quality management systems; improved horizontal, vertical and 12 July 2010
(METWSG). temporal resolutions for WAFS forecasts and the introduction of an enabling 18 November 2010;
World Area Forecast clause for the implementation of improved WAFS forecasts of cumulonimbus 15 November 2012
System Operations clouds, icing and turbulence; elimination of routine voice reports related to
Group (WAFSOPSG). weather and the enabling of the provision of graphical MET information in the
Meteorological cockpit; enhancement of the provision of information on volcanic ash and toxic
Information Data Link chemicals; aerodrome observations and forecasts enabling the use of fully
Study Group automatic observing systems for the provision of local reports and the
(METLINKSG). replacement of km/h by m/s for the SI unit to report wind speed. It also
International Airways introduces consequential amendments related to the provision of performance-
Volcano Watch based navigation terminology and the operational use of the public Internet.
Operations Group
(IAVWOPSG).
Aerodrome
Meteorological
Observation and
Forecast Study Group
(AMOFSG).
Aviation Use of the
Public Internet Study
Group (AUPISG).
Required Navigation
Performance Special
Operational
Requirements Study
Group (RNPSORSG)
76 Special Operations Amendment to the definition of “alternate aerodrome”; clarification of 27 February 2013
(18th Edition) Task Force (SOTF). terminology used for meteorological offices; amendment of provisions related to 15 July 2013
Aerodrome automatic meteorological observing systems; clarification of the required domain 14 November 2013;
Meteorological for the reporting of clouds in local routine and special reports; standardization of 13 November 2014
Observation and the lead time for the issuance of aerodrome forecasts (TAF); inclusion of a (for Appendix 3,
Forecast Study Group requirement for take-off forecasts at all aerodromes; amendment of requirement paragraphs 2.3.1 e) and
(AMOFSG). for the exchange of OPMET information (METAR/SPECI, TAF and SIGMET) 4.1.5.2 c) 1))
Meteorological to the use of extensible markup language (XML)/geography markup language
Warnings Study Group (GML); simplification of runway visual range reporting including aligning the
(METWSG). SPECI criteria with the operational thresholds used in Annex 6; deletion of the
International Airways requirement to report ice crystals; amendment of the requirement for reporting of
Volcano Watch meteorological elements in METAR/SPECI and local reports when automatic
Operations Group sensors fail (missing data); deletion of the requirement for reporting recent
(IAVWOPSG). weather in cases where SPECI are issued at the discretion of States; amendment
World Area Forecast to the requirement for reporting state of the sea to allow reporting of wave height
System Operations as an alternative; alignment of TAF change group criteria with those for the
Group (WAFSOPSG). issuance of SPECI; amendment of SIGMET for the observing and forecasting of
Secretariat. sandstorm/duststorm intensity; clarification of the location of hazardous
phenomena in SIGMET documentation; elimination of the reference to the
accidental nature of a release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere;
deletion of web addresses in certain provisions; introduction of the requirement
to monitor potentially active volcanoes by concerned States; improvements of the
explanation of the symbols for volcanic eruption and radioactive materials (for
significant weather used in flight documentation); inclusions of a reference to the
volcano observatory notice for aviation (VONA); introduction of the requirement
regarding the notification of volcanic eruption cessation by State volcano
(xxi) 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Foreword
Adopted/approved
Effective
Amendment(s) Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable
observatories; introduction of the concept of estimation of volcanic ash in
Table A2-1; introduction of the concept of an entire FIR or entire CTA being
covered by a volcanic ash cloud and other new requirements in Table A6-1 and
related examples; inclusion of provisions enabling concatenated route-specific
wind/temperature forecasts; addition of wind and temperature data for flight level
(FL) 410 (175 hPa) and geopotential altitude data for FL 270 (350 hPa) and
FL 410 (175 hPa) in grid point forecasts prepared by world area forecast centres
(WAFCs); deletion of notes related to trial nature of gridded world area forecasts
system (WAFS) forecasts for icing, turbulence and cumulonimbus clouds; and
revision of the latitude and longitude coordinates for the corners of charts
generated from the digital forecasts provided by the WAFS for fixed areas of
coverage.
77-A Meteorology (MET) Introduction of digital format for volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisories and 22 February 2016
(19th Edition) Divisional Meeting AIRMET information and the provision of METAR/SPECI, TAF and SIGMET 11 July 2016
(2014) information in digital format as a recommended practice; introduction of WAFS 10 November 2016
forecast information on cumulonimbus clouds, icing and turbulence and
additional flight levels for WAFS gridded forecast information; removal of
reference to legacy satellite distribution systems in lieu of Internet-based
services; modification of GAMET forecast requirements and clarification of
runway visual range assessment requirements; and editorial amendments.
77-B Friction Task Force Amendment concerning the use of a global reporting format for assessing and 22 February 2016
(FTF) of the reporting runway surface conditions. 11 July 2016
Aerodrome Design and 5 November 2020
Operations Panel
(ADOP)
78 Second meeting of the Introduction of space weather advisory information services; improvement of the 7 March 2018
(20th Edition) Meteorology Panel provision of SIGMET information by meteorological watch offices (MWOs); 16 July 2018
(METP/2). Twelfth information on the release of radioactive material into the atmosphere; SIGMET 8 November 2018
meeting of the AIS- and AIRMET information; modifications of IWXXM representations of
AIM Study Group information; aeronautical meteorological personnel qualification and
(AIS-AIMSG/12). competency, education and training; and consequential amendment concerning
Secretariat change of references related to the provision of aeronautical information service.
79 Fourth meeting of the SIGMET information concerning the release of radioactive material in the
9 March 2020
Meteorology Panel atmosphere; improved harmonization of SIGMET information; space weather
(METP/4) advisory information; routine observations at aerodromes (METAR) information; 20 July 2020
5 November 2020
tropical cyclone advisory and related SIGMET information; the ICAO
4 November 2021
Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM); the international
airways volcano watch (IAVW); the world area forecast system (WAFS); special
air-reports on turbulence; quality management system; dissemination of
AIRMET and GAMET; and the inclusion of heavy dust storms (HVY DS) in
special air-reports.
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Chapter 1 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Visibility. Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of:
a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and
recognized when observed against a bright background;
b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit
background.
Note.— The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the
background illumination. The former a) is represented by the meteorological optical range (MOR).
Volcanic ash advisory centre (VAAC). A meteorological centre designated by regional air navigation agreement to provide
advisory information to meteorological watch offices, area control centres, flight information centres, world area forecast
centres and international OPMET databanks regarding the lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of volcanic
ash in the atmosphere.
VOLMET. Meteorological information for aircraft in flight.
Data link-VOLMET (D-VOLMET). Provision of current aerodrome routine meteorological reports (METAR) and
aerodrome special meteorological reports (SPECI), aerodrome forecasts (TAF), SIGMET, special air-reports not
covered by a SIGMET and, where available, AIRMET via data link.
VOLMET broadcast. Provision, as appropriate, of current METAR, SPECI, TAF and SIGMET by means of continuous
and repetitive voice broadcasts.
World area forecast centre (WAFC). A meteorological centre designated to prepare and issue significant weather forecasts
and upper-air forecasts in digital form on a global basis direct to States using the aeronautical fixed service Internet-
based services.
World area forecast system (WAFS). A worldwide system by which world area forecast centres provide aeronautical
meteorological en-route forecasts in uniform standardized formats.
1.2 Terms used with a limited meaning
For the purpose of this Annex, the following terms are used with a limited meaning as indicated below:
a) to avoid confusion in respect of the term “service” between the meteorological service considered as an
administrative entity and the service which is provided, “meteorological authority” is used for the former and
“service” for the latter;
b) “provide” is used solely in connection with the provision of service;
c) “issue” is used solely in connection with cases where the obligation specifically extends to sending out the
information to a user;
d) “make available” is used solely in connection with cases where the obligation ends with making the information
accessible to a user; and
e) “supply” is used solely in connection with cases where either c) or d) applies.
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CHAPTER 2. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Introductory Note 1.— It is recognized that the provisions of this Annex with respect to meteorological information are
subject to the understanding that the obligation of a Contracting State is for the supply, under Article 28 of the Convention
on International Civil Aviation, of meteorological information and that the responsibility for the use made of such
information is that of the user.
Introductory Note 2.— Although the Convention allocates to the State of Registry certain functions which that State is
entitled to discharge, or obligated to discharge, as the case may be, the Assembly recognized, in Resolution A23-13, that the
State of Registry may be unable to fulfil its responsibilities adequately in instances where aircraft are leased, chartered or
interchanged — in particular without crew — by an operator of another State and that the Convention may not adequately
specify the rights and obligations of the State of an operator in such instances until such time as Article 83 bis of the
Convention enters into force. Accordingly, the Council urged that if, in the above-mentioned instances, the State of Registry
finds itself unable to discharge adequately the functions allocated to it by the Convention, it delegate to the State of the
Operator, subject to acceptance by the latter State, those functions of the State of Registry that can more adequately be
discharged by the State of the Operator. It was understood that pending entry into force of Article 83 bis of the Convention
the foregoing action would only be a matter of practical convenience and would not affect either the provisions of the
Convention prescribing the duties of the State of Registry or any third State. However, as Article 83 bis of the Convention
entered into force on 20 June 1997, such transfer agreements will have effect in respect of Contracting States that have
ratified the related Protocol (Doc 9318) upon fulfilment of the conditions established in Article 83 bis.
Introductory Note 3.— In the case of international operations effected jointly with aeroplanes not all of which are
registered in the same Contracting State, nothing in this Annex prevents the States concerned entering into an agreement for
the joint exercise of the functions placed upon the State of Registry by the provisions of this Annex.
2.1 Objective, determination and provision
of meteorological service
2.1.1 The objective of meteorological service for international air navigation shall be to contribute towards the safety,
regularity and efficiency of international air navigation.
2.1.2 This objective shall be achieved by supplying the following users: operators, flight crew members, air traffic
services units, search and rescue services units, airport managements and others concerned with the conduct or development
of international air navigation, with the meteorological information necessary for the performance of their respective
functions.
2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall determine the meteorological service which it will provide to meet the needs of
international air navigation. This determination shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this Annex and in
accordance with regional air navigation agreement; it shall include the determination of the meteorological service to be
provided for international air navigation over international waters and other areas which lie outside the territory of the State
concerned.
2.1.4 Each Contracting State shall designate the authority, hereinafter referred to as the meteorological authority, to
provide or to arrange for the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation on its behalf. Details of the
meteorological authority so designated shall be included in the State aeronautical information publication, in accordance with
Annex 15, Chapter 5.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Chapter 2
Note.— Detailed specifications concerning presentation and contents of the aeronautical information publication is
provided in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aeronautical Information Management (PANS-AIM, Doc 10066),
Appendix 2.
2.1.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the designated meteorological authority complies with the requirements
of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in respect of qualifications, competencies, education and training of
meteorological personnel providing service for international air navigation.
Note.— Requirements concerning the qualifications, competencies, education and training of meteorological personnel
in aeronautical meteorology are given in the Technical Regulations (WMO-No. 49), Volume I — General Meteorological
Standards and Recommended Practices, Part V — Qualifications and Competencies of Personnel Involved in the Provision of
Meteorological (Weather and Climate) and Hydrological Services, Part VI — Education and Training of Meteorological
Personnel, and Appendix A — Basic Instruction Packages.
2.2 Supply, use, quality management and interpretation
of meteorological information
2.2.1 Close liaison shall be maintained between those concerned with the supply and those concerned with the use of
meteorological information on matters which affect the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation.
2.2.2 Each Contracting State shall ensure that the designated meteorological authority referred to in 2.1.4 establishes
and implements a properly organized quality system comprising procedures, processes and resources necessary to provide for
the quality management of the meteorological information to be supplied to the users listed in 2.1.2.
2.2.3 Recommendation.— The quality system established in accordance with 2.2.2 should be in conformity with the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance standards and should be certified by
an approved organization.
Note.— The ISO 9000 series of quality assurance standards provide a basic framework for the development of a quality
assurance programme. The details of a successful programme are to be formulated by each State and in most cases are
unique to the State organization. Guidance on the establishment and implementation of quality management systems is given
in the Guide to the Implementation of Quality Management Systems for National Meteorological and Hydrological Services
and Other Relevant Service Providers (WMO-No. 1100).
2.2.4 Recommendation.— The quality system should provide the users with assurance that the meteorological
information supplied complies with the stated requirements in terms of the geographical and spatial coverage, format and
content, time and frequency of issuance and period of validity, as well as the accuracy of measurements, observations and
forecasts. When the quality system indicates that meteorological information to be supplied to the users does not comply with
the stated requirements, and automatic error correction procedures are not appropriate, such information should not be
supplied to the users unless it is validated with the originator.
Note.— Requirements concerning the geographical and spatial coverage, format and content, time and frequency of
issuance and period of validity of meteorological information to be supplied to aeronautical users are given in Chapters 3, 4,
6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Appendices 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of this Annex and the relevant regional air navigation plans. Guidance
concerning the accuracy of measurement and observation, and accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachments A and B,
respectively, to this Annex.
2.2.5 Recommendation.— In regard to the exchange of meteorological information for operational purposes, the quality
system should include verification and validation procedures and resources for monitoring adherence to the prescribed
transmission schedules for individual messages and/or bulletins required to be exchanged, and the times of their filing for
transmission. The quality system should be capable of detecting excessive transit times of messages and bulletins received.
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Chapter 3 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
3.4 Meteorological watch offices
3.4.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsibility for providing air traffic services within a flight
information region (FIR) or a control area (CTA), shall establish, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement, one
or more MWOs, or arrange for another Contracting State to do so.
Note.— Guidance on the bilateral or multilateral arrangements between Contracting States for the provision of MWO
services, including for cooperation and delegation, can be found in the Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice (Doc
8896).
3.4.2 An MWO shall:
a) maintain continuous watch over meteorological conditions affecting flight operations within its area of
responsibility;
b) prepare SIGMET and other information relating to its area of responsibility;
c) supply SIGMET information and, as required, other meteorological information to associated air traffic services
units;
d) disseminate SIGMET information;
e) when required by regional air navigation agreement, in accordance with 7.2.1:
1) prepare AIRMET information related to its area of responsibility;
2) supply AIRMET information to associated air traffic services units; and
3) disseminate AIRMET information;
f) supply information received on pre-eruption volcanic activity, a volcanic eruption and volcanic ash cloud for which
a SIGMET has not already been issued, to its associated area control centre (ACC)/flight information centre (FIC),
as agreed between the meteorological and ATS authorities concerned, and to its associated VAAC as determined by
regional air navigation agreement; and
g) supply information received concerning the release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere, in the area for
which it maintains watch or adjacent areas, to its associated ACC/FIC, as agreed between the meteorological and
ATS authorities concerned, and to aeronautical information service units, as agreed between the meteorological and
appropriate civil aviation authorities concerned. The information shall comprise location, date and time of the
release, and forecast trajectories of the radioactive materials.
Note.— The information is provided by RSMCs for the provision of transport model products for radiological
environmental emergency response, at the request of the delegated authority of the State in which the radioactive material
was released into the atmosphere, or the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The information is sent by the RSMC
to a single contact point of the national meteorological service in each State. This contact point has the responsibility of
redistributing the RSMC products within the State concerned. Furthermore, the information is provided by IAEA to RSMC
co-located with VAAC London (designated as the focal point) which in turn notifies the ACCs/FICs concerned about the
release.
3.4.3 Recommendation.— The boundaries of the area over which meteorological watch is to be maintained by an
MWO should be coincident with the boundaries of an FIR or a CTA or a combination of FIRs and/or CTAs.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Chapter 3
3.4.4 Recommendation.— An MWO should coordinate SIGMET with neighbouring MWO(s), especially when the en-
route weather phenomenon extends or is expected to extend beyond the MWO’s specified area of responsibility, in order to
ensure the provision of harmonized SIGMET.
Note.— Guidance on the bilateral or multilateral coordination between MWOs of Contracting States for the provision of
SIGMET can be found in the Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).
3.5 Volcanic ash advisory centres
3.5.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsibility for providing a VAAC within the framework of the
international airways volcano watch, shall arrange for that centre to respond to a notification that a volcano has erupted or is
expected to erupt, or that volcanic ash is reported in its area of responsibility, by:
a) monitoring relevant geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite data and, where available, relevant ground-based and
airborne data, to detect the existence and extent of volcanic ash in the atmosphere in the area concerned;
Note.— Relevant ground-based and airborne data include data derived from Doppler weather radar,
ceilometers, lidar and passive infrared sensors.
b) activating the volcanic ash numerical trajectory/dispersion model in order to forecast the movement of any ash
“cloud” which has been detected or reported;
Note.— The numerical model may be its own or, by agreement, that of another VAAC.
c) issuing advisory information regarding the extent and forecast movement of the volcanic ash “cloud” to:
1) MWOs, ACCs and FICs serving FIRs in its area of responsibility which may be affected;
2) other VAACs whose areas of responsibility may be affected;
3) WAFCs, international OPMET databanks, international NOTAM offices, and centres designated by regional air
navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services; and
4) operators requiring the advisory information through the AFTN address provided specifically for this purpose;
and
Note.— The AFTN address to be used by the VAACs is given in the Handbook on the International Airways
Volcano Watch (IAVW) — Operational Procedures and Contact List (Doc 9766) which is available on the
ICAO website.
d) issuing updated advisory information to the MWOs, ACCs, FICs and VAACs referred to in c), as necessary, but at
least every six hours until such time as:
1) the volcanic ash “cloud” is no longer identifiable from satellite data and, where available, ground-based and
airborne data;
2) no further reports of volcanic ash are received from the area; and
3) no further eruptions of the volcano are reported.
3.5.2 VAACs shall maintain a 24-hour watch.
3.5.3 In case of interruption of the operation of a VAAC, its functions shall be carried out by another VAAC or another
meteorological centre, as designated by the VAAC Provider State concerned.
Note.― Back-up procedures to be used in case of interruption of the operation of a VAAC are included in Doc 9766.
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3.6 State volcano observatories
Contracting States with active or potentially active volcanoes shall arrange that State volcano observatories monitor these
volcanoes and when observing:
a) significant pre-eruption volcanic activity, or a cessation thereof;
b) a volcanic eruption, or a cessation thereof; and/or
c) volcanic ash in the atmosphere
shall send this information as quickly as practicable to their associated ACC/FIC, MWO and VAAC.
Note 1.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity which could
presage a volcanic eruption.
Note 2.— Doc 9766 contains guidance material about active or potentially active volcanoes.
3.7 Tropical cyclone advisory centres
A Contracting State having accepted the responsibility for providing a tropical cyclone advisory centre (TCAC) shall arrange
for that centre to:
a) monitor the development of tropical cyclones in its area of responsibility, using geostationary and polar-orbiting
satellite data, radar data and other meteorological information;
b) issue advisory information concerning the position of the cyclone centre, changes in intensity at time of observation,
its direction and speed of movement, central pressure and maximum surface wind near the centre, in abbreviated
plain language to:
1) MWOs in its area of responsibility;
2) other TCACs whose areas of responsibility may be affected; and
3) WAFCs, international OPMET databanks, and centres designated by regional air navigation agreement for the
operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services; and
c) issue updated advisory information to MWOs for each tropical cyclone, as necessary, but at least every six hours.
3.8 Space weather centres
3.8.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the responsibility for providing a space weather centre (SWXC), shall
arrange for that centre to monitor and provide advisory information on space weather phenomena in its area of responsibility
by arranging for that centre to:
a) monitor relevant ground-based, airborne and space-based observations to detect, and predict when possible, the
existence of space weather phenomena that have an impact in the following areas:
1) high frequency (HF) radio communications;
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2) communications via satellite;
3) GNSS-based navigation and surveillance; and
4) radiation exposure at flight levels;
b) issue advisory information regarding the extent, severity and duration of the space weather phenomena that have an
impact referred to in a);
c) supply the advisory information referred to in b) to:
1) area control centres, flight information centres and aerodrome meteorological offices in its area of responsibility
which may be affected;
2) other SWXCs; and
3) international OPMET databanks, international NOTAM offices and aeronautical fixed service Internet-based
services.
3.8.2 SWXC shall maintain a 24-hour watch.
3.8.3 In case of interruption of the operation of a SWXC, its functions shall be carried out by another SWXC or
another centre, as designated by the SWXC Provider State concerned.
Note.— Guidance on the provision of space weather advisory information, including the ICAO-designated provider(s) of
space weather advisory information, is provided in the Manual on Space Weather Information in Support of International Air
Navigation (Doc 10100).
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APPENDIX 1. FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION —
MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS
(See Chapter 9 of this Annex.)
MODEL A OPMET information
MODEL IS Upper wind and upper-air temperature chart for standard isobaric surface
Example 1. Arrows, feathers and pennants (Mercator projection)
Example 2. Arrows, feathers and pennants (Polar stereographic projection)
MODEL SWH Significant weather chart (high level)
Example. Polar stereographic projection (showing the jet stream vertical extent)
MODEL SWM Significant weather chart (medium level)
MODEL SWL Significant weather chart (low level)
Example 1
Example 2
MODEL TCG Tropical cyclone advisory information in graphical format
MODEL VAG Volcanic ash advisory information in graphical format
Example 1. Mercator projection
Example 2. Polar stereographic projection
MODEL STC SIGMET for tropical cyclone in graphical format
MODEL SVA SIGMET for volcanic ash in graphical format
Example 1. Mercator projection
Example 2. Polar stereographic projection
MODEL SGE SIGMET for phenomena other than tropical cyclone and volcanic ash in graphical format
MODEL SN Sheet of notations used in flight documentation
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OPMET INFORMATION MODEL A
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Appendix 1 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY INFORMATION IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL TCG
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VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY INFORMATION IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL VAG
Example 1. Mercaptor projection
175W 174W 173W 175W 174W 173W
25/0040Z OBS 25/0640Z FCST
FL090/150
15S 15S 15S 15S
SFC/FL090
SFC/FL090
16S 16S 16S 16S
175W 174W 173W 175W 174W 173W
175W 174W 173W 175W 174W 173W
25/1240Z FCST 25/1840Z FCST
15S 15S 15S 15S
NO VA EXP
SFC/FL090
16S 16S 16S 16S
175W 174W 173W 175W 174W 173W
V OLCANIC A SH A DVISORY SUMMIT ELEV: 152M
DTG: 20171025/0120Z ADVISORY NR: 2017/6
VAAC: WELLINGTON INFO SOURCE: PILOT REPORT, HIMAWARI-8
VOLCANO: EMERALD 999999 AVIATION COLOUR CODE: UNKNOWN
PSN: S1558 W17345 ERUPTION DETAILS: ERUPTION AT 20171025/0010Z
AREA: HIGHLANDIA RMK: PLUM VISIBLE ON VISIBLE SATELLITE IMAGERY.
FORECAST POSITIONS BASED ON MODEL WIND GUIDANCE.
NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN 20171025/0720Z
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VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY INFORMATION IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL VAG
Example 2. Polar stereographic projection
150W 150W
25/0120Z OBS 25/0720Z FCST
160W 160W
SFC/FL200
SFC/FL200
78S 78S
76S 76S
160W 78S 160W 78S
150W 150W
25/1320Z FCST 25/1920Z FCST
160W SFC/FL200 160W SFC/FL200
78S 78S
76S 76S
160W 78S 160W 78S
V OLCANIC A SH A DVISORY SUMMIT ELEV: 321M
DTG: 20171025/0135Z ADVISORY NR: 2017/7
VAAC: WELLINGTON INFO SOURCE: SATELLITE IMAGERY
VOLCANO: SAPPHIRE 999999 AVIATION COLOUR CODE: UNKNOWN
PSN: S7715 W15747 ERUPTION DETAILS: CONTINUOUS EMISSIONS TO FL200
AREA: LOWLANDIA RMK: VA PARTIALLY OBSCURED BY MET CLOUD ALONG SOUTHERN
BOUNDARY.
NXT ADVISORY: NO LATER THAN 20171025/0735Z
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SIGMET FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL STC
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SIGMET FOR VOLCANIC ASH IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL SVA
Example 1. Mercaptor projection
176W 174W 172W 170W 168W
GRAPHICAL SIGMET - NZZO
Provided by MetService Highlandia
ISSUED AT 2238 UTC 30 APR 2018
NZZO SIGMET 3 VALID 302238/010438 NZKL-
16S VA CLD NZZO AUCKLAND OCEANIC FIR 16S
MT EMERALD PSN S1558 W17345
OBS
SFC/FL080
18S 18S
VA CLD
OBS
. FL080/250
. .. .
. .
20S . 20S
.
176W 174W 172W 170W 168W
176W 174W 172W 170W 168W
16S VA CLD 16S
OBS
SFC/FL080
18S 18S
. .. .
VA CLD
OBS
. . FL080/250
20S . .
20S
.
176W 174W 172W 170W 168W
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SIGMET FOR VOLCANIC ASH IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT MODEL SVA
Example 1. Polar stereographic projection
73S 155W 150W 145W 140W 135W
GRAPHICAL SIGMET - NZZO
Provided by MetService Highlandia
ISSUED AT 2308 UTC 30 APR 2018
NZZO SIGMET 8 VALID 302308/010508 NZKL-
74S NZZO AUCKLAND OCEANIC FIR 74S
MT SAPPHIRE PSN S7715 W15747
75S 75S
VA CLD
OBS AT 2250A
SFC/FL200
76S 15KT 76S
77S 77S
160W 155W 150W 145W 140W 135W 130W
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SIGMET FOR PHENOMENA OTHER THAN TROPICAL CYCLONE MODEL SGE
AND VOLCANIC ASH IN GRAPHICAL FORMAT
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SHEET OF NOTATIONS USED IN FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION MODEL SN
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APPENDIX 2. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
GLOBAL SYSTEMS, SUPPORTING CENTRES AND
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
(See Chapter 3 of this Annex.)
1. WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM
1.1 Formats and codes
World area forecast centres (WAFCs) shall adopt uniform formats and codes for the supply of forecasts.
1.2 Upper-air gridded forecasts
1.2.1 The forecasts of upper winds; upper-air temperature; and humidity; direction, speed and flight level of maximum
wind; flight level and temperature of tropopause, areas of cumulonimbus clouds, icing, turbulence, and geopotential altitude
of flight levels shall be prepared four times a day by a WAFC and shall be valid for fixed valid times at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,
24, 27, 30, 33 and 36 hours after the time (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC) of the synoptic data on which the forecasts were
based. Each forecast shall be disseminated as soon as technically feasible but not later than 5 hours after standard time of
observation.
1.2.2 The grid point forecasts prepared by a WAFC shall comprise:
a) wind and temperature data for flight levels 50 (850 hPa), 80 (750 hPa), 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa),
180 (500 hPa), 210 (450 hPa), 240 (400 hPa), 270 (350 hPa), 300 (300 hPa), 320 (275 hPa), 340 (250 hPa),
360 (225 hPa), 390 (200 hPa), 410 (175 hPa), 450 (150 hPa), 480 (125 hPa) and 530 (100 hPa);
b) flight level and temperature of tropopause;
c) direction, speed and flight level of maximum wind;
d) humidity data for flight levels 50 (850 hPa), 80 (750 hPa), 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa) and 180 (500 hPa);
e) horizontal extent and flight levels of base and top of cumulonimbus clouds;
f) icing for layers centred at flight levels 60 (800 hPa), 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa), 180 (500 hPa), 240 (400 hPa)
and 300 (300 hPa);
Note. — Layers centred at a flight level referred to in f) have a depth of 100 hPa.
g) turbulence for layers centred at flight levels 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa), 180 (500 hPa), 240 (400 hPa), 270
(350 hPa), 300 (300 hPa), 340 (250 hPa), 390 (200 hPa) and 450 (150 hPa); and
Note 1.— Layers centred at a flight level referred to in g) have a depth of 100 hPa for flight levels below 240,
then 50 hPa for flight levels 240 and above.
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Note 2. — Turbulence referred to in g) above encompasses all types of turbulence, including clear-air and in-
cloud turbulence.
h) geopotential altitude data for flight levels 50 (850 hPa), 80 (750 hPa), 100 (700 hPa), 140 (600 hPa), 180 (500 hPa),
210 (450 hPa), 240 (400 hPa), 270 (350 hPa), 300 (300 hPa), 320 (275 hPa), 340 (250 hPa), 360 (225 hPa),
390 (200 hPa), 410 (175 hPa), 450 (150 hPa), 480 (125 hPa) and 530 (100 hPa).
Note.— The exact pressure levels (hPa) for a), d), f), g), and h) are provided in the Manual of Aeronautical
Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).
1.2.3 The foregoing grid point forecasts shall be issued by a WAFC in binary code form using the GRIB code form
prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Note.— The GRIB code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.2, Part B — Binary Codes.
1.2.4 The foregoing grid point forecasts a), b), c), d) and h) shall be prepared by a WAFC in a regular grid with a
horizontal resolution of 1.25° of latitude and longitude.
1.2.5 The foregoing grid point forecasts e), f) and g) shall be prepared by a WAFC in a regular grid with a horizontal
resolution of 0.25° of latitude and longitude.
1.3 Significant weather (SIGWX) forecasts
1.3.1 General provisions
1.3.1.1 Forecasts of significant en-route weather phenomena shall be prepared as SIGWX forecasts four times a day by
a WAFC and shall be valid for fixed valid times at 24 hours after the time (0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC) of the synoptic
data on which the forecasts were based. Each forecast shall be disseminated as soon as technically feasible but not later than
7 hours after standard time of observation under normal operations and not later than 9 hours after standard time of
observation during backup operations.
1.3.1.2 SIGWX forecasts shall be issued in binary code form using the BUFR code form prescribed by WMO.
Note.— The BUFR code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.2, Part B — Binary Codes.
1.3.1.3 Recommendation.— As of 4 November 2021, in addition to 1.3.1.2, SIGWX forecasts should be disseminated
in IWXXM GML form.
Note 1.— Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in the Manual on the ICAO Meteorological
Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
1.3.2 Types of SIGWX forecasts
SIGWX forecasts shall be issued as high-level SIGWX forecasts for flight levels between 250 and 630.
Note.— Medium-level SIGWX forecasts for flight levels between 100 and 250 for limited geographical areas will
continue to be issued until such time that flight documentation to be generated from the gridded forecasts of cumulonimbus
clouds, icing and turbulence fully meets user requirements.
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1.3.3 Items included in SIGWX forecasts
SIGWX forecasts shall include the following items:
a) tropical cyclone provided that the maximum of the 10-minute mean surface wind speed is expected to reach or
exceed 17 m/s (34 kt);
b) severe squall lines;
c) moderate or severe turbulence (in cloud or clear-air);
d) moderate or severe icing;
e) widespread sandstorm/duststorm;
f) cumulonimbus clouds associated with thunderstorms and with a) to e);
Note.— Non-convective cloud areas associated with in-cloud moderate or severe turbulence and/or moderate
or severe icing are to be included in the SIGWX forecasts.
g) flight level of tropopause;
h) jet streams;
i) information on the location of volcanic eruptions that are producing ash clouds of significance to aircraft operations,
comprising: volcanic eruption symbol at the location of the volcano and, in a separate text box on the chart, the
volcanic eruption symbol, the name of the volcano (if known) and the latitude/longitude of the eruption. In addition,
the legend of SIGWX charts should indicate “CHECK SIGMET, ADVISORIES FOR TC AND VA, AND
ASHTAM AND NOTAM FOR VA”; and
j) information on the location of a release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere of significance to aircraft
operations, comprising: the radioactive materials in the atmosphere symbol at the location of the release and, in a
separate text box on the chart, the radioactive materials in the atmosphere symbol, latitude/longitude of the site of
the release, and (if known) the name of site of the radioactive source. In addition, the legend of SIGWX charts on
which a release of radiation is indicated should contain “CHECK SIGMET AND NOTAM FOR RDOACT CLD”.
Note 1.— Medium-level SIGWX forecasts include all the items above.
Note 2.— Items to be included in low-level SIGWX forecasts (i.e. flight levels below 100) are included in Appendix 5.
1.3.4 Criteria for including items in SIGWX forecasts
The following criteria shall be applied for SIGWX forecasts:
a) items a) to f) in 1.3.3 shall only be included if expected to occur between the lower and upper levels of the SIGWX
forecast;
b) the abbreviation “CB” shall only be included when it refers to the occurrence or expected occurrence of
cumulonimbus clouds:
1) affecting an area with a maximum spatial coverage of 50 per cent or more of the area concerned;
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2) along a line with little or no space between individual clouds; or
3) embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze;
c) the inclusion of “CB” shall be understood to include all weather phenomena normally associated with
cumulonimbus clouds, i.e. thunderstorm, moderate or severe icing, moderate or severe turbulence and hail;
d) where a volcanic eruption or a release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere warrants the inclusion of the
volcanic eruption symbol or the radioactive materials in the atmosphere symbol in SIGWX forecasts, the symbols
shall be included on SIGWX forecasts irrespective of the height to which the ash column or radioactive material is
reported or expected to reach; and
e) in the case of co-incident or the partial overlapping of items a), i) and j) in 1.3.3, the highest priority shall be given
to item i), followed by items j) and a). The item with the highest priority shall be placed at the location of the event,
and an arrow shall be used to link the location of the other item(s) to its associated symbol or text box.
2. AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
2.1 Use of world area forecast system (WAFS) products
2.1.1 Aerodrome meteorological offices shall use WAFS forecasts issued by the WAFCs in the preparation of flight
documentation, whenever these forecasts cover the intended flight path in respect of time, altitude and geographical extent,
unless otherwise agreed between the meteorological authority and the operator concerned.
2.1.2 In order to ensure uniformity and standardization of flight documentation, the WAFS GRIB and BUFR data
received and, as of 4 November 2021, IWXXM data received, shall be decoded into standard WAFS charts in accordance
with relevant provisions in this Annex, and the meteorological content and identification of the originator of the WAFS
forecasts shall not be amended.
2.2 Notification of WAFC concerning significant discrepancies
Aerodrome meteorological offices using WAFS BUFR or, as of 4 November 2021, IWXXM data shall notify the WAFC
concerned immediately if significant discrepancies are detected or reported in respect of WAFS SIGWX forecasts concerning:
a) icing, turbulence, cumulonimbus clouds that are obscured, frequent, embedded or occurring at a squall line, and
sandstorms/duststorms; and
b) volcanic eruptions or a release of radioactive materials into the atmosphere, of significance to aircraft operations.
The WAFC receiving the message shall acknowledge its receipt to the originator, together with a brief comment on the report
and any action taken, using the same means of communication employed by the originator.
Note.— Guidance on reporting significant discrepancies is provided in the Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological
Practice (Doc 8896).
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3. VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRES
3.1 Volcanic ash advisory information
3.1.1 The advisory information on volcanic ash issued in abbreviated plain language, using approved ICAO
abbreviations and numerical values of self-explanatory nature, shall be in accordance with the template shown in Table A2-1.
When no approved ICAO abbreviations are available, English plain language text, to be kept to a minimum, shall be used.
3.1.2 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, volcanic ash advisory information should be disseminated in
IWXXM GML form in addition to the dissemination of this advisory information in accordance with 3.1.1.
3.1.2 As of 5 November 2020, volcanic ash advisory information shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in
addition to the dissemination of this advisory information in accordance with 3.1.1.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in the Manual
on the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
3.1.3 The volcanic ash advisory information listed in Table A2-1, when prepared in graphical format, shall be as
specified in Appendix 1 and issued using the portable network graphics (PNG) format.
4. STATE VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES
4.1 Information from State volcano observatories
Recommendation.— The information required to be sent by State volcano observatories to their associated area control
centres (ACCs)/flight information centres (FICs), meteorological watch office (MWO) and VAAC should comprise:
a) for significant pre-eruption volcanic activity: the date/time (UTC) of report; name and, if known, number of the
volcano; location (latitude/longitude); and description of volcanic activity; and
b) for volcanic eruption: the date/time (UTC) of report and time of eruption (UTC) if different from time of report;
name and, if known, number of the volcano; location (latitude/longitude); and description of the eruption including
whether an ash column was ejected and, if so, an estimate of height of ash column and the extent of any visible
volcanic ash cloud, during and following an eruption; and
c) for volcanic eruption cessation: the date/time (UTC) of report and time of eruption cessation (UTC); name and, if
known, number of the volcano; and location (latitude/longitude).
Note 1.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity which could
presage a volcanic eruption.
Note 2.— The State volcano observatories may use the Volcano Observatory Notice for Aviation (VONA) format to send
information to their associated ACCs/FICs, MWO and VAAC. The VONA format is included in the Handbook on the
International Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) — Operational Procedures and Contact List (Doc 9766) which is available on
the ICAO website.
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5. TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRES
5.1 Tropical cyclone advisory information
5.1.1 The advisory information on tropical cyclones shall be issued for tropical cyclones when the maximum of the
10-minute mean surface wind speed is expected to reach or exceed 17 m/s (34 kt) during the period covered by the advisory.
5.1.2 The advisory information on tropical cyclones disseminated in abbreviated plain language, using approved ICAO
abbreviations and numerical values of self-explanatory nature, shall be in accordance with the template shown in Table A2-2.
5.1.3 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, tropical cyclone advisory information should be disseminated in
IWXXM GML form in addition to the dissemination of this advisory information in accordance with 5.1.2.
5.1.3 As of 5 November 2020, tropical cyclone advisory centres shall disseminate tropical cyclone advisory
information in IWXXM GML form in addition to the dissemination of this advisory information in abbreviated plain
language in accordance with 5.1.2.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in Manual on
the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
5.1.4 The tropical cyclone advisory information listed in Table A2-2, when prepared in graphical format, shall be as
specified in Appendix 1 and issued using the PNG format.
6. SPACE WEATHER CENTRES
6.1 Space weather advisory information
6.1.1 Recommendation.— Advisory information on space weather should be issued in abbreviated plain language,
using approved ICAO abbreviations and numerical values of self-explanatory nature, and should be in accordance with the
template shown in Table A2-3. When no approved ICAO abbreviations are available, English plain language text, to be kept
to a minimum, should be used.
6.1.2 Recommendation.— As of 7 November 2019 and until 4 November 2020, space weather advisory information
should be disseminated in IWXXM GML for, in addition to the dissemination of space weather advisory information in
abbreviated plain language in accordance with 6.1.1.
6.1.2 As of 5 November 2020, space weather advisory information shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form, in
addition to the dissemination of this advisory information in abbreviated plain language in accordance with 6.1.1.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO–No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representations Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in the
Manual on the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
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6.1.3 Recommendation.— One or more of the following space weather effects should be included in the space
weather advisory information, using their respective abbreviations as indicated below:
HF communications (propagation, absorption) HF COM
communications via satellite (propagation, absorption) SATCOM
GNSS-based navigation and surveillance (degradation) GNSS
radiation at flight levels (increased exposure) RADIATION
6.1.4 Recommendation.— The following intensities should be included in space weather advisory information, using
their respective abbreviations as indicated below:
moderate MOD
severe SEV
Note.— Guidance on the use of these intensities is provided in the Manual on Space Weather Information in Support of
International Air Navigation (Doc 10100).
6.1.5 Recommendation.— Updated advisory information on space weather phenomena should be issued as necessary
but at least every six hours until such time as the space weather phenomena are no longer detected and/or are no longer
expected to have an impact.
Table A2-1. Template for advisory message for volcanic ash
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
O = inclusion optional;
C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for volcanic ash are
shown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — ICAO
Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
Note 3.— Inclusion of a colon after each element heading is mandatory.
Note 4.— The numbers 1 to 19 are included only for clarity and are not part of the advisory message, as shown in the
examples.
Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
1 Identification of Type of message VA ADVISORY VA ADVISORY
the type of
message (M)
2 Status indicator Indicator of test or STATUS: TEST or EXER STATUS: TEST
(C)1 exercise
EXER
3 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day and DTG: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ DTG: 20080923/0130Z
time in UTC
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Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
4 Name of VAAC Name of VAAC VAAC: nnnnnnnnnnnn VAAC: TOKYO
(M)
5 Name of volcano Name and IAVCEI2 VOLCANO: nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn [nnnnnn] VOLCANO: KARYMSKY 300130
(M) number of volcano or
UNKNOWN or UNNAMED UNNAMED
UNKNOWN
6 Location of Location of volcano in PSN: Nnnnn or Snnnn PSN: N5403 E15927
volcano (M) degrees and minutes Wnnnnn or Ennnnn
or UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
7 State or region State, or region if ash AREA: Nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn AREA: RUSSIA
(M) is not reported over a Or
State UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
8 Summit elevation Summit elevation in m SUMMIT ELEV: nnnnM (or nnnnnFT) SUMMIT ELEV: 1536M
(M) (or ft) or
SFC or UNKNOWN SFC
9 Advisory number Year in full and ADVISORY NR: nnnn/[n][n][n]n ADVISORY NR: 2008/4
(M) message number
(separate sequence for
each volcano)
10 Information Information source INFO SOURCE: Free text up to 32 characters INFO SOURCE: HIMAWARI-8
source (M) using free text KVERT KEMSD
11 Colour code (O) Aviation colour code AVIATION COLOUR RED or ORANGE or YELLOW or GREEN AVIATION RED
CODE: or UNKNOWN or NOT GIVEN COLOUR
or NIL CODE:
12 Eruption details Eruption details ERUPTION DETAILS: Free text up to 64 characters ERUPTION ERUPTION AT
(M) (including date/time of or DETAILS: 20080923/0000Z FL300
eruption(s)) UNKNOWN REPORTED
NO ERUPTION - RE-
SUSPENDED VA6
UNKNOWN
13 Time of Day and time (in UTC) OBS (or EST) VA DTG: nn/nnnnZ OBS VA DTG: 23/0100Z
observation (or of observation (or
estimation) of ash estimation) of volcanic
(M) ash
14 Observed or Horizontal (in degrees OBS VA CLD or TOP FLnnn or SFC/FLnnn or FLnnn/nnn OBS VA CLD: FL250/300
estimated ash and minutes) and EST VA CLD: [nnKM WID LINE3 BTN (nnNM WID LINE BTN)] N5400 E15930 –
cloud (M) vertical extent at the Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – N5400 E16100 –
time of observation of Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – N5300 E15945
the observed or Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – MOV SE 20KT
estimated ash cloud or, Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – SFC/FL200
if the base is unknown, Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] N5130 E16130 –
the top of the observed MOV N nnKMH (or KT) or N5130 E16230 –
or estimated ash cloud; MOV NE nnKMH (or KT) or N5230 E16230 –
MOV E nnKMH (or KT) or N5230 E16130
Movement of the MOV SE nnKMH (or KT) or MOV SE 15KT
observed or estimated MOV S nnKMH (or KT) or
ash cloud MOV SW nnKMH (or KT) or TOP FL240 MOV W
MOV W nnKMH (or KT) or 40KMH
MOV NW nnKMH (or KT)4
or VA NOT IDENTIFIABLE
VA NOT IDENTIFIABLE FM FM SATELLITE DATA
SATELLITE DATA WIND FL050/070
WIND FLnnn/nnn 180/12MPS
nnn/nn[n]MPS (or KT)5 or
WIND FLnnn/nnn VRBnnMPS (or KT) or
WIND SFC/FLnnn nnn/nn[n]MPS (or KT) or
WIND SFC/FLnnn VRBnnMPS (or KT)
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Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
15 Forecast height Day and time (in UTC) FCST VA CLD nn/nnnnZ FCST VA CLD 23/0700Z
and position of the (6 hours from the “Time +6 HR: SFC or FLnnn/[FL]nnn +6 HR: FL250/350
ash clouds of observation (or [nnKM WID LINE3 BTN (nnNM WID LINE BTN)] N5130 E16030 –
(+6 HR) (M) estimation) of ash” Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – N5130 E16230 –
given in Item13); Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – N5330 E16230 –
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – N5330 E16030
Forecast height and Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – SFC/FL180
position (in degrees Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]4 N4830 E16330 –
and minutes) for each or N4830 E16630 –
cloud mass for that NO VA EXP N5130 E16630 –
fixed valid time or N5130 E16330
NOT AVBL
or NO VA EXP
NOT PROVIDED
NOT AVBL
NOT PROVIDED
16 Forecast height Day and time (in UTC) FCST VA CLD nn/nnnnZ FCST VA CLD 23/1300Z
and position of the (12 hours from the +12 HR: SFC or FLnnn/[FL]nnn +12 HR: SFC/FL270
ash clouds “Time of observation (or [nnKM WID LINE3 BTN (nnNM WID LINE BTN)] N4830 E16130 –
(+12 HR) (M) estimation) of ash” Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – N4830 E16600 –
given in Item13); Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – N5300 E16600 –
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – N5300 E16130
Forecast height and Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
position (in degrees Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]4 NO VA EXP
and minutes) for each or
cloud mass for that NO VA EXP NOT AVBL
fixed valid time or
NOT AVBL NOT PROVIDED
or
NOT PROVIDED
17 Forecast height Day and time (in UTC) FCST VA CLD nn/nnnnZ FCST VA CLD 23/1900Z
and position of the (18 hours from the +18 HR: SFC or FLnnn/[FL]nnn +18 HR:
ash clouds “Time of observation (or [nnKM WID LINE3 BTN (nnNM WID LINE BTN)] NO VA EXP
(+18 HR) (M) estimation) of ash” Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
given in Item13); Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn][ – NOT AVBL
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
Forecast height and Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NOT PROVIDED
position (in degrees Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]4
and minutes) for each or
cloud mass for that NO VA EXP
fixed valid time or
NOT AVBL
or
NOT PROVIDED
18 Remarks (M) Remarks, as necessary RMK: Free text up to 256 characters RMK: LATEST REP FM KVERT
or (0120Z) INDICATES
NIL ERUPTION HAS
CEASED. TWO
DISPERSING VA CLD
ARE EVIDENT ON
SATELLITE IMAGERY
RE-SUSPENDED VA6
NIL
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Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
19 Next advisory (M) Year, month, day and NXT ADVISORY: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ NXT ADVISORY: 20080923/0730Z
time in UTC or
NO LATER THAN NO LATER THAN
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
or
NO FURTHER ADVISORIES NO FURTHER
or ADVISORIES
WILL BE ISSUED BY
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ WILL BE ISSUED BY
nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
Notes.—
1. Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When the word “TEST” or the abbreviation “EXER” is included, the message
may contain information that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word "TEST". [Applicable 7 November 2019]
2. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI).
3. A straight line between two points drawn on a map in the Mercator projection or a straight line between two points which crosses lines of longitude at a constant angle.
4. Up to 4 selected layers.
5. If ash reported (e.g. AIREP) but not identifiable from satellite data.
6. To be included (as free text) only for those situations where volcanic ash has been re-suspended.
7. To be included (as free text) where space in the remarks section allows.
Example A2-1. Advisory message for volcanic ash
VA ADVISORY
DTG: 20080923/0130Z
VAAC: TOKYO
VOLCANO: KARYMSKY 300130
PSN: N5403 E15927
AREA: RUSSIA
SUMMIT ELEV: 1536M
ADVISORY NR: 2008/4
INFO SOURCE: HIMAWARI-8 KVERT KEMSD
AVIATION COLOUR CODE: RED
ERUPTION DETAILS: ERUPTION AT 20080923/0000Z FL300 REPORTED
OBS VA DTG: 23/0100Z
OBS VA CLD: FL250/300 N5400 E15930 – N5400 E16100 – N5300 E15945 MOV SE 20KT
SFC/FL200 N5130 E16130 – N5130 E16230 – N5230 E16230 – N5230 E16130
MOV SE 15KT
FCST VA CLD +6 HR: 23/0700Z FL250/350 N5130 E16030 – N5130 E16230 – N5330 E16230 – N5330
E16030 SFC/FL180 N4830 E16330 – N4830 E16630 – N5130 E16630 – N5130
E16330
FCST VA CLD +12 HR: 23/1300Z SFC/FL270 N4830 E16130 – N4830 E16600 – N5300 E16600 – N5300
E16130
FCST VA CLD +18 HR: 23/1900Z NO VA EXP
RMK: LATEST REP FM KVERT (0120Z) INDICATES ERUPTION HAS CEASED.
TWO DISPERSING VA CLD ARE EVIDENT ON SATELLITE IMAGERY
NXT ADVISORY: 20080923/0730Z
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Appendix 2 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Table A2-2. Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
O = inclusion optional;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for tropical cyclones are
shown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Note 3.— Inclusion of a colon after each element heading is mandatory.
Note 4.— The numbers 1 to 21 are included only for clarity and are not part of the advisory message, as shown in the
examples.
Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
1 Identification of the Type of message TC ADVISORY TC ADVISORY
type of message (M)
2 Status indicator (C)1 Indicator of test or exercise STATUS: TEST or EXER STATUS: TEST
EXER
3 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day and time DTG: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ DTG: 20040925/1900Z
in UTC of issue
4 Name of TCAC (M) Name of TCAC (location TCAC: nnnn or nnnnnnnnnn TCAC: YUFO2
indicator or full name)
MIAMI
5 Name of tropical Name of tropical cyclone or TC: nnnnnnnnnnnn or NN TC: GLORIA
cyclone (M) “NN” for unnamed tropical
cyclone
6 Advisory number (M) Year in full and message ADVISORY NR: nnnn/[n][n][n]n ADVISORY NR: 2004/13
number (separate
sequence for each cyclone)
7 Observed position Day and time in UTCand OBS PSN: nn/nnnnZ OBS PSN: 25/1800Z
of the centre (M) position of the centre of the Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] N2706 W07306
tropical cyclone (in degrees Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
and minutes)
8 Observed CB cloud3 Location of CB cloud CB: WI nnnKM (or nnnNM) OF TC CENTRE CB: WI 250NM OF TC
(O) (referring to latitude and or CENTRE TOP
longitude (in degrees and WI4 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – FL500
minutes)) and vertical Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
extent (flight level) Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NIL
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
and
TOP [ABV or BLW] FLnnn
NIL
9 Direction and speed Direction and speed of MOV: N nnKMH (or KT) or NNE nnKMH (or KT) or MOV: NW 20KMH
of movement (M) movement given in sixteen NE nnKMH (or KT) or ENE nnKMH (or KT) or
compass points and km/h E nnKMH (or KT) or ESE nnKMH (or KT) or
(or kt), respectively, or SE nnKMH (or KT) or SSE nnKMH (or KT) or
stationary (< 2 km/h (1 kt)) S nnKMH (or KT) or SSW nnKMH (or KT) or
SW nnKMH (or KT) or WSW nnKMH (or KT) or
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W nnKMH (or KT) or WNW nnKMH (or KT) or
NW nnKMH (or KT) or NNW nnKMH (or KT)
or STNR
10 Changes in intensity Changes of maximum INTST CHANGE: INTSF or INTST CHANGE: INTSF
(M) surface wind speed at time WKN or
of observation NC
11 Central pressure Central pressure (in hPa) C: nnnHPA C: 965HPA
(M)
12 Maximum surface Maximum surface wind MAX WIND: nn[n]MPS MAX WIND: 22MPS
wind (M) near the centre (mean over (or nn[n]KT)
10 minutes, in m/s (or kt))
13 Forecast of centre Day and time (in UTC) FCST PSN nn/nnnnZ FCST PSN +6 HR: 25/2200Z
position (6 hours from the “DTG” +6 HR: Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] N2748 W07350
(+6 HR) (M) given in Item 3); Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
Forecast position
(in degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
14 Forecast of Forecast of maximum FCST MAX WIND nn[n]MPS FCST MAX WIND 22MPS
maximum surface surface wind (6 hours after +6 HR: (or nn[n]KT) +6 HR:
wind (+6 HR) (M) the “DTG” given in Item 3)
15 Forecast of centre Day and time (in UTC) FCST PSN nn/nnnnZ FCST PSN +12 HR: 26/0400Z
position (12 hours from the “DTG” +12 HR: Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] N2830 W07430
(+12 HR) (M) given in Item 3); Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
Forecast position
(in degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
16 Forecast of Forecast of maximum FCST MAX WIND nn[n]MPS FCST MAX WIND 22MPS
maximum surface surface wind (12 hours +12 HR: (or nn[n]KT) +12 HR:
wind (+12 HR) (M) after the “DTG” given in
Item 3)
17 Forecast of centre Day and time (in UTC) FCST PSN nn/nnnnZ FCST PSN +18 HR: 26/1000Z
position (18 hours from the “DTG” +18 HR: Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] N2852 W07500
(+18 HR) (M) given in Item 3); Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
Forecast position
(in degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
18 Forecast of Forecast of maximum FCST MAX WIND nn[n]MPS FCST MAX WIND 21MPS
maximum surface surface wind (18 hours +18 HR: (or nn[n]KT) +18 HR:
wind (+18 HR) (M) after the “DTG” given in
Item 3)
19 Forecast of centre Day and time (in UTC) FCST PSN nn/nnnnZ FCST PSN +24 HR: 26/1600Z
position (24 hours from the “DTG” +24 HR: Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] N2912 W07530
(+24 HR) (M) given in Item 3); Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
Forecast position
(in degrees and minutes) of
the centre of the tropical
cyclone
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20 Forecast of Forecast of maximum FCST MAX WIND nn[n]MPS FCST MAX WIND 20MPS
maximum surface surface wind (24 hours +24 HR: (or nn[n]KT) +24 HR:
wind (+24 HR) (M) after the “DTG” given in
Item 3)
21 Remarks (M) Remarks, as necessary RMK: Free text up to 256 characters RMK: NIL
or
NIL
22 Expected time of Expected year, month, day NXT MSG: [BFR] nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ NXT MSG: 20040925/2000Z
issuance of next and time (in UTC) of or
advisory (M) issuance of next advisory NO MSG EXP
Notes.—
1. Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When the word “TEST” or the abbreviation “EXER” is included, the message
may contain information that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word "TEST". [Applicable 7 November 2019]
2. Fictitious location.
3. In the case of CB clouds associated with a tropical cyclone covering more than one area within the area of responsibility, this element can be repeated, as necessary.
4. The number of coordinates should be kept to a minimum and should not normally exceed seven.
Example A2-2. Advisory message for tropical cyclones
TC ADVISORY
DTG: 20040925/1900Z
TCAC: YUFO*
TC: GLORIA
ADVISORY NR: 2004/13
OBS PSN: 25/1800Z N2706 W07306
CB: WI 250NM OF TC CENTRE TOP FL500
MOV: NW 20KMH
INTST CHANGE INTSF
C: 965HPA
MAX WIND: 25MPS
FCST PSN +6 HR: 25/2200Z N2748 W07350
FCST MAX WIND +6 HR: 22MPS
FCST PSN +12 HR: 26/0400Z N2830 W07430
FCST MAX WIND +12 HR: 22MPS
FCST PSN +18 HR: 26/1000Z N2852 W07500
FCST MAX WIND +18 HR: 21MPS
FCST PSN +24 HR: 26/1600Z N2912 W07530
FCST MAX WIND +24 HR: 20MPS
RMK: NIL
NXT MSG: 20040925/2000Z
*Ficticious location
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Table A2-3. Template for advisory message for space weather information
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line.
Note 1.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Note 2.— The spatial resolutions are shown in Attachment E.
Note 3.— Inclusion of a colon after each element heading is mandatory.
Note 4.— The numbers 1 to 14 are included only for clarity and are not part of the advisory message, as shown in the
examples.
Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
1 Identification of the Type of message SWX ADVISORY SWX ADVISORY
type of message
(M)
2 Status indicator Indicator of test or STATUS: TEST or EXER STATUS: TEST
(C)1 exercise
EXER
3 Time of origin (M) Year, month, day and DTG: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ DTG: 20161108/0100Z
time in UTC
4 Name of SWXC (M) Name of SWXC SWXC: Nnnnnnnnnnnn SWXC: DONLON2
5 Advisory number Year in full and unique ADVISORY NR: nnnn/[n][n][n]n ADVISORY NR: 2016/1
(M) message number
6 Number of advisory Number of the previously NR RPLC: nnnn/[n][n][n]n NR RPLC: 2016/1
being replaced (C) issued advisory being
replaced
7 Space weather Effect and intensity of SWX EFFECT: HF COM MOD or SEV [AND]3 or SWX EFFECT: HF COM MOD
effect and intensity the space weather SATCOM MOD or SEV [AND]3 or
(M) phenomena GNSS MOD or SEV [AND]3 or SATCOM SEV
RADIATION4 MOD or SEV
GNSS SEV
HF COM MOD AND
SATCOM MOD AND
GNSS MOD
RADIATION MOD
SATCOM SEV
8 Observed or Day and time (n UTC) of OBS nn/nnnnZ OBS SWX:: 08/0100Z DAYLIGHT
expected space observed phenomena (or FCST) SWX: DAYLIGHT SIDE or SIDE
weather (or forecast if HNH and/or MNH and/or EQN and/or
phenomena (M) phenomena have yet to EQS and/or MSH and/or HSH Wnnn(nn) or 08/0100Z HNH HSH
occur); Ennn(nn) – Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) E18000 – W18000
and/or
Horizontal extent3 ABV FLnnn or FLnnn – nnn and/or 08/0100Z HNH HSH
(latitude bands and Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] orEnnn[nn] – W18000 – W09000 ABV
longitude in degrees) Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – FL350
and/or altitude of space Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
weather phenomena [Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – 08/0100Z S2000
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] W17000 – S2000
or W13000 – S1000
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Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
NO SWX EXP W13000 – S1000
W17000 – S2000
W17000
NO SWX EXP
9 Forecast of the Day and time (in UTC) FCST SWX +6 HR: nn/nnnnZ FCST SWX +6 HR: 08/0700Z DAYLIGHT
phenomena (+6 (6 hours from the time DAYLIGHT SIDE or SIDE
HR) (M) given in Item 8, rounded HNH and/or MNH and/or EQN and/or
to the next full hour); EQS and/or MSH and/or HSH 08/0700Z HNH HSH
Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) – Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) W18000 – W09000 ABV
Forecast extent and/or and/or FL350
altitude of the space ABV FLnnn or FLnnn – nnn and/or
weather phenomena for Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – 08/0700Z HNH HSH
that fixed valid time Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – E18000 – W18000
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NO SWX EXP
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
or NOT AVBL
NO SWX EXP
or
NOT AVBL
10 Forecast of the Day and time (in UTC) FCST SWX +12 HR: nn/nnnnZ FCST SWX +12 HR: 08/1300Z DAYLIGHT
phenomena (+12 (12 hours from the time DAYLIGHT SIDE or SIDE
HR) (M) given in Item 8, rounded HNH and/or MNH and/or EQN and/or
to the next full hour). EQS and/or MSH and/or HSH 08/1300Z HNH HSH
Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) – Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) W18000 – W09000 ABV
Forecast extent and/or and/or FL350
altitude of the space ABV FLnnn or FLnnn – nnn and/or
weather phenomena for Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – 08/1300Z HNH HSH
that fixed valid time Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – E18000 – W18000
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NO SWIX EXP
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
or NOT AVBL
NO SWX EXP
or
NOT AVBL
11 Forecast of the Day and time (in UTC) FCST SWX +18 HR: nn/nnnnZ FCST SWX +18 HR: 08/1900Z DAYLIGHT
phenomena (+18 (18 hours from the time DAYLIGHT SIDE or SIDE
HR) (M) given in Item 8, rounded HNH and/or MNH and/or EQN and/or
to the next full hour). EQS and/or MSH and/or HSH 08/1900Z HNH HSH
Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) – Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) W18000 – W09000 ABV
Forecast extent and/or and/or FL350
altitude of the space ABV FLnnn or FLnnn – nnn and/or
weather phenomena for Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – 08/1900Z HNH HSH
that fixed valid time Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – E18000 – W18000
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NO SWX EXP
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
or NOT AVBL
NO SWX EXP
or
NOT AVBL
12 Forecast of the Day and time (in UTC) FCST SWX +24 HR: nn/nnnnZ FCST SWX +24 HR: 09/0100Z DAYLIGHT
phenomena (+24 (24 hours from the time DAYLIGHT SIDE or SIDE
HR) (M) given in Item 8, rounded HNH and/or MNH and/or EQN and/or
to the next full hour). EQS and/or MSH and/or HSH 09/0100Z HNH HSH
Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) – Wnnn(nn) or Ennn(nn) W18000 – W09000 ABV
Forecast extent and/or and/or FL350
altitude of the space ABV FLnnn or FLnnn – nnn and/or
weather phenomena for Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – 09/0100Z HNH HSH
that fixed valid time Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – E18000 – W18000
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – NO SWX EXP
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
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Element Detailed content Template(s) Examples
or NOT AVBL
NO SWX EXP
or
NOT AVBL
13 Remarks (M) Remarks, as necessary RMK: Free text up to 256 characters RMK: SWX EVENT HAS
or CEASED
NIL
WWW.SPACEWEATHER
PROVIDER.GOV
NIL
14 Next advisory (M) Year, month, day and NXT ADVISORY: nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ NXT ADVISORY: 20161108/0700Z
time in UTC or
NO FURTHER ADVISORIES NO FURTHER
or ADVISORIES
WILL BE ISSUED BY nnnnnnnn/nnnnZ
WILL BE ISSUED 20210726/1800Z
BY
Notes.—
1. Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When the word “TEST” or the abbreviation “EXER” is included, the message
may contain information that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word "TEST". [Applicable 7 November 2019]
2. Ficticious location.
3 One or more effects with the same intensity may be combined.
4. One or more latitude ranges may be included in the space weather advisory information.
Example A2-3. Space weather advisory message (GNSS and HFCOM effects)
SWX ADVISORY
DTG: 20161108/0100Z
SWXC: DONLON*
ADVISORY NR: 2016/2
NR RPLC: 2016/1
SWX EFFECT: HF COM MOD AND GNSS MOD
OBS SWX: 08/0100Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000
FCST SWX +6 HR: 08/0700Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000
FCST SWX +12 HR: 08/1300Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000
FCST SWX +18 HR: 08/1900Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000
FCST SWX +24 HR 09/0100Z NO SWX EXP
RMK: LOW LVL GEOMAGNETIC STORMING CAUSING INCREASED AURORAL
ACT AND SUBSEQUENT MOD DEGRADATION OF GNSS AND HF COM
AVBL IN THE AURORAL ZONE. THIS STORMING EXP TO SUBSIDE IN
THE FCST PERIOD. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPROVIDER.WEB
NXT ADVISORY: NO FURTHER ADVISORIES
* Ficticious location
5/11/20
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Appendix 2 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Example A2-4. Space weather advisory message (RADIATION effects)
SWX ADVISORY
DTG: 20161108/0000Z
SWXC: DONLON*
ADVISORY NR: 2016/2
NR RPLC: 2016/1
SWX EFFECT: RADIATION MOD
FCST SWX: 08/0100Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000 ABV FL 350
FCST SWX +6 HR: 08/0700Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000 ABV FL 350
FCST SWX +12 HR: 08/1300Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000 ABV FL 350
FCST SWX +18 HR: 08/1900Z HNH HSH E18000 – W18000 ABV FL 350
FCST SWX +24 HR: 09/0100Z NO SWX EXP
RMK: RADIATION LVL EXCEEDED 100 PCT OF BACKGROUND LVL AT FL350
AND ABV. THE CURRENT EVENT HAS PEAKED AND LVL SLW RTN TO
BACKGROUND LVL. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPROVIDER.WEB
NXT ADVISORY: NO FURTHER ADVISORIES
* Ficticious location
Example A2-5. Space weather advisory message (HF COM effects)
SWX ADVISORY
DTG: 20161108/0100Z
SWXC: DONLON*
ADVISORY NR: 2016/1
SWX EFFECT: HF COM SEV
OBS SWX: 08/0100Z DAYLIGHT SIDE
FCST SWX +6 HR: 08/0700Z DAYLIGHT SIDE
FCST SWX +12 HR: 08/1300Z DAYLIGHT SIDE
FCST SWX +18 HR: 08/1900Z DAYLIGHT SIDE
FCST SWX +24 HR 09/0100Z NO SWX EXP
RMK: PERIODIC HF COM ABSORPTION AND LIKELY TO CONT IN THE NEAR
TERM. CMPL AND PERIODIC LOSS OF HF ON THE SUNLIT SIDE OF THE
EARTH EXP. CONT HF COM DEGRADATION LIKELY OVER THE NXT
7 DAYS. SEE WWW.SPACEWEATHERPROVIDER.WEB
NXT ADVISORY: 20161108/0700Z
* Ficticious location
______________________
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No. 79
APPENDIX 3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
(See Chapter 4 of this Annex.)
1. GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS
1.1 Recommendation.— The meteorological instruments used at an aerodrome should be situated in such a way as to
supply data which are representative of the area for which the measurements are required.
Note.— Specifications concerning the siting of equipment and installations on operational areas, aimed at reducing the
hazard to aircraft to a minimum, are contained in Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 9.
1.2 Recommendation.— Meteorological instruments at aeronautical meteorological stations should be exposed,
operated and maintained in accordance with the practices, procedures and specifications promulgated by the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO).
1.3 Recommendation.— The observers at an aerodrome should be located, in so far as is practicable, so as to supply
data which are representative of the area for which the observations are required.
1.4 Recommendation.— Where automated equipment forms part of an integrated semi-automatic observing system,
displays of data which are made available to the local air traffic services units should be a subset of and displayed parallel to
those available in the local meteorological service unit. In those displays, each meteorological element should be annotated
to identify, as appropriate, the locations for which the element is representative.
2. GENERAL CRITERIA RELATED TO METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS
2.1 Format of meteorological reports
2.1.1 Local routine and special reports shall be issued in abbreviated plain language, in accordance with the template
shown in Table A3-1.
2.1.2 METAR and SPECI shall be issued in accordance with the template shown in Table A3-2 and disseminated in
the METAR and SPECI code forms prescribed by WMO.
Note.— The METAR and SPECI code forms are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1,
Part A — Alphanumeric Codes.
2.1.3 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, METAR and SPECI should be disseminated in IWXXM GML form
in addition to the dissemination of the METAR and SPECI in accordance with 2.1.2.
2.1.3 As of 5 November 2020, METAR and SPECI shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in addition to the
dissemination of the METAR and SPECI in accordance with 2.1.2.
ANNEX 3 APP 3-1 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 3
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in Manual on
the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
2.2 Use of CAVOK
When the following conditions occur simultaneously at the time of observation:
a) visibility, 10 km or more, and the lowest visibility is not reported;
Note 1.— In local routine and special reports, visibility refers to the value(s) to be reported in accordance with
4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3; in METAR and SPECI, visibility refers to the value(s) to be reported in accordance with 4.2.4.4.
Note 2.— The lowest visibility is reported in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
b) no cloud of operational significance;
c) no weather of significance to aviation as given in 4.4.2.3, 4.4.2.5 and 4.4.2.6;
information on visibility, runway visual range, present weather and cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloud base shall
be replaced in all meteorological reports by the term “CAVOK”.
2.3 Criteria for issuance of local special reports and SPECI
2.3.1 The list of criteria for the issuance of local special reports shall include the following:
a) those values which most closely correspond with the operating minima of the operators using the aerodrome;
b) those values which satisfy other local requirements of the air traffic services units and of the operators;
c) an increase in air temperature of 2°C or more from that given in the latest report, or an alternative threshold value as
agreed between the meteorological authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the operators concerned;
d) the available supplementary information concerning the occurrence of significant meteorological conditions in the
approach and climb-out areas as given in Table A3-1;
e) when noise abatement procedures are applied in accordance with the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the variation
from the mean surface wind speed (gusts) has changed by 2.5 m/s (5 kt) or more from that at the time of the latest
report, the mean speed before and/or after the change being 7.5 m/s (15 kt) or more; and
f) those values which constitute criteria for SPECI.
2.3.2 Where required in accordance with Chapter 4, 4.4.2 b), SPECI shall be issued whenever changes in accordance
with the following criteria occur:
a) when the mean surface wind direction has changed by 60° or more from that given in the latest report, the mean
speed before and/or after the change being 5 m/s (10 kt) or more;
b) when the mean surface wind speed has changed by 5 m/s (10 kt) or more from that given in the latest report;
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Appendix 3 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
(applicable until 4 November 2020)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation;
O = inclusion optional.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are shown in
Table A3-5 of this appendix.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Identification of the Type of report (M) METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METAR
type of report (M) METAR COR
SPECI
Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1
Time of the Day and actual time of the nnnnnnZ 221630Z
observation (M) observation in UTC (M)
Identification of an Automated or missing report AUTO or NIL AUTO
automated or missing identifier (C) NIL
report (C)2
END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) nnn VRB 24004MPS VRB01MPS
(24008KT) (VRB02KT)
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n]
19006MPS
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
Units of measurement (M) MPS (or KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
Significant directional nnnVnnn — 02005MPS 350V070
variations (C)4 (02010KT 350V070)
Visibility (M) Prevailing or minimum nnnn C 0350 CAVOK
visibility (M)5 A 7000
V 9999
O 0800
K
Minimum visibility and nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E] or nnnn[SE] or 2000 1200NW
direction of the minimum nnnn[S] or nnnn[SW] or nnnn[W] or nnnn[NW] 6000 2800E
visibility (C)6 6000 2800
Runway visual range Name of the element (M) R R32/0400
(C)7 R12R/1700
Runway (M) nn[L]/or nn[C]/or nn[R]/
R10/M0050
R14L/P2000
Runway visual range (M) [P or M]nnnn R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16R/0450 R17L/0450
Runway visual range past U, D or N R12/1100U
tendency (C)8 R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 3
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Present weather Intensity or proximity of present – or + — VC
(C)2, 9 weather (C)10
Characteristics and type of DZ or RA or FG or BR or FG or PO or RA HZ VCFG
present weather (M)11 SN or SG or SA or DU or FC or DS or +TSRA FG VCSH
PL or DS or HZ or FU or SS or TS or +DZ VA VCTS
SS or VA or SQ or SH or BLSN or –SN MIFG VCBLSA
FZDZ or PO or TS or BLSA or
FZRA or BCFG or BLDU or VA +TSRASN
FZUP12 or BLDU or –SNRA
FC13 or BLSA or
SHGR or BLSN or DZ FG
SHGS or DRDU or +SHSN BLSN
SHRA or DRSA or UP
SHSN or DRSN or FZUP
SHUP12 or FZFG or TSUP FZUP
TSGR or MIFG or
TSGS or PRFG or //12 //
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP12 or
UP12
Cloud (M)14 Cloud amount and FEWnnn or VVnnn or NSC or FEW015 VV005
height of cloud base or SCTnnn or VV///12 NCD12 OVC030 VV/// NSC
vertical visibility (M) BKNnnn or
OVCnnn or SCT010 OVC020
FEW///12 or
SCT///12 or BKN/// ///015
BKN///12 or
OVC///12 or
///nnn12 or
//////12
Cloud type (C)2 CB or — BKN009TCU NCD
TCU or ///12
SCT008 BKN025CB BKN025///
///CB
Air and dew-point Air and dew-point temperature [M]nn/[M]nn 17/10
temperature (M) (M) 02/M08
M01/M10
Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) Q Q0995
Q1009
QNH (M) nnnn
Q1022
Q0987
Supplementary Recent weather (C)2, 9 RERASN or REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or REFZRA
information (C) RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RETSRA
RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSGR or
RETSGS or RETS or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP12 or
REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12
Wind shear (C)2 WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R] or WS ALL RWY WS R03
WS ALL RWY
WS R18C
Sea-surface temperature and W [M]nn/Sn or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n] W15/S2
state of the sea or significant W12/H75
wave height (C)15
30/11/18
8/11/18 APP 3-24
Corr. 1
Appendix 3 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
State Runway designator R nn[L]/ or Rnn[C]/ or Rnn[R]/ R/SNOCLO R99/421594
of the (M) R/SNOCLO
runway R14L/CLRD//
Runway deposits (M) n or / CLRD//
(C)16
Extent of runway n or /
contamination (M)
Depth of deposit (M) nn or //
Friction coefficient or nn or //
braking action (M)
Trend forecast (O)17 Change indicator (M)18 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO NOSIG BECMG FEW020
Period of change (C) 2 FMnnnn and/or
TEMPO 25018G25MPS
TLnnnn
(TEMPO 25036G50KT)
or
ATnnnn
BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK
Wind (C)2 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS
(or nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT) BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
Prevailing visibility (C) 2 nnnn C BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW
A
Weather phenomenon: – or + — N
V BECMG FM1900 0500 +SNRA
intensity (C)10 S
O
W
Weather phenomenon: DZ or RA or FG or BR or K BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
characteristics and SN or SG or SA or DU or
type (C)2, 9, 11 PL or DS or HZ or FU or TEMPO FM0330 TL0430 FZRA
SS or VA or SQ or TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000
FZDZ or PO or FC or NSW NSC
FZRA or TS or
SHGR or BCFG or BECMG AT1130 OVC010
SHGS or BLDU or
SHRA or BLSA or TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA BKN012CB
SHSN or BLSN or
TSGR or DRDU or
TSGS or DRSA or
TSRA or DRSN or
TSSN FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud amount and height of cloud FEWnnn or VVnnn or N
base or vertical visibility (C)2, 14 SCTnnn or VV/// S
BKNnnn or C
OVCnnn
Cloud type (C)2,14 CB or TCU —
Notes.—
1. Fictitious location.
2. To be included whenever applicable.
3. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
5. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
6. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
7. To be included if visibility or runway visual range < 1 500 m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).
8. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
9. One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
10. To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.8.
11. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated
in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
12. For automated reports only.
APP 3-25 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 3
13. Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
15. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
16. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 b) until 4 November 2020.
17. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
18. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
(applicable as of 5 November 2020)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation;
O = inclusion optional.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are shown in
Table A3-5 of this appendix.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Identification of the Type of report (M) METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METAR
type of report (M) METAR COR
SPECI
Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1
Time of the Day and actual time of the nnnnnnZ 221630Z
observation (M) observation in UTC (M)
Identification of an Automated or missing report AUTO or NIL AUTO
automated or missing identifier (C) NIL
report (C)2
END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) Nnn or III12 VRB 24004MPS VRB01MPS
III10MPS
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n] or II12
(24008KT) (VRB02KT) 240IIKT
19006MPS IIIIKT
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
Units of measurement (M) MPS (or KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
Significant directional nnnVnnn — 02005MPS 350V070
variations (C)4 (02010KT 350V070)
Visibility (M) Prevailing or minimum Nnnn or IIII12 C 0350 IIII CAVOK
visibility (M)5 A 7000
V 9999
O 0800
K
Minimum visibility and nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E] or nnnn[SE] or 2000 1200NW
direction of the minimum nnnn[S] or nnnn[SW] or nnnn[W] or nnnn[NW] 6000 2800E
visibility (C)6 6000 2800
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Appendix 3 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Runway visual range Name of the element (M) R R32/0400
(C)7 R12R/1700
Runway (M) nn[L]/or nn[C]/or nn[R]/
R10/M0050
R14L/P2000
Runway visual range (M) [P or M]nnnn or IIII12 R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16LIIII R10IIII
R16R/0450 R17L/0450
Runway visual range past U, D or N R12/1100U
tendency (C)8 R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700
Present weather Intensity or proximity of present – or + — VC
(C)2, 9 weather (C)10
Characteristics and type of DZ or RA or FG or BR or FG or PO or RA HZ VCFG
present weather (M)11 SN or SG or SA or DU or FC or DS or +TSRA FG VCSH
PL or DS or HZ or FU or SS or TS or +DZ VA VCTS
SS or VA or SQ or SH or BLSN or –SN MIFG VCBLSA
FZDZ or PO or TS or BLSA or
FZRA or BCFG or BLDU or VA +TSRASN
FZUP12 or BLDU or –SNRA
FC13 or BLSA or
SHGR or BLSN or DZ FG
SHGS or DRDU or +SHSN BLSN
SHRA or DRSA or UP
SHSN or DRSN or FZUP
SHUP12 or FZFG or TSUP FZUP
TSGR or MIFG or
TSGS or PRFG or //12 //
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP12 or
UP12
Cloud (M)14 Cloud amount and FEWnnn or VVnnn or NSC or FEW015 VV005
height of cloud base or SCTnnn or VV///12 NCD12 OVC030 VV/// NSC
vertical visibility (M) BKNnnn or
OVCnnn or SCT010 OVC020
FEW///12 or
SCT///12 or BKN/// ///015
BKN///12 or
OVC///12 or
///nnn12 or
//////12
Cloud type (C)2 CB or — BKN009TCU NCD
TCU or ///12
SCT008 BKN025CB BKN025///
III///CB
///////// BKN///TCU
Air and dew-point Air and dew-point temperature [M]nn/[M]nn or ///[M]nn or [M]nn/// or /////
12 12 12 17/10 ///10 17/// /////
temperature (M) (M) 02/M08
M01/M10
Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) Q Q0995
Q1009
QNH (M) Nnnn or IIII12
Q1022 QIIII
Q0987
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 3
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Supplementary Recent weather (C) 2, 9 RERASN or REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or REFZRA
information (C) RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RETSRA
RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSGR or
RETSGS or RETS or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP12 or
REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12 or REII12
Wind shear (C)2 WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R] or WS ALL RWY WS R03
WS ALL RWY
WS R18C
Sea-surface temperature and W[M]nn/Sn or W///Sn or W[M]nn/S/ or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n] or W15/S2
state of the sea or significant W///Hn[n][n] or W[M]nn/H/// W12/H75
wave height (C)15 W///S3
WM01/S/
W///H104
W17/H///
W///H///
W///S/
Trend forecast (O)16 Change indicator (M)17 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO NOSIG BECMG FEW020
Period of change (C)2 FMnnnn and/or
TEMPO 25018G25MPS
TLnnnn
(TEMPO 25036G50KT)
or
ATnnnn
BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK
Wind (C)2 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS
(or nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT) BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
Prevailing visibility (C) 2 nnnn C BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW
A
Weather phenomenon: – or + — N
V BECMG FM1900 0500 +SNRA
intensity (C)10 S
O
W
Weather phenomenon: DZ or RA or FG or BR or K BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
characteristics and SN or SG or SA or DU or
type (C)2, 9, 11 PL or DS or HZ or FU or TEMPO FM0330 TL0430 FZRA
SS or VA or SQ or TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000
FZDZ or PO or FC or NSW NSC
FZRA or TS or
SHGR or BCFG or BECMG AT1130 OVC010
SHGS or BLDU or
SHRA or BLSA or TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA BKN012CB
SHSN or BLSN or
TSGR or DRDU or
TSGS or DRSA or
TSRA or DRSN or
TSSN FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud amount and height of cloud FEWnnn or VVnnn or N
base or vertical visibility (C)2, 14 SCTnnn or VV/// S
BKNnnn or C
OVCnnn
Cloud type (C)2,14 CB or TCU —
Notes.—
1. Fictitious location.
2. To be included whenever applicable.
3. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
5. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
6. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
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7. To be included if visibility or runway visual range < 1 500 m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).
8. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
9. One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
10. To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.8.
11. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to be indicated
in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
12. When a meteorological element is temporarily missing, or its value considered temporarily as incorrect, it is replaced by “/” for each digit of the abbreviation of the text
message and indicated as missing for its IWXXM version.
13. Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
15. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
16. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
17. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.
Table A3-3. Use of change indicators in trend forecasts
Change indicator Time indicator and period Meaning
NOSIG — no significant changes are forecast
BECMG FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2 the change is commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and be completed by n2n2n2n2 UTC
forecast to
TLnnnn commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and be completed by nnnn UTC
FMnnnn commence at nnnn UTC and be completed by the end of the trend forecast period
ATnnnn occur at nnnn UTC (specified time)
— a) commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and be completed by the end of
the trend forecast period; or
b) the time is uncertain
TEMPO FMn1n1n1n1 TLn2n2n2n2 temporary commence at n1n1n1n1 UTC and cease by n2n2n2n2 UTC
fluctuations are
forecast to
TLnnnn commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and cease by nnnn UTC
FMnnnn commence at nnnn UTC and cease by the end of the trend forecast period
— commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and cease by the end of the trend
forecast period
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Table A3-4. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements
included in local reports
Element as specified in Chapter 4 Range Resolution
Runway: (no units) 01 – 36 1
Wind direction: °true 010 – 360 10
Wind speed: MPS 1 – 99* 1
KT 1 – 199* 1
Visibility: M 0 – 750 50
M 800 – 4 900 100
KM 5–9 1
KM 10 – 0 (fixed value: 10 KM)
Runway visual range: M 0 – 375 25
M 400 – 750 50
M 800 – 2 000 100
Vertical visibility: M 0 – 75** 15
M 90 – 600 30
FT 0 – 250** 50
FT 300 – 2 000 100
Clouds: height of cloud base: M 0 – 75** 15
M 90 – 3 000 30
FT 0 – 250** 50
FT 300 – 10 000 100
Air temperature; °C –80 – +60 1
Dew-point temperature:
QNH; QFE: hPa 0500 – 1 100 1
* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50 m/s (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to
99 m/s (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
** Under circumstances as specified in 4.5.4.2; otherwise a resolution of 30 m (100 ft) is to be used.
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Table A3-5. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements
included in METAR and SPECI
Element as specified in Chapter 4 Range Resolution
Runway: (no units) 01 – 36 1
Wind direction: °true 000 – 360 10
Wind speed: MPS 00 – 99* 1
KT 00 – 199* 1
Visibility: M 0000 – 0750 50
M 0800 – 4 900 100
M 5 000 – 9 000 1 000
M 10 000 – 0 (fixed value: 9 999)
Runway visual range: M 0000 – 0375 25
M 0400 – 0750 50
M 0800 – 2 000 100
Vertical visibility: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 020 1
Clouds: height of cloud base: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 100 1
Air temperature;
Dew-point temperature: °C –80 – +60 1
QNH: hPa 0850 – 1 100 1
Sea-surface temperature: °C –10 – +40 1
State of the sea: (no units) 0–9 1
Significant wave height: M 0 – 999 0.1
State of the runway Runway designator: (no units) 01 – 36; 88; 99 1
[Until 4 November 2020]
Runway deposits: (no units) 0–9 1
Extent of runway contamination: (no units) 1; 2; 5; 9 —
Depth of deposit: (no units) 00 – 90; 92 – 99 1
Friction coefficient/braking action: (no units) 00 – 95; 99 1
* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50 m/s (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to
99 m/s (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
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Example A3-1. Routine report
a) Local routine report (same location and weather conditions as METAR):
MET REPORT YUDO 221630Z WIND 240/4MPS VIS 600M RVR RWY 12 TDZ 1000M MOD DZ FG CLD
SCT 300M OVC 600M T17 DP16 QNH 1018HPA TREND BECMG TL1700 VIS 800M FG BECMG AT1800
VIS 10KM NSW
b) METAR for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:
METAR YUDO 221630Z 24004MPS 0600 R12/1000U DZ FG SCT010 OVC020 17/16 Q1018 BECMG TL1700
0800 FG BECMG AT1800 9999 NSW
Meaning of both reports:
Routine report for Donlon/International* issued on the 22nd of the month at 1630 UTC; surface wind direction
240 degrees; wind speed 4 metres per second; visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing
visibility in METAR) 600 metres; runway visual range representative of the touchdown zone for runway 12 is
1 000 metres and the runway visual range values have shown an upward tendency during previous 10 minutes
(runway visual range tendency to be included in METAR only); and moderate drizzle and fog; scattered cloud at
300 metres; overcast at 600 metres; air temperature 17 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 16 degrees Celsius;
QNH 1 018 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report;
prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 800 metres in fog by 1700 UTC; at 1800 UTC visibility (along the
runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 10 kilometres or more and nil
significant weather.
* Fictitious location
Note.— In this example, the primary units “metre per second” and “metre” were used for wind speed and height of cloud base, respectively.
However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative units “knot” and “foot” may be used instead.
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Example A3-2. Special report
a) Local special report (same location and weather conditions as SPECI):
SPECIAL YUDO 151115Z WIND 050/25KT MAX37 MNM10 VIS 1200M RVR RWY 05 ABV 1800M HVY
TSRA CLD BKN CB 500FT T25 DP22 QNH 1008HPA TREND TEMPO TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG AT1200
VIS 8KM NSW NSC
b) SPECI for YUDO (Donlon/International)*:
SPECI YUDO 151115Z 05025G37KT 3000 1200NE+TSRA BKN005CB 25/22 Q1008 TEMPO TL1200 0600
BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW NSC
Meaning of both reports:
Special report for Donlon/International* issued on the 15th of the month at 1115 UTC; surface wind direction
050 degrees; wind speed 25 knots gusting between 10 and 37 knots (minimum wind speed not to be included in
SPECI) visibility 1 200 metres (along the runway(s) in the local special report); prevailing visibility 3 000 metres
(in SPECI) with minimum visibility 1 200 metres to north east (directional variations to be included in SPECI
only); runway visual range above 1 800 metres on runway 05 (runway visual range not required in SPECI with
prevailing visibility of 3 000 metres); thunderstorm with heavy rain; broken cumulonimbus cloud at 500 feet; air
temperature 25 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 22 degrees Celsius; QNH 1 008 hectopascals; trend during
next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) temporarily
600 metres from 1115 to 1200, becoming at 1200 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report;
prevailing visibility in SPECI) 8 kilometres, thunderstorm ceases and nil significant weather and nil significant
cloud.
* Fictitious location
Note.— In this example, the non-SI alternative units “knot” and “foot” were used for wind speed and height of cloud base, respectively.
However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding primary units “metres per second” and “metre” may be used instead.
Example A3-3. Volcanic activity report
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT YUSB* 231500 MT TROJEEN* VOLCANO N5605 W12652 ERUPTED 231445
LARGE ASH CLOUD EXTENDING TO APPROX 30000 FEET MOVING SW
Meaning:
Volcanic activity report issued by Siby/Bistock meteorological station at 1500 UTC on the 23rd of the month. Mt.
Trojeen volcano 56 degrees 5 minutes north 126 degrees 52 minutes west erupted at 1445 UTC on the 23rd; a
large ash cloud was observed extending to approximately 30 000 feet and moving in a south-westerly direction.
* Fictitious location
______________________
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Appendix 4 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
1.3 Special air-reports by voice communications
When voice communications are used, the elements contained in special air-reports shall be:
Message type designator
Section 1 (Position information)
Aircraft identification
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Level or range of levels
Section 3 (Meteorological information)
Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report, to be selected from the list presented in Table A4-1.
Note 1.— Air-reports are considered routine by default. The message type designator for special air-reports is specified
in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Appendix 1.
Note 2.— In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud,
additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.
2. CRITERIA FOR REPORTING
2.1 General
When air-ground data link is used, the wind direction, wind speed, wind quality flag, air temperature, turbulence and
humidity included in air-reports shall be reported in accordance with the following criteria.
2.2 Wind direction
The wind direction shall be reported in terms of degrees true, rounded to the nearest whole degree.
2.3 Wind speed
The wind speed shall be reported in metres per second or knots, rounded to the nearest 1 m/s (1 knot). The units of
measurement used for the wind speed shall be indicated.
2.4 Wind quality flag
The wind quality flag shall be reported as 0 when the roll angle is less than 5 degrees and as 1 when the roll angle is
5 degrees or more.
2.5 Air temperature
The air temperature shall be reported to the nearest tenth of a degree Celsius.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 4
2.6 Turbulence
The turbulence shall be reported in terms of the cube root of the eddy dissipation rate (EDR).
Note.— The EDR is an aircraft-independent measure of turbulence. However, the relationship between the EDR value
and the perception of turbulence is a function of aircraft type, and the mass, altitude, configuration and airspeed of the
aircraft. The EDR values given below describe the severity levels for a medium-sized transport aircraft under typical
en-route conditions (i.e. altitude, airspeed and weight).
2.6.1 Routine air-reports
The turbulence shall be reported during the en-route phase of the flight and shall refer to the 15-minute period immediately
preceding the observation. Both the average and peak value of turbulence, together with the time of occurrence of the peak
value to the nearest minute, shall be observed. The average and peak values shall be reported in terms of EDR. The time of
occurrence of the peak value shall be reported as indicated in Table A4-2. The turbulence shall be reported during the climb-
out phase for the first 10 minutes of the flight and shall refer to the 30-second period immediately preceding the observation.
The peak value of turbulence shall be observed.
2.6.2 Interpretation of the turbulence report
Turbulence shall be considered:
a) severe when the peak value of EDR equals or exceeds 0.45;
b) moderate when the peak value of EDR is equal to or above 0.20 and below 0.45;
c) light when the peak value of EDR is above 0.10 and below 0.20; and
d) nil when the peak value of EDR is below or equal to 0.10.
2.6.3 Special air-reports
Special air-reports on turbulence shall be made during any phase of the flight whenever the peak value of EDR equals or
exceeds 0.20. The special air-report on turbulence shall be made with reference to the 1-minute period immediately preceding
the observation. Both the average and peak value of turbulence shall be observed. The average and peak values shall be
reported in terms of EDR. Special air-reports shall be issued every minute until such time as the peak values of EDR fall
below 0.20.
2.7 Humidity
The humidity shall be reported as the relative humidity, rounded to the nearest whole per cent.
Note.— The ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports are shown in Table A4-3.
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Appendix 4 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
3. EXCHANGE OF AIR-REPORTS
3.1 Responsibilities of the meteorological watch offices
3.1.1 The meteorological watch office shall transmit without delay the special air-reports received by voice
communications to the world area forecast centres (WAFCs) and the centres designated by regional air navigation agreement
for the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services.
3.1.2 The meteorological watch office shall transmit without delay special air-reports of pre-eruption volcanic activity,
a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud received to the associated volcanic ash advisory centres.
3.1.3 When a special air-report is received at the meteorological watch office but the forecaster considers that the
phenomenon causing the report is not expected to persist and, therefore, does not warrant issuance of a SIGMET, the special
air-report shall be disseminated in the same way that SIGMET messages are disseminated in accordance with Appendix 6,
1.2.1, i.e. to meteorological watch offices, WAFCs, and other meteorological offices in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
Note.— The template used for special air-reports which are uplinked to aircraft in flight is in Appendix 6, Table A6-1B.
3.2 Responsibilities of world area forecast centres
Air-reports received at WAFCs shall be further disseminated as basic meteorological data.
Note.— The dissemination of basic meteorological data is normally carried out on the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) Global Telecommunication System.
3.3 Supplementary dissemination of air-reports
Recommendation.— Where supplementary dissemination of air-reports is required to satisfy special aeronautical or
meteorological requirements, such dissemination should be arranged and agreed between the meteorological authorities
concerned.
3.4 Format of air-reports
Air-reports shall be exchanged in the format in which they are received.
4. SPECIFIC PROVISIONS RELATED TO
REPORTING WIND SHEAR AND VOLCANIC ASH
4.1 Reporting of wind shear
4.1.1 Recommendation.— When reporting aircraft observations of wind shear encountered during the climb-out and
approach phases of flight, the aircraft type should be included.
4.1.2 Recommendation.— Where wind shear conditions in the climb-out or approach phases of flight were reported
or forecast but not encountered, the pilot-in-command should advise the appropriate air traffic services unit as soon as
APP 4-5 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 4
practicable unless the pilot-in-command is aware that the appropriate air traffic services unit has already been so advised by
a preceding aircraft.
4.2 Post-flight reporting of volcanic activity
Note.— The detailed instructions for recording and reporting volcanic activity observations are given in the PANS-ATM
(Doc 4444), Appendix 1.
4.2.1 On arrival of a flight at an aerodrome, the completed report of volcanic activity shall be delivered by the operator
or a flight crew member, without delay, to the aerodrome meteorological office, or if such office is not easily accessible to
arriving flight crew members, the completed form shall be dealt with in accordance with local arrangements made by the
meteorological authority and the operator.
4.2.2 The completed report of volcanic activity received by an aerodrome meteorological office shall be transmitted
without delay to the meteorological watch office responsible for the provision of meteorological watch for the flight
information region in which the volcanic activity was observed.
Table A4-1. Template for the special air-report (downlink)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional; included whenever available.
Note.— Message to be prompted by the pilot-in-command. Currently only the condition “SEV TURB” can be automated
(see 2.6.3).
Element as specified in Chapter 5 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Message type designator (M) Type of air-report (M) ARS ARS
Aircraft identification (M) Aircraft radiotelephony call sign (M) nnnnnn VA812
DATA BLOCK 1
Latitude (M) Latitude in degrees and minutes (M) Nnnnn or Snnnn S4506
Longitude (M) Longitude in degrees and minutes (M) Wnnnnn or Ennnnn E01056
Level (M) Flight level (M) FLnnn or FLnnn to FLnnn FL330
FL280 to FL310
Time (M) Time of occurrence in hours and minutes (M) OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1216Z
DATA BLOCK 2
Wind direction (M) Wind direction in degrees true (M) nnn/ 262/
Wind speed (M) Wind speed in metres per second (or knots) (M) nnnMPS (or nnnKT) 040MPS
(080KT)
Wind quality flag (M) Wind quality flag (M) n 1
Air temperature (M) Air temperature in tenths of degrees C (M) T[M]nnn T127
TM455
Turbulence (C) Turbulence in hundredths of m2/3 s-1 and the EDRnnn/nn EDR064/08
time of occurrence of the peak value (C)1
Humidity (C) Relative humidity in per cent (C) RHnnn RH054
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Element as specified in Chapter 5 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
DATA BLOCK 3
Condition prompting the issuance of a special SEV TURB [EDRnnn]2 or SEV TURB EDR076
air-report (M) SEV ICE or VA CLD FL050/100
SEV MTW or
TS GR3 or
TS3 or
HVY DS4 or
HVY SS4 or
VA CLD [FLnnn/nnn] or
VA5 [MT nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn] or
MOD TURB [EDRnnn]2 or
MOD ICE
Notes.—
1. The time of occurrence to be reported in accordance with Table A4-2.
2. The turbulence to be reported in accordance with 2.6.3.
3. Obscured, embedded or widespread thunderstorms or thunderstorms in squall lines.
4. Duststorm or sandstorm.
5. Pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.
Table A4-2. Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported
Peak value of turbulence occurring during the one-minute period
....... minutes prior to the observation Value to be reported
0–1 0
1–2 1
2–3 2
... ...
13 – 14 13
14 – 15 14
No timing information available 15
Table A4-3. Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports
Element as specified in Chapter 5 Range Resolution
Wind direction: °true 000 – 360 1
Wind speed: MPS 00 – 125 1
KT 00 – 250 1
Wind quality flag: (index)* 0–1 1
Air temperature: °C –80 – +60 0.1
Turbulence: routine air-report: m2/3 s-1 0–2 0.01
(time of occurrence)* 0 – 15 1
Turbulence: special air-report: m2/3 s-1 0–2 0.01
Humidity: % 0 – 100 1
* Non-dimensional
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APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RELATED TO FORECASTS
(See Chapter 6 of this Annex.)
1. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF
1.1 TAF format
1.1.1 TAF shall be issued in accordance with the template shown in Table A5-1 and disseminated in the TAF code
form prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Note.— The TAF code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1, Part A — Alphanumeric
Codes.
1.1.2 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, TAF should be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in addition to
the dissemination of the TAF in accordance with 1.1.1.
1.1.2 As of 5 November 2020, TAF shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in addition to the dissemination of
the TAF in accordance with 1.1.1.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in Manual on
the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF
Note.— Guidance on operationally desirable accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachment B.
1.2.1 Surface wind
In forecasting surface wind, the expected prevailing direction shall be given. When it is not possible to forecast a prevailing
surface wind direction due to its expected variability, for example, during light wind conditions (less than 1.5 m/s (3 kt)) or
thunderstorms, the forecast wind direction shall be indicated as variable using “VRB”. When the wind is forecast to be less
than 0.5 m/s (1 kt), the forecast wind speed shall be indicated as calm. When the forecast maximum speed (gust) exceeds the
forecast mean wind speed by 5 m/s (10 kt) or more, the forecast maximum wind speed shall be indicated. When a wind speed
of 50 m/s (100 kt) or more is forecast, it shall be indicated to be more than 49 m/s (99 kt).
1.2.2 Visibility
Recommendation.— When the visibility is forecast to be less than 800 m, it should be expressed in steps of 50 m; when it is
forecast to be 800 m or more but less than 5 km, in steps of 100 m; 5 km or more but less than 10 km, in kilometre steps; and
when it is forecast to be 10 km or more, it should be expressed as 10 km, except when conditions of CAVOK are forecast to
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 5
apply. The prevailing visibility should be forecast. When visibility is forecast to vary in different directions and the prevailing
visibility cannot be forecast, the lowest forecast visibility should be given.
1.2.3 Weather phenomena
One or more, up to a maximum of three, of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof, together with their
characteristics and, where appropriate, intensity, shall be forecast if they are expected to occur at the aerodrome:
— freezing precipitation
— freezing fog
— moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof)
— low drifting dust, sand or snow
— blowing dust, sand or snow
— duststorm
— sandstorm
— thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)
— squall
— funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout)
— other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3, as agreed between the meteorological authority, the
appropriate ATS authority and the operators concerned.
The expected end of occurrence of those phenomena shall be indicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.
1.2.4 Cloud
Recommendation.— Cloud amount should be forecast using the abbreviations “FEW”, “SCT”, “BKN” or “OVC” as
necessary. When it is expected that the sky will remain or become obscured and clouds cannot be forecast and information
on vertical visibility is available at the aerodrome, the vertical visibility should be forecast in the form “VV” followed by the
forecast value of the vertical visibility. When several layers or masses of cloud are forecast, their amount and height of base
should be included in the following order:
a) the lowest layer or mass regardless of amount, to be forecast as FEW, SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
b) the next layer or mass covering more than 2/8, to be forecast as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
c) the next higher layer or mass covering more than 4/8, to be forecast as BKN or OVC as appropriate; and
d) cumulonimbus clouds and/or towering cumulus clouds, whenever forecast and not already included under a) to c).
Cloud information should be limited to cloud of operational significance; when no cloud of operational significance is
forecast, and “CAVOK” is not appropriate, the abbreviation “NSC” should be used.
1.2.5 Temperature
Recommendation.— When forecast temperatures are included in accordance with regional air navigation agreement, the
maximum and minimum temperatures expected to occur during the period of validity of the TAF should be given, together
with their corresponding times of occurrence.
8/11/18 APP 5-2
Appendix 5 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
4.3 Content of area forecasts for low-level flights in chart form
4.3.1 When chart form is used for area forecasts for low-level flights, the forecast of upper wind and upper-air
temperature shall be issued for points separated by no more than 500 km (300 NM) and for at least the following altitudes:
600, 1 500 and 3 000 m (2 000, 5 000 and 10 000 ft), and 4 500 m (15 000 ft) in mountainous areas.
4.3.2 When chart form is used for area forecasts for low-level flights, the forecast of SIGWX phenomena shall be
issued as low-level SIGWX forecast for flight levels up to 100 (or up to flight level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher,
where necessary). Low-level SIGWX forecasts shall include the following items:
a) the phenomena warranting the issuance of a SIGMET as given in Appendix 6 and which are expected to affect
low-level flights; and
b) the elements in area forecasts for low-level flights as given in Table A5-3 except elements concerning:
1) upper wind and upper-air temperature; and
2) forecast QNH.
Note.— Guidance on the use of terms “ISOL”, “OCNL” and “FRQ” referring to cumulonimbus and towering cumulus
clouds, and thunderstorms is given in Appendix 6.
4.4 Exchange and dissemination of area forecasts for low-level flights
4.4.1 Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared in support of the issuance of AIRMET information shall be
exchanged between aerodrome meteorological offices and/or meteorological watch offices responsible for the issuance of
flight documentation for low-level flights in the flight information regions concerned.
4.4.2 Recommendation.—Area forecasts for low-level flights, in support of international air navigation, prepared in
accordance with regional air navigation agreement and in support of the issuance of AIRMET information should be
disseminated to the aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services.
Table A5-1. Template for TAF
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation;
O = inclusion optional.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF are shown in Table A5-4 of this
appendix.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — ICAO
Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
Element as specified
in Chapter 6 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Identification of the type Type of forecast (M) TAF or TAF AMD or TAF COR TAF
of forecast (M) TAF AMD
Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1
Time of issue of forecast Day and time of issue of the nnnnnnZ 160000Z
(M) forecast in UTC (M)
Identification of a Missing forecast identifier (C) NIL NIL
missing forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS MISSING.
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Element as specified
in Chapter 6 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Days and period of Days and period of the validity of nnnn/nnnn 0812/0918
validity of forecast (M) the forecast in UTC (M)
Identification of a Cancelled forecast identifier (C) CNL CNL
cancelled forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS CANCELLED.
Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) nnn or VRB2 24004MPS; VRB01MPS
(24008KT); (VRB02KT)
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n]
19005MPS
Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] (19010KT)
Units of measurement (M) MPS (or KT) 00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
12003G09MPS
(12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
Visibility (M) Prevailing visibility (M) nnnn C 0350 CAVOK
A 7000
V 9000
O 9999
K
Weather (C)4, 5 Intensity of weather – or + — RA HZ
phenomena (C)6 +TSRA FG
–FZDZ PRFG
Characteristics and type of weather DZ or RA or FG or BR or
phenomena (C)7 SN or SG or SA or DU or
+TSRASN
PL or DS or HZ or FU or
SS or FZDZ or VA or SQ or
SNRA FG
FZRA or SHGR or PO or FC or
SHGS or SHRA or TS or
SHSN or TSGR or BCFG or
TSGS or TSRA or BLDU or
TSSN BLSA or
BLSN or
DRDU or
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud (M)8 Cloud amount and FEWnnn or VVnnn or NSC FEW010 VV005
height of base or SCTnnn or VV/// OVC020 VV///
vertical visibility (M) BKNnnn or NSC
OVCnnn SCT005 BKN012
SCT008 BKN025CB
Cloud type (C)4 CB or TCU —
Temperature (O)9 Name of the element (M) TX TX25/1013Z TN09/1005Z
TX05/2112Z TNM02/2103Z
Maximum temperature (M) [M]nn/
Day and time of occurrence of the nnnnZ
maximum temperature (M)
Name of the element (M) TN
Minimum temperature (M) [M]nn/
Day and time of occurrence of the nnnnZ
minimum temperature (M)
8/11/18 APP 5-10
APPENDIX 6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS
AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS AND ALERTS
(See Chapter 7 of this Annex.)
Note.— Data type designators to be used in abbreviated headings for SIGMET, AIRMET, tropical cyclone and volcanic
ash advisory messages are given in the Manual on the Global Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386).
1. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET INFORMATION
1.1 Format of SIGMET messages
1.1.1 The content and order of elements in a SIGMET message shall be in accordance with the template shown in
Table A6-1A.
1.1.2 Messages containing SIGMET information shall be identified as: “SIGMET”.
1.1.3 The sequence number referred to in the template in Table A6-1A shall correspond with the number of SIGMET
messages issued for the flight information region (FIR) since 0001 UTC on the day concerned. The meteorological watch
offices whose area of responsibility encompasses more than one FIR and/or control area (CTA) shall issue separate SIGMET
messages for each FIR and/or CTA within their area of responsibility.
1.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1A, only one of the following phenomena shall be included in a
SIGMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
At cruising levels (irrespective of altitude):
thunderstorm
— obscured OBSC TS
— embedded EMBD TS
— frequent FRQ TS
— squall line SQL TS
— obscured with hail OBSC TSGR
— embedded with hail EMBD TSGR
— frequent, with hail FRQ TSGR
— squall line with hail SQL TSGR
tropical cyclone
— tropical cyclone with 10-minute mean TC (+ cyclone name)
surface wind speed of 17 m/s (34 kt)
or more
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
turbulence
— severe turbulence SEV TURB
icing
— severe icing SEV ICE
— severe icing due to SEV ICE (FZRA)
freezing rain
mountain wave
— severe mountain wave SEV MTW
duststorm
— heavy duststorm HVY DS
sandstorm
— heavy sandstorm HVY SS
volcanic ash
— volcanic ash VA (+ volcano name, if known)
radioactive cloud RDOACT CLD
1.1.5 SIGMET information shall not contain unnecessary descriptive material. In describing the weather phenomena
for which the SIGMET is issued, no descriptive material additional to that given in 1.1.4 shall be included. SIGMET
information concerning thunderstorms or a tropical cyclone shall not include references to associated turbulence and icing.
1.1.6 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, SIGMET information should be disseminated in IWXXM GML
form in addition to the dissemination of SIGMET information in accordance with 1.1.1.
1.1.6 As of 5 November 2020, SIGMET information shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in addition to the
dissemination of SIGMET information in accordance with 1.1.1.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in Manual on
the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
1.1.7 Recommendation.— SIGMET, when issued in graphical format, should be as specified in Appendix 1, including
the use of applicable symbols and/or abbreviations.
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages
1.2.1 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated to meteorological watch offices, WAFCs and to other meteorological
offices in accordance with regional air navigation agreement. SIGMET messages for volcanic ash shall also be disseminated
to volcanic ash advisory centres.
1.2.2 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated to international OPMET databanks and the centres designated by
regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service Internet-based services, in accordance with
regional air navigation agreement.
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRMET INFORMATION
2.1 Format of AIRMET messages
2.1.1 The content and order of elements in an AIRMET message shall be in accordance with the template shown in
Table A6-1A.
2.1.2 The sequence number referred to in the template in Table A6-1A shall correspond with the number of AIRMET
messages issued for the FIR since 0001 UTC on the day concerned. The meteorological watch offices whose area of
responsibility encompasses more than one FIR and/or CTA shall issue separate AIRMET messages for each FIR and/or CTA
within their area of responsibility.
2.1.3 The FIR shall be divided in sub-areas, as necessary.
2.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1A, only one of the following phenomena shall be included in an
AIRMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
At cruising levels below flight level 100 (or below flight level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where necessary):
— surface wind speed
– widespread mean surface SFC WIND
wind speed above 15 m/s (30 kt) (+ wind, direction, speed and units)
— surface visibility
– widespread areas affected SFC VIS
by reduction of visibility to less than (+ visibility)
5 000 m, including the weather (+ one of the following weather phenomena or combinations
phenomenon causing the reduction thereof: BR, DS, DU, DZ, FC, FG, FU, GR, GS, HZ, PL, PO,
of visibility RA, SA, SG, SN, SQ, SS or VA)
— thunderstorms
– isolated thunderstorms ISOL TS
without hail
– occasional thunderstorms OCNL TS
without hail
– isolated thunderstorms ISOL TSGR
with hail
– occasional thunderstorms OCNL TSGR
with hail
— mountain obscuration
– mountains obscured MT OBSC
— cloud
– widespread areas of broken
or overcast cloud with
height of base less than
300 m (1 000 ft)
above ground level:
– broken BKN CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
– overcast OVC CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
APP 6-3 30/11/18
8/11/18
Corr. 1
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
– cumulonimbus clouds which are:
– isolated ISOL CB
– occasional OCNL CB
– frequent FRQ CB
–
towering cumulus clouds which are:
– isolated ISOL TCU
– occasional OCNL TCU
– frequent FRQ TCU
— icing
– moderate icing (except for icing MOD ICE
in convective clouds)
— turbulence
– moderate turbulence (except for MOD TURB
turbulence in convective clouds)
— mountain wave
– moderate mountain wave MOD MTW
2.1.5 AIRMET information shall not contain unnecessary descriptive material. In describing the weather phenomena
for which the AIRMET is issued, no descriptive material additional to that given in 2.1.4 shall be included. AIRMET
information concerning thunderstorms or cumulonimbus clouds shall not include references to associated turbulence and
icing.
Note.— The specifications for SIGMET information which is also applicable to low-level flights are given in 1.1.4.
2.1.6 Recommendation.— Until 4 November 2020, AIRMET information should be disseminated in IWXXM GML
form in addition to the dissemination of AIRMET information in accordance with 2.1.1.
2.1.6 As of 5 November 2020, AIRMET information shall be disseminated in IWXXM GML form in addition to the
dissemination of AIRMET information in accordance with 2.1.1.
Note 1.— The technical specifications for IWXXM are contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.3,
Part D — Representation Derived from Data Models. Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in Manual on
the ICAO Meteorological Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages
2.2.1 Recommendation.— AIRMET messages should be disseminated to meteorological watch offices in adjacent
FIRs and to other meteorological watch offices or aerodrome meteorological offices, as agreed between the meteorological
authorities concerned.
2.2.2 Recommendation.— AIRMET messages should be transmitted to international operational meteorological
databanks and the centres designated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service
Internet-based services, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS
Note.— This appendix deals with the uplink of special air-reports. The general specifications related to special air-
reports are in Appendix 4.
3.1 Recommendation.— Special air-reports should be uplinked for 60 minutes after their issuance.
3.2 Recommendation.— Information on wind and temperature included in automated special air-reports should not
be uplinked to other aircraft in flight.
4. DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES
AND SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK)
4.1 Identification of the flight information region
Recommendation.— In cases where the airspace is divided into an FIR and an upper flight information region (UIR), the
SIGMET should be identified by the location indicator of the air traffic services unit serving the FIR.
Note.— The SIGMET message applies to the whole airspace within the lateral limits of the FIR, i.e. to the FIR and to the
UIR. The particular areas and/or flight levels affected by the meteorological phenomena causing the issuance of the SIGMET
are given in the text of the message.
4.2 Criteria related to phenomena included in
SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink)
4.2.1 Recommendation.— An area of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds should be considered:
a) obscured (OBSC) if it is obscured by haze or smoke or cannot be readily seen due to darkness;
b) embedded (EMBD) if it is embedded within cloud layers and cannot be readily recognized;
c) isolated (ISOL) if it consists of individual features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an area with a maximum
spatial coverage less than 50 per cent of the area concerned (at a fixed time or during the period of validity); and
d) occasional (OCNL) if it consists of well-separated features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an area with a
maximum spatial coverage between 50 and 75 per cent of the area concerned (at a fixed time or during the period of
validity).
4.2.2 Recommendation.— An area of thunderstorms should be considered frequent (FRQ) if within that area there is
little or no separation between adjacent thunderstorms with a maximum spatial coverage greater than 75 per cent of the area
affected, or forecast to be affected, by the phenomenon (at a fixed time or during the period of validity).
4.2.3 Recommendation.— Squall line (SQL) should indicate a thunderstorm along a line with little or no space
between individual clouds.
4.2.4 Recommendation.— Hail (GR) should be used as a further description of the thunderstorm, as necessary.
APP 6-5 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
4.2.5 Recommendation.— Severe and moderate turbulence (TURB) should refer only to: low-level turbulence
associated with strong surface winds; rotor streaming; or turbulence whether in cloud or not in cloud (CAT). Turbulence
should not be used in connection with convective clouds.
4.2.6 Turbulence shall be considered:
a) severe when the peak value of EDR equals or exceeds 0.45; and
b) moderate when the peak value of EDR is equal to or above 0.20 and below 0.45.
4.2.7 Recommendation.— Severe and moderate icing (ICE) should refer to icing in other than convective clouds.
Freezing rain (FZRA) should refer to severe icing conditions caused by freezing rain.
4.2.8 Recommendation.— A mountain wave (MTW) should be considered:
a) severe whenever an accompanying downdraft of 3.0 m/s (600 ft/min) or more and/or severe turbulence is observed
or forecast; and
b) moderate whenever an accompanying downdraft of 1.75–3.0 m/s (350–600 ft/min) and/or moderate turbulence is
observed or forecast.
4.2.9 Recommendation.— Sandstorm/duststorm should be considered:
a) heavy whenever the visibility is below 200 m and the sky is obscured; and
b) moderate whenever the visibility is:
1) below 200 m and the sky is not obscured; or
2) between 200 m and 600 m.
5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AERODROME WARNINGS
5.1 Format and dissemination of aerodrome warnings
5.1.1 The aerodrome warnings shall be issued in accordance with the template in Table A6-2 where required by
operators or aerodrome services, and shall be disseminated in accordance with local arrangements to those concerned.
5.1.2 The sequence number referred to in the template in Table A6-2 shall correspond with the number of aerodrome
warnings issued for the aerodrome since 0001 UTC on the day concerned.
5.1.3 Recommendation.— In accordance with the template in Table A6-2, aerodrome warnings should relate to the
occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena:
— tropical cyclone (to be included if the 10-minute mean surface wind speed at the aerodrome is expected to be 17 m/s
(34 kt) or more)
— thunderstorm
— hail
— snow (including the expected or observed snow accumulation)
— freezing precipitation
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Table A6-1A. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in SIGMET/AIRMET messages are shown in
Table A6-4 of this appendix.
Note 2.— In accordance with 1.1.5 and 2.1.5, severe or moderate icing and severe or moderate turbulence (SEV ICE,
MOD ICE, SEV TURB, MOD TURB) associated with thunderstorms, cumulonimbus clouds or tropical cyclones should not
be included.
SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
Location indicator of FIR/CTA ICAO location indicator of nnnn YUCC2
(M)1 the ATS unit serving the YUDD2
FIR or CTA to which the
SIGMET/AIRMET refers
Identification (M) Message identification and SIGMET [n][n]n AIRMET [n][n]n SIGMET 1 AIRMET 9
sequence number3 SIGMET 01 AIRMET 19
SIGMET A01 AIRMET B19
Validity period (M) Day-time groups indicating VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn VALID 010000/010400
the period of validity in VALID 221215/221600
UTC VALID 101520/101800
VALID 251600/252200
VALID 152000/160000
VALID 192300/200300
Location indicator of MWO (M) Location indicator of MWO nnnn– YUDO–2
originating the message YUSO–2
with a separating hyphen
Name of the FIR/CTA (M) Location indicator and nnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnn nnnnnnnnnn YUCC AMSWELL FIR2 YUCC AMSWELL FIR/22
name of the FIR/CTA4 for FIR FIR[/n] YUDD SHANLON2 YUDD SHANLON FIR2
which the or FIR/UIR2
SIGMET/AIRMET is issued UIR UIR
or FIR/UIR
FIR/UIR YUDD SHANLON CTA2
or
nnnn nnnnnnnnnn CTA
IF THE SIGMET OR AIRMET MESSAGE IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.
Status indicator (C)5 Indicator of test or exercise TEST or EXER TEST or EXER TEST TEST
EXER EXER
APP 6-9 8/11/18
Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
Phenomenon (M)6 Description of OBSC7 TS[GR8] SFC WIND nnn/nn[n]MPS OBSC TS SFC WIND 040/40MPS
phenomenon causing the EMBD9 TS[GR8] (or OBSC TSGR SFC WIND 310/20KT
issuance of FRQ10 TS[GR8] SFC WIND nnn/nn[n]KT) EMBD TS
SIGMET/AIRMET SQL11 TS[GR8] EMBD TSGR SFC VIS 1500M (BR)
SFC VIS [n][n]nnM (nn)16 FRQ TS
TC nnnnnnnnnn PSN FRQ TSGR ISOL TS
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] ISOL17 TS[GR8] SQL TS ISOL TSGR
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] CB OCNL18 TS[GR8] SQL TSGR OCNL TS
or TC NN12 PSN Nnn[nn] OCNL TSGR
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] MT OBSC TC GLORIA PSN N10
or Ennn[nn] CB W060 CB MT OBSC
BKN CLD TC NN PSN S2030
SEV TURB13 nnn/[ABV][n]nnnM E06030 CB BKN CLD 120/900M
SEV ICE14 (or BKN CLD BKN CLD 400/3000FT
SEV ICE (FZRA)14 [n]nnn/[ABV][n]nnnnFT) SEV TURB BKN CLD 1000/5000FT
SEV MTW15 or BKN CLD SEV ICE BKN CLD SFC/3000M
SFC/[ABV][n]nnnM SEV ICE (FZRA) BKN CLD SFC/ABV10000FT
HVY DS (or BKN CLD SEV MTW
HVY SS SFC/[ABV][n]nnnnFT) HVY DS OVC CLD 270/ABV3000M
OVC CLD HVY SS OVC CLD 900/ABV10000FT
[VA ERUPTION] nnn/[ABV][n]nnnM OVC CLD1000/5000FT
[MT nnnnnnnnnn] (or OVC CLD VA ERUPTION MT OVC CLD SFC/3000M
[PSN Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] [n]nnn/[ABV][n]nnnnFT) ASHVAL2 PSN S15 E073 OVC CLD SFC/ABV10000FT
Ennn[nn] or Wnnn[nn]] or OVC CLD VA CLD
VA CLD SFC/[ABV][n]nnnM ISOL CB
(or OVC CLD RDOACT CLD OCNL CB
RDOACT CLD SFC/[ABV][n]nnnnFT) FRQ CB
ISOL17 CB19 ISOL TCU
OCNL18 CB19 OCNL TCU
FRQ10 CB19 FRQ TCU
ISOL17 TCU19 MOD TURB
OCNL18 TCU19 MOD ICE
FRQ10 TCU19 MOD MTW
MOD TURB13
MOD ICE14
MOD MTW15
Observed or forecast Indication whether the OBS [AT nnnnZ] or OBS
phenomenon (M)20, 21 information is observed FCST [AT nnnnZ] OBS AT 1210Z
and expected to continue, FCST
or forecast FCST AT 1815Z
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
Location (C)20, 21, 33 Location (referring to Nnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Nnn[nn] Ennn[nn] or N2020 W07005
latitude and longitude (in Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Ennn[nn] N48 E010
degrees and minutes)) S60 W160
or S0530 E16530
N OF Nnn[nn] or S OF Nnn[nn] or N OF Snn[nn] or
S OF Snn[nn] [AND] N OF N50
W OF Wnnn[nn] or E OF Wnnn[nn] or W OF Ennn[nn] or S OF N5430
E OF Ennn[nn] N OF S10
S OF S4530
or W OF W155
N OF Nnn[nn] or N OF Snn[nn] AND S OF Nnn[nn] or E OF W45
S OF Snn[nn] W OF E15540
E OF E09015
or
W OF Wnnn[nn] or W OF Ennn[nn] AND N OF N1515 AND W OF E13530
E OF Wnnn[nn] or E OF Ennn[nn] S OF N45 AND N OF N40
or N OF LINE S2520 W11510 – S2520 W12010
N OF LINE22 or NE OF LINE22 or E OF LINE22 or SE OF SW OF LINE N50 W005 – N60 W020
LINE22 or S OF LINE22 or SW OF LINE22 or W OF LINE22 SW OF LINE N50 W020 – N45 E010 AND NE OF LINE
or NW OF LINE22 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or N45 W020 – N40 E010
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] [– Nnn[nn] WI N6030 E02550 – N6055 E02500 –
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] N6050 E02630 – N6030 E02550
[AND N OF LINE22 or NE OF LINE22 or E OF LINE22 or
SE OF LINE22 or S OF LINE22 or SW OF LINE22 or W OF APRX 50KM WID LINE BTN N64 W017 – N60 W010 –
LINE22 or NW OF LINE22 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or N57 E010
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] [– Nnn[nn] ENTIRE FIR
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]] ENTIRE UIR
or ENTIRE FIR/UIR
WI22, 23 Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – ENTIRE CTA
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] –
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – WI 400KM OF TC CENTRE
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] – WI 250NM OF TC CENTRE
†
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] WI 30KM OF N6030 E02550
or
APRX nnKM WID LINE22 BTN (or nnNM WID LINE22
BTN) Nnn[nn] or Snn[1nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
or
ENTIRE UIR
or
ENTIRE FIR
or
ENTIRE FIR/UIR
or
ENTIRE CTA
or24
WI nnnKM (or nnnNM) OF TC CENTRE
or25
WI nnKM (or nnNM) OF Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
† Applicable as of 7 November 2019
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
Level (C)20, 21 Flight level or altitude [SFC/]FLnnn or FL180
[SFC/]nnnnM (or [SFC/][n]nnnnFT) or SFC/FL070
FLnnn/nnn or SFC/3000M
TOP FLnnn or SFC/10000FT
[TOP] ABV FLnnn (or [TOP] ABV [n]nnnnFT) FL050/080
[nnnn/]nnnnM (or [[n]nnnn/][n]nnnnFT) or [nnnnM/]FLnnn TOP FL390
(or [[n]nnnnFT/]FLnnn) ABV FL250
TOP ABV FL100
or 24 ABV 7000FT
TOP [ABV or BLW] FLnnn TOP ABV 9000FT
TOP ABV 10000FT
3000M
2000/3000M
8000FT
6000/12000FT
2000M/FL150
10000FT/FL250
TOP FL500
TOP ABV FL500
TOP BLW FL450
Movement or expected Movement or expected MOV N [nnKMH] or MOV NNE [nnKMH] or MOV SE
movement (C)20, 26, 34 movement (direction and MOV NE [nnKMH] or MOV ENE [nnKMH] or MOV NNW
speed) with reference to MOV E [nnKMH] or MOV ESE [nnKMH] or
one of the sixteen points MOV SE [nnKMH] or MOV SSE [nnKMH] or MOV E 40KMH
of compass, or stationary MOV S [nnKMH] or MOV SSW [nnKMH] or MOV E 20KT
MOV SW [nnKMH] or MOV WSW [nnKMH] or MOV WSW 20KT
MOV W [nnKMH] or MOV WNW [nnKMH] or
MOV NW [nnKMH] or MOV NNW [nnKMH] STNR
(or MOV N [nnKT] or MOV NNE [nnKT] or
MOV NE [nnKT] or MOV ENE [nnKT] or
MOV E [nnKT] or MOV ESE [nnKT] or
MOV SE [nnKT] or MOV SSE [nnKT] or
MOV S [nnKT] or MOV SSW [nnKT] or
MOV SW [nnKT] or MOV WSW [nnKT] or
MOV W [nnKT] or MOV WNW [nnKT] or
MOV NW [nnKT] or MOV NNW [nnKT])
or
STNR
Changes in intensity (C)20 Expected changes in INTSF or INTSF
intensity WKN or WKN
NC NC
Forecast time (C)20, 21, 26 Indication of the forecast FCST AT nnnnZ — FCST AT 2200Z —
time of phenomenon
TC forecast position (C)24 Forecast position of TC TC CENTRE PSN Nnn[nn] — TC CENTRE PSN N1030 —
centre at the end of the or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] E16015
validity period of the or Ennn[nn] or31 TC CENTRE PSN N1015
SIGMET message TC CENTRE PSN Nnn[nn] E15030 CB
or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] CB
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
Forecast position (C)20, 21, 26, 27, 33 Forecast position of Nnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or — N30 W170 —
phenomenon at the end of Nnn[nn] Ennn[nn] or
the validity period of the Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or N OF N30
SIGMET message32 Snn[nn] Ennn[nn]
S OF S50 AND W OF
or E170
N OF Nnn[nn] or
S OF Nnn[nn] or S OF N46 AND N OF N39
N OF Snn[nn] or
S OF Snn[nn] [AND] NE OF LINE N35 W020 –
W OF Wnnn[nn] or N45 W040
E OF Wnnn[nn] or
W OF Ennn[nn] or SW OF LINE N48 W020 –
E OF Ennn[nn] N43 E010 AND NE OF
LINE N43 W020 – N38
or E010
N OF Nnn[nn] or
N OF Snn[nn] AND S OF WI N20 W090 –
Nnn[nn] or S OF Snn[nn] N05 W090 – N10 W100 –
N20 W100 – N20 W090
or
W OF Wnnn[nn] or APRX 50KM WID LINE
W OF Ennn[nn] AND E OF BTN N64 W017 –
Wnnn[nn] or E OF Ennn[nn] N57 W005 – N55 E010 –
N55 E030
or
N OF LINE22 or ENTIRE FIR
NE OF LINE22 or ENTIRE UIR
E OF LINE22 or ENTIRE FIR/UIR
SE OF LINE22 or
S OF LINE22 or ENTIRE CTA
SW OF LINE22 or
W OF LINE22 or NO VA EXP
NW OF LINE22 Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or WI 30KM OF N6030
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or E02550†
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] WI 150NM OF TC
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] CENTRE
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
[AND N OF LINE22 or
NE OF LINE22 or
E OF LINE22 or
SE OF LINE22 or
S OF LINE22 or
SW OF LINE22 or
W OF LINE22 or
NW OF LINE22 Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
[– Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]]
† Applicable as of 7 November 2019
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SIGMET message AIRMET message
Element Detailed content SIGMET template AIRMET template examples examples
or
WI22, 23 Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
or
APRX nnKM WID LINE22
BTN (nnNM WID LINE22
BTN)
Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]
[– Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]]
[ – Nnn[nn] or
Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn]]
or
ENTIRE FIR
or
ENTIRE UIR
or
ENTIRE FIR/UIR
or
ENTIRE CTA
or28
NO VA EXP
or25
WI nnKM (or nnNM) OF
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]
Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
or24
WI nnnKM (nnnNM) OF TC
CENTRE
Repetition of elements (C)29 Repetition of elements [AND]29 — AND —
included in a SIGMET
message for volcanic ash
cloud or tropical cyclone
OR
Cancellation of SIGMET/ Cancellation of CNL SIGMET [n][n]n CNL AIRMET [n][n]n CNL SIGMET 2 CNL AIRMET 05
AIRMET (C)30 SIGMET/AIRMET referring nnnnnn/nnnnnn nnnnnn/nnnnnn 101200/101600 151520/151800
to its identification
or28 CNL SIGMET A13
CNL SIGMET 251030/251430 VA MOV
[n][n]n nnnnnn/nnnnnn TO YUDO FIR2
VA MOV TO nnnn FIR
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Notes.—
1. See 4.1.
2. Fictitious location.
3. In accordance with 1.1.3 and 2.1.2.
4. See 2.1.3.
5. Used only when the message issued to indicate that a test or an exercise is taking place. When the word “TEST” or the abbreviation “EXER” is included, the message
may contain information that should not be used operationally or will otherwise end immediately after the word "TEST". [Applicable 7 November 2019]
6. In accordance with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.
7. In accordance with 4.2.1 a).
8. In accordance with 4.2.4.
9. In accordance with 4.2.1 b).
10. In accordance with 4.2.2.
11. In accordance with 4.2.3.
12. Used for unnamed tropical cyclones.
13. In accordance with 4.2.5 and 4.2.6.
14. In accordance with 4.2.7.
15. In accordance with 4.2.8.
16. In accordance with 2.1.4.
17. In accordance with 4.2.1 c).
18 In accordance with 4.2.1 d).
19. The use of cumulonimbus (CB) and towering cumulus (TCU) is restricted to AIRMETs in accordance with 2.1.4.
20. In the case of volcanic ash cloud covering more than one area within the FIR, these elements can be repeated, as necessary. Each location and forecast position is to
be preceded by an observed or forecast time.
21. In the case of cumulonimbus clouds associated with a tropical cyclone covering more than one area within the FIR, these elements can be repeated as necessary.
Each location and forecast position must be preceded by an observed or forecast time.
22. A straight line is to be used between two points drawn on a map in the Mercator projection or between two points which crosses lines of longitude at a constant angle.
23. The number of coordinates are to be kept to a minimum and should not normally exceed seven.
24. Only for SIGMET messages for tropical cyclones.
25. Only for SIGMET messages for radioactive cloud. When detailed information on the release is not available, a radius of up to 30 kilometres (or 16 nautical miles) from
the source can be applied; and a vertical extent from surface (SFC) to the upper limit of the flight information region/upper flight information region (FIR/UIR) or control
area (CTA) is to be applied. [Applicable from 7 November 2019 until 4 November 2020]
25. Only for SIGMET messages for radioactive cloud. A radius of up to 30 kilometres (or 16 nautical miles) from the source and a vertical extent from surface (SFC) to the
upper limit of the flight information region/upper flight information region (FIR/UIR) or control area (CTA) is to be applied. [Applicable 5 November 2020]
26. The elements “forecast time” and “forecast position” are not to be used in conjunction with the element “movement or expected movement”.
27. The levels of the phenomena remain fixed throughout the forecast period.
28. Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash.
29. To be used for more than one volcanic ash clouds or cumulonimbus clouds associated with a tropical cyclone simultaneously affecting the FIR concerned..
30. End of the message (as the SIGMET/AIRMET message is being cancelled).
31. The term CB is to be used when the forecast position for the cumulonimbus cloud is included.
32. The forecast position for cumulonimbus (CB) cloud occurring in connection with tropical cyclones relate to the forecast time of the tropical cyclone centre position, not
to the end of the validity period of the SIGMET message.
33. For SIGMET messages for radioactive cloud, only within (WI) is to be used for the elements “location” and “forecast position”.
34. For SIGMET messages for radioactive cloud, only stationary (STNR) is to be used for the element “movement or expected movement”.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
Table A6-1B. Template for special air-reports (uplink)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line.
Note.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in special air-reports are shown in Table A6-4
of this appendix.
Element Detailed content Template1,2 Examples
Identification (M) Message identification ARS ARS
Aircraft identification (M) Aircraft radiotelephony call sign nnnnnn VA8123
Observed phenomenon (M) Description of observed TS TS
phenomenon causing the TSGR TSGR
issuance of the special air-
report4 SEV TURB SEV TURB
SEV ICE SEV ICE
SEV MTW SEV MTW
HVY DS HVY DS
HVY SS HVY SS
VA CLD VA CLD
VA [MT nnnnnnnnnn] VA
VA MT ASHVAL5
MOD TURB
MOD ICE MOD TURB
MOD ICE
Observation time (M) Time of observation of OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1210Z
observed phenomenon
Observed location (C) Location (referring to latitude NnnnnWnnnnn or N2020W07005
and longitude (in degrees and NnnnnEnnnnn or S4812E01036
minutes)) of observed SnnnnWnnnnn or
phenomenon SnnnnEnnnnn
Observed level (C) Flight level or altitude of FLnnn or FL390
observed phenomenon FLnnn/nnn or FL180/210
nnnnM (or [n]nnnnFT) 3000M
12000FT
Notes.—
1. No wind and temperature to be uplinked to other aircraft in flight in accordance with 3.2.
2. See 3.1.
3. Fictitious call sign.
4. In the case of special air-report for volcanic ash cloud, the vertical extent (if observed) and name of the volcano (if known) can be used.
5. Fictitious location.
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Appendix 6 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Example A6-4. SIGMET message for radioactive cloud
YUCC SIGMET 2 VALID 201200/201600 YUDO –
YUCC AMSWELL FIR RDOACT CLD OBS AT 1155Z WI 30KM OF N6030 E02550 SFC/FL550 STNR
Meaning:
The second SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC
Amswell area control centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC;
the message is valid from 1200 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 20th of the month; radioactive cloud was observed at
1155 UTC within 30 kilometres of 60 degrees 30 minutes north 25 degrees 50 minutes east between the surface
and flight level 550. The radioactive cloud is stationary.
* Fictitious location
Example A6-5. SIGMET message for severe turbulence
YUCC SIGMET 5 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO –
YUCC AMSWELL FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1210Z N2020 W07005 FL250 INTSF FCST AT 1600Z S OF N2020
AND E OF W06950
Meaning:
The fifth SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell
area control centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the
message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; severe turbulence was observed at
1210 UTC 20 degrees 20 minutes north and 70 degrees 5 minutes west at flight level 250; the turbulence is
expected to strengthen in intensity; at 1600 UTC the severe turbulence is forecast to be located south of 20 degrees
20 minutes north and east of 69 degrees 50 minutes west.
* Fictitious location
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 6
Example A6-6. AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave
YUCC AIRMET 2 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO –
YUCC AMSWELL FIR MOD MTW OBS AT 1205Z N48 E010 FL080 STNR NC
Meaning:
The second AIRMET message issued for the AMSWELL* flight information region (identified by YUCC
Amswell area control centre) by the Donlon/International* meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC;
the message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; moderate mountain wave was
observed at 1205 UTC at 48 degrees north and 10 degrees east at flight level 080; the mountain wave is expected
to remain stationary and not to undergo any changes in intensity.
* Fictitious location
______________________
8/11/18 APP 6-22
APPENDIX 8. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
RELATED TO SERVICE FOR OPERATORS
AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS
(See Chapter 9 of this Annex.)
Note.— Specifications related to flight documentation (including the model charts and forms) are given in Appendix 1.
1. MEANS OF SUPPLY AND FORMAT OF METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
1.1 Meteorological information shall be supplied to operators and flight crew members by one or more of the following,
as agreed between the meteorological authority and the operator concerned, and with the order shown below not implying
priorities:
a) written or printed material, including specified charts and forms;
b) data in digital form;
c) briefing;
d) consultation;
e) display; or
f) in lieu of a) to e), by means of an automated pre-flight information system providing self-briefing and flight
documentation facilities while retaining access by operators and aircrew members to consultation, as necessary, with
the aerodrome meteorological office, in accordance with 5.1.
1.2 The meteorological authority, in consultation with the operator, shall determine:
a) the type and format of meteorological information to be supplied; and
b) methods and means of supplying that information.
1.3 Recommendation.— On request by the operator, the meteorological information supplied for flight planning
should include data for the determination of the lowest usable flight level.
2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO INFORMATION FOR
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING AND IN-FLIGHT REPLANNING
2.1 Format of upper-air gridded information
Upper-air gridded information supplied by the world area forecast centres (WAFCs) for pre-flight and in-flight replanning
shall be in the GRIB code form.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 8
Note.— The GRIB code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.2, Part B — Binary Codes.
2.2 Format of information on significant weather
2.2.1 Information on significant weather supplied by WAFCs for pre-flight planning and in-flight replanning shall be
in the BUFR code form.
Note.— The BUFR code form is contained in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.2, Part B — Binary Codes.
2.2.2 Recommendation.— As of 4 November 2021, in addition to 2.2.1, information on significant weather supplied
by WAFCs for pre-flight planning and in-flight replanning should be in IWXXM GML form.
Note 1.— Guidance on the implementation of IWXXM is provided in the Manual on the ICAO Meteorological
Information Exchange Model (IWXXM) (Doc 10003).
Note 2. — Geography markup language (GML) is an encoding standard of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC).
2.3 Specific needs of helicopter operations
Recommendation.— Meteorological information for pre-flight planning and in-flight replanning by operators of helicopters
flying to offshore structures should include data covering the layers from sea level to flight level 100. Particular mention
should be made of the expected surface visibility, the amount, type (where available), base and tops of cloud below flight
level 100, sea state and sea-surface temperature, mean sea-level pressure, and the occurrence and expected occurrence of
turbulence and icing, as determined by regional air navigation agreement.
3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO BRIEFING AND CONSULTATION
3.1 Information required to be displayed
Recommendation.— The material displayed should be readily accessible to the flight crew members or other flight
operations personnel concerned.
4. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION
4.1 Presentation of information
4.1.1 The flight documentation related to forecasts of upper wind and upper-air temperature and SIGWX phenomena
shall be presented in the form of charts. For low-level flights, alternatively, GAMET area forecasts shall be used.
Note.— Models of charts and forms for use in the preparation of flight documentation are given in Appendix 1. These
models and methods for their completion are developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) on the basis of
relevant operational requirements stated by ICAO.
4.1.2 Recommendation.— The flight documentation related to concatenated route-specific upper wind and upper-air
temperature forecasts should be provided as agreed between the meteorological authority and the operator concerned.
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Appendix 8 Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
Note.— Guidance on the design, formulation and use of concatenated charts is given in the Manual of Aeronautical
Meteorological Practice (Doc 8896).
4.1.3 METAR and SPECI (including trend forecasts as issued in accordance with regional air navigation agreement),
TAF, GAMET, SIGMET and AIRMET, volcanic ash, tropical cyclone and space weather advisory information shall be
presented in accordance with the templates in Appendices 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6. Such meteorological information received from
other meteorological offices shall be included in flight documentation without change.
Note.— Examples of the form of presentation of METAR/SPECI and TAF are given in Appendix 1.
4.1.4 Recommendation.— The location indicators and the abbreviations used should be explained in the flight
documentation.
4.1.5 Recommendation.— The forms and the legend of charts included in flight documentation should be printed in
English, French, Russian or Spanish. Where appropriate, approved abbreviations should be used. The units employed for
each element should be indicated; they should be in accordance with Annex 5.
4.2 Charts in flight documentation
4.2.1 Characteristics of charts
4.2.1.1 Recommendation.— Charts included in flight documentation should have a high standard of clarity and
legibility and should have the following physical characteristics:
a) for convenience, the largest size of charts should be about 42 × 30 cm (standard size A3) and the smallest size
should be about 21 × 30 cm (standard size A4). The choice between these sizes should depend on the route lengths
and the amount of detail that needs to be given in the charts as agreed between the meteorological authorities and
the users concerned;
b) major geographical features, such as coastlines, major rivers and lakes should be depicted in a way that makes
them easily recognizable;
c) for charts prepared by computer, meteorological data should take preference over basic chart information, the
former cancelling the latter wherever they overlap;
d) major aerodromes should be shown as a dot and identified by the first letter of the name of the city the aerodrome
serves as given in Table AOP of the relevant regional air navigation plan;
e) a geographical grid should be shown with meridians and parallels represented by dotted lines at each 10° latitude
and longitude; dots should be spaced one degree apart;
f) latitude and longitude values should be indicated at various points throughout the charts (i.e. not only at the edges);
and
g) labels on the charts for flight documentation should be clear and simple and should present the name of the world
area forecast centre or, for non-world area forecast system (WAFS) products, the originating centre, the type of
chart, date and valid time and, if necessary, the types of units used in an unambiguous way.
Note.— When plotting shapes, particularly polygons, on maps, appropriate corrections are necessary if plotted
on projections different to that used in the production of the original forecast area.
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 8
4.2.1.2 Meteorological information included in flight documentation shall be represented as follows:
a) winds on charts shall be depicted by arrows with feathers and shaded pennants on a sufficiently dense grid;
b) temperatures shall be depicted by figures on a sufficiently dense grid;
c) wind and temperature data selected from the data sets received from a world area forecast centre shall be depicted in
a sufficiently dense latitude/longitude grid; and
d) wind arrows shall take precedence over temperatures and either shall take precedence over chart background.
4.2.1.3 Recommendation.— For short-haul flights, charts should be prepared covering limited areas at a scale of
1:15 × 106 as required.
4.2.2 Set of charts to be provided
4.2.2.1 The minimum number of charts for flights between flight level 250 and flight level 630 shall include a
high-level SIGWX chart (flight level 250 to flight level 630) and a forecast 250 hPa wind and temperature chart. The actual
charts provided for pre-flight and in-flight planning and for flight documentation shall be as agreed between meteorological
authorities and users concerned.
4.2.2.2 Charts to be provided shall be generated from the digital forecasts provided by the WAFCs whenever these
forecasts cover the intended flight path in respect of time, altitude and geographical extent, unless otherwise agreed between
the meteorological authority and the operator concerned.
4.2.3 Height indications
In flight documentation, height indications shall be given as follows:
a) all references to en-route meteorological conditions, such as height indications of upper winds, turbulence or bases
and tops of clouds, shall preferably be expressed in flight levels; they may also be expressed in pressure, altitude or,
for low-level flights, height above ground level; and
b) all references to aerodrome meteorological conditions, such as height indications of the bases of clouds, shall be
expressed in height above the aerodrome elevation.
4.3 Specifications related to low-level flights
4.3.1 In chart form
Recommendation.— Where the forecasts are supplied in chart form, flight documentation for low-level flights, including
those in accordance with the visual flight rules, operating up to flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 in mountainous
areas or higher, where necessary), should contain the following as appropriate to the flight:
a) information from relevant SIGMET and AIRMET messages;
b) upper wind and upper-air temperature charts as given in Appendix 5, 4.3.1; and
c) significant weather charts as given in Appendix 5, 4.3.2.
8/11/18 APP 8-4
APPENDIX 10. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS
(See Chapter 11 of this Annex.)
1. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICATIONS
1.1 Required transit times of operational meteorological information
Messages and bulletins containing operational meteorological information shall achieve transit times of less than 5 minutes,
unless otherwise determined to be lower by regional air navigation agreement.
1.2 Grid point data for ATS and operators
1.2.1 Recommendation.— When upper-air data for grid points in digital form are made available for use by air
traffic services computers, the transmission arrangements should be as agreed between the meteorological authority and the
appropriate ATS authority.
1.2.2 Recommendation.— When upper-air data for grid points in digital form are made available to operators for
flight planning by computer, the transmission arrangements should be as agreed between the world area forecast centre
concerned, the meteorological authority and the operators concerned.
2. USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS
AND THE PUBLIC INTERNET
2.1 Meteorological bulletins in alphanumeric format
2.1.1 Composition of bulletins
Recommendation.— Whenever possible, exchanges of operational meteorological information should be made in
consolidated bulletins of the same types of meteorological information.
2.1.2 Filing times of bulletins
Recommendation.— Meteorological bulletins required for scheduled transmissions should be filed regularly and at the
prescribed scheduled times. METAR should be filed for transmission not later than 5 minutes after the actual time of
observation. TAF should be filed for transmission not earlier than one hour prior to the beginning of their validity period.
ANNEX 3 APP 10-1 5/11/20
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Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation Appendix 10
2.1.3 Heading of bulletins
Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorological information to be transmitted via the aeronautical fixed
service or the public Internet shall contain a heading consisting of:
a) an identifier of four letters and two figures;
b) the ICAO four-letter location indicator corresponding to the geographical location of the meteorological office
originating or compiling the meteorological bulletin;
c) a day-time group; and
d) if required, a three-letter indicator.
Note 1.— Detailed specifications on format and contents of the heading are given in the Manual on the Global
Telecommunication System (WMO-No. 386) and are reproduced in the Manual of Aeronautical Meteorological Practice
(Doc 8896).
Note 2.— ICAO location indicators are listed in Location Indicators (Doc 7910).
2.1.4 Transmission of bulletins containing operational meteorological information
Meteorological bulletins containing operational meteorological information shall be transmitted via the aeronautical fixed
service (AFS).
2.2 World area forecast system (WAFS) products
2.2.1 Telecommunications for the supply of WAFS products
Recommendation.— The telecommunications facilities used for the supply of WAFS products should be the aeronautical
fixed service or the public Internet.
2.2.2 Quality requirements for charts
Recommendation.— Where WAFS products are disseminated in chart form, the quality of the charts received should be
such as to permit reproduction in a sufficiently legible form for flight planning and documentation. Charts received should be
legible over 95 per cent of their area.
2.2.3 Quality requirements for transmissions
Recommendation.— Transmissions should be such as to ensure that their interruption should not exceed 10 minutes during
any period of 6 hours.
2.2.4 Heading of bulletins containing WAFS products
Meteorological bulletins containing WAFS products in digital form to be transmitted via aeronautical fixed service or the
public Internet shall contain a heading as given in 2.1.3.
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No. 79
ATTACHMENT E. SPATIAL RANGES
AND RESOLUTIONS FOR SPACE WEATHER
ADVISORY INFORMATION
(See Appendix 2, 6.1 of this Annex.)
Element to be forecast Range Resolution
Flight level affected by radiation 250 – 600 10
Longitudes for advisories (degrees) 000 – 180 15
Latitudes for advisories (degrees) 00 – 90 10
Latitude bands for advisories: High latitudes northern hemisphere (HNH) N9000 – N6000
Middle latitudes northern hemisphere (MNH) N6000 – N3000
Equitorial latitudes northern hemisphere (EQN) N3000 – N0000 30
Equitorial latitudes southern hemisphere (EQS) S0000 – S3000
Middle latitudes southern hemisphere (MSH) S3000 – S6000
High latitudes southern hemisphere (HSH) S6000 – S9000
— END —
ANNEX 3 ATT E-1 5/11/20
8/11/18
No. 79
International Organisation Organización Международная
Civil Aviation de l’aviation civile de Aviación Civil организация
Organization internationale Internacional гражданской
авиации
Tel.: +1 514-954-8219 ext. 6717
Ref.: AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32, AN 3/5.13, 30 July 2020
AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and
AN 2/33-20/73
Subject: Changes to applicability dates of SARPs and PANS related to
the enhanced global reporting format for assessing and reporting runway
surface conditions (GRF) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Adoption of Amendments: 80 to Annex 3; 45 to Annex 6, Part I;
38 to Annex 6, Part II; 107 to Annex 8; 16 to Annex 14, Volume I;
and 42 to Annex 15, and approval of Amendments: 10 to PANS-ATM;
4 to PANS-Aerodromes; and 2 to PANS-AIM:
Action required:
Annexes: a) Notify any disapproval before 30 September 2020;
b) Notify any differences and compliance before 4 October 2021;
c) Consider the use of the Electronic Filing of Differences (EFOD)
System for notification of differences and compliance
PANS: a) Implementation of the amendment on 4 November 2021;
b) Publication of any differences as of 4 November 2021
Sir/Madam,
1. The Council, at the fourth meeting of its 219th Session held on 9 March 2020, when
adopting the declaration related to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), reaffirmed its
commitment to closely monitor the situation and support Member States in their response measures, as
appropriate, and its readiness to take further action as circumstances develop.
2. I have the honour to inform you that the Council, at the eighth meeting of its
220th Session held on 19 June 2020, reviewed a number of previously adopted amendments to Standards
and Recommended Practices (SARPs) contained in several Annexes to the Convention on International
Civil Aviation requiring Member States to take the necessary implementation actions (regulatory,
training, etc.) before their applicability date of 5 November 2020. These actions will have to be
undertaken by Member States, and other aviation industry stakeholders, while dealing with the
COVID-19 crisis, the resultant contingency measures, or the aftermath of the crisis and the normalization
phase.
999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard Tel.: +1 514-954-8219 Email:
[email protected]
Montréal, Quebec Fax: +1 514-954-6077 www.icao.int
Canada H3C 5H7
-2-
3. To alleviate the burden on Member States during, and in the aftermath of, the COVID-19
pandemic, the Council, at the same meeting (220-8), adopted amendments on the postponement of the
applicability date, from 5 November 2020 to 4 November 2021, for provisions related to an enhanced
global reporting format for assessing and reporting runway surface conditions (GRF) as contained in the
following Annexes:
a) Annex 3 — Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation;
b) Annex 6 — Operation of Aircraft, Part I — International Commercial Air Transport
— Aeroplanes and Part II — International General Aviation — Aeroplanes;
c) Annex 8 — Airworthiness of Aircraft;
d) Annex 14 — Aerodromes, Volume I — Aerodrome Design and Operations; and
e) Annex 15 — Aeronautical Information Services.
4. The Council also approved the postponement of the applicability date for the
consequential GRF-related provisions contained in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS),
which included amendments to the:
a) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM,
Doc 4444);
b) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aerodromes (PANS-Aerodromes,
Doc 9981); and
c) Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aeronautical Information Management
(PANS-AIM, Doc 10066).
It was noted that such a postponement would also help ensure a uniform implementation of the
GRF-related provisions on a global basis.
5. The Council acknowledged that, notwithstanding its decision not to postpone other
amendments, some Member States may experience challenges in implementing those amendments and
reiterated that States should file differences in accordance with standard procedure should they experience
such challenges.
6. Copies of the amendments as indicated in paragraph 3 and the Resolutions of Adoption
are available as attachments to the electronic version of this State letter on the ICAO-NET
(http://portal.icao.int) where you can access all other relevant documentation.
7. When adopting the amendments, the Council prescribed 30 September 2020 as the date
on which they will become effective, except for any part concerning which a majority of Contracting
States have registered their disapproval before that date. In addition, the Council resolved that the
amendments, to the extent they become effective, will become applicable on 4 November 2021.
8. The subjects are given in the amendments to the Foreword of the Annexes and PANS, a
copy of which is in Attachment A.
-3-
9. In conformity with the Resolution of Adoption, may I request:
a) that before 30 September 2020 you inform me if there is any part of the adopted
Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) amendments in Amendments 80,
45, 38, 107, 16 and 42 concerning which your Government wishes to register
disapproval, using the form in Attachment B for this purpose. Please note that only
statements of disapproval need be registered and if you do not reply it will be
assumed that you do not disapprove of the amendment;
b) that before 4 October 2021 you inform me of the following, using the Electronic
Filing of Differences (EFOD) System or the form in Attachment C for this purpose:
1) any differences that will exist on 4 November 2021 between the national
regulations or practices of your Government and the provisions of the whole of
Annexes 3; 6, Parts I and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15, as amended by all
amendments up to and including Amendments 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42,
respectively, and thereafter of any further differences that may arise; and
2) the date or dates by which your Government will have complied with the
provisions of the whole of Annexes 3; 6, Parts I and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15
as amended by all amendments up to and including Amendments 80, 45, 38,
107, 16 and 42, respectively.
10. With reference to the request in paragraph 9 a) above, it should be noted that a
registration of disapproval of Amendments 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42 or any part of it in accordance with
Article 90 of the Convention does not constitute a notification of differences under Article 38 of the
Convention. To comply with the latter provision, a separate statement is necessary if any differences do
exist, as requested in paragraph 9 b) 1). It is recalled in this respect that international Standards in
Annexes have a conditional binding force, to the extent that the State or States concerned have not
notified any difference thereto under Article 38 of the Convention.
11. With reference to the request in paragraph 9 b) above, it should be also noted that the
ICAO Assembly, at its 39th Session (27 September to 6 October 2016), resolved that Member States
should be encouraged to use the EFOD System when notifying differences (Resolution A39-22 refers).
The EFOD System is currently available on the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP)
restricted website (http://www.icao.int/usoap) which is accessible by all Member States. You are invited
to consider using this for notification of compliance and differences.
12. Guidance on the determination and reporting of differences is given in the Note on the
Notification of Differences in Attachment D. Please note that a detailed repetition of previously notified
differences, if they continue to apply, may be avoided by stating the current validity of such differences.
13. I would appreciate it if you would also send a copy of your notifications, referred to in
paragraph 9 b) above, to the ICAO Regional Office accredited to your Government.
14. As soon as practicable after the amendments become effective, on 30 September 2020,
replacement pages incorporating Amendments 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42 to Annexes 3; 6, Parts I and II;
8; 14, Volume I; and 15, respectively, will be forwarded to you.
-4-
15. Your Government is also invited by the Council to implement the provisions of the
PANS-ATM, PANS-Aerodromes and PANS-AIM. In this connection, I draw your attention to the
decision taken by the Council, on 1 October 1973, to discontinue the publication of differences in
Supplements to PANS documents and, instead, to request States to publish up-to-date lists of significant
differences from PANS documents in their Aeronautical Information Publications (AIPs).
16. May I, therefore, invite your Government to publish in your AIP a list of any significant
differences which will exist on 4 November 2021 between the provisions of the PANS-ATM,
PANS-Aerodromes and PANS-AIM and your national regulations and practices.
Accept, Sir/Madam, the assurances of my highest consideration.
Fang Liu
Secretary General
Enclosures:
A — Amendment to the Forewords of Annexes 3; 6, Parts I
and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15
B — Form on notification of disapproval of all or part of
Amendments 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42 to Annexes 3;
6, Parts I and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15, respectively
C — Form on notification of compliance with or differences
from Annexes 3; 6, Parts I and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15
D — Note on the Notification of Differences
E — Resolution of Adoption
F — Notes on the presentation of the amendments to Annexes
3; 6, Parts I and II; 8; 14, Volume I; and 15, respectively
G — Amendment to the Forewords of the PANS-ATM;
PANS-Aerodromes and PANS-AIM
H — Notes on the presentation of the amendments to the
PANS-ATM; PANS-Aerodromes and PANS-AIM
ATTACHMENT A to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 3
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
80 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 77-B: 30 September 2020
Amendment concerning the use 4 November 2021
of an enhanced global reporting
format for assessing and reporting
runway surface conditions.
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 6, PART I
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
45 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 40-C: 30 September 2020
Amendment concerning the use 4 November 2021
of an enhanced global reporting
format for assessing and reporting
runway surface conditions.
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 6, PART II
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
38 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 34-C: 30 September 2020
Amendment concerning the use of 4 November 2021
an enhanced global reporting
format for assessing and reporting
runway surface conditions.
A-2
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 8
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
107 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 105-B: 30 September 2020
Amendment concerning the use of 4 November 2021
an enhanced global reporting
format for assessing and reporting
runway surface conditions.
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 14, VOLUME I
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
16 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 13-B: 30 September 2020
Amendment concerning the use of 4 November 2021
an enhanced global reporting format
for assessing and reporting runway
surface conditions.
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF ANNEX 15
Add the following elements at the end of Table A:
Adopted/Approved
Effective
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
42 Eighth Meeting of the 220th Postponement of the applicability 19 June 2020
Session of the ICAO Council date of Amendment 40 regarding 30 September 2020
the definition of SNOWTAM. 4 November 2021
————————
ATTACHMENT B to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
NOTIFICATION OF DISAPPROVAL OF ALL OR PART OF
AMENDMENTS 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42 TO ANNEXES 3;
6, PARTS I AND II; 8; 14, VOLUME I; AND 15, RESPECTIVELY
To: The Secretary General
International Civil Aviation Organization
999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard
Montréal, Quebec
Canada H3C 5H7
(State) ____________________________________ hereby wishes to disapprove the following parts of
Amendment __________ to Annex ___________:
Signature ________________________________________ Date ____________________
NOTES
1) If you wish to disapprove all or part of Amendment ___ to Annex ______, please dispatch this
notification of disapproval to reach ICAO Headquarters by 30 September 2020. If it has not been
received by that date it will be assumed that you do not disapprove of the amendment. If you
approve of all parts of Amendment _____, it is not necessary to return this notification of
disapproval.
2) This notification should not be considered a notification of compliance with or differences from
Annex _____. Separate notifications on this are necessary. (See Attachment C.)
3) Please use extra sheets as required.
————————
ATTACHMENT C to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
NOTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH OR DIFFERENCES FROM
ANNEXES 3; 6, PARTS I AND II; 8; 14, VOLUME I; AND 15
(including all amendments up to and including
Amendments 80, 45, 38, 107, 16 and 42)
To: The Secretary General
International Civil Aviation Organization
999 Robert-Bourassa Boulevard
Montréal, Quebec
Canada H3C 5H7
1. No differences will exist on _____________________________ between the national regulations
and/or practices of (State) _____________________________________ and the provisions of
Annex ____, including all amendments up to and including Amendment ____.
2. The following differences will exist on _____________________________ between the
regulations and/or practices of (State) ______________________________________ and the provisions
of Annex ____, including Amendment ___ (Please see Note 2) below.)
a) Annex Provision b) Details of Difference c) Remarks
(Please give exact (Please describe the difference (Please indicate reasons
paragraph reference) clearly and concisely) for the difference)
(Please use extra sheets as required)
C-2
3. By the dates indicated below, (State) __________________________________ will have
complied with the provisions of Annex ______, including all amendments up to and including
Amendment ____ for which differences have been notified in 2 above.
a) Annex Provision b) Date c) Comments
(Please give exact
paragraph reference)
(Please use extra sheets as required)
Signature ________________________________________ Date ____________________
NOTES
1) If paragraph 1 above is applicable to your State, please complete paragraph 1 and return this form to
ICAO Headquarters. If paragraph 2 is applicable to you, please complete paragraphs 2 and 3 and
return the form to ICAO Headquarters.
2) A detailed repetition of previously notified differences, if they continue to apply, may be avoided by
stating the current validity of such differences.
3) Guidance on the notification of differences is provided in the Note on the Notification of Differences
and in the Manual on Notification and Publication of Differences (Doc 10055).
4) Please send a copy of this notification to the ICAO Regional Office accredited to your Government.
————————
ATTACHMENT D to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
NOTE ON THE NOTIFICATION OF DIFFERENCES
(Prepared and issued in accordance with instructions of the Council)
1. Introduction
1.1 Article 38 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (“Convention”) requires that
a Contracting State notify ICAO any time it does not comply with a Standard in all respects, it does not
bring its regulations or practices into full accord with any Standard, or it adopts regulations or practices
differing in any particular respect from the Standard.
1.2 The Assembly and the Council, when reviewing the notification of differences by
Contracting States in compliance with Article 38 of the Convention, have repeatedly noted that the
timeliness and currency of such notifications is not entirely satisfactory. Therefore, this note is issued to
reiterate the primary purpose of Article 38 of the Convention and to facilitate the determination and
notification of differences.
1.3 The primary purpose of the notification of differences is to promote safety, regularity and
efficiency in air navigation by ensuring that governmental and other agencies, including operators and
service providers, concerned with international civil aviation are made aware of all national regulations
and practices in so far as they differ from those prescribed in the Standards contained in Annexes to the
Convention.
1.4 Contracting States are, therefore, requested to give particular attention to the notification
of differences with respect to Standards in all Annexes, as described in paragraph 4 b) 1) of the
Resolution of Adoption.
1.5 Although differences from Recommended Practices are not notifiable under Article 38 of
the Convention, the Assembly has urged Contracting States to extend the above considerations to
Recommended Practices contained in Annexes to the Convention, as well.
2. Notification of differences from Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs)
2.1 Guidance to Contracting States in the notification of differences to Standards and
Recommended Practices (SARPs) can only be given in very general terms. Contracting States are further
reminded that compliance with SARPs generally extends beyond the issuance of national regulations and
requires establishment of practical arrangements for implementation, such as the provision of facilities,
personnel and equipment and effective enforcement mechanisms. Contracting States should take those
elements into account when determining their compliance and differences. The following categories of
differences are provided as a guide in determining whether a notifiable difference exists:
a) A Contracting State’s requirement is more exacting or exceeds a SARP
(Category A). This category applies when the national regulation and practices are
more demanding than the corresponding SARP, or impose an obligation within the
scope of the Annex which is not covered by the SARP. This is of particular
importance where a Contracting State requires a higher standard which affects the
operation of aircraft of other Contracting States in and above its territory;
D-2
b) A Contracting State’s requirement is different in character or the Contracting
State has established other means of compliance (Category B). This category
applies, in particular, when the national regulation and practices are different in
character from the corresponding SARP, or when the national regulation and
practices differ in principle, type or system from the corresponding SARP, without
necessarily imposing an additional obligation; and
c) A Contracting State’s requirement is less protective, partially implemented or not
implemented (Category C). This category applies when the national regulation and
practices are less protective than the corresponding SARP; when no national
regulation has been promulgated to address the corresponding SARP, in whole or in
part; or when the Contracting State has not brought its practices into full accord with
the corresponding SARP.
These categories do not apply to Not Applicable SARP. Please see the paragraph below.
2.2 Not Applicable SARP. When a Contracting State deems a SARP concerning aircraft,
operations, equipment, personnel, or air navigation facilities or services to be not applicable to the
existing aviation activities of the State, notification of a difference is not required. For example, a
Contracting State that is not a State of Design or Manufacture and that does not have any national
regulations on the subject, would not be required to notify differences from Annex 8 provisions related to
the design and construction of an aircraft.
2.3 Differences from appendices, tables and figures. The material comprising a SARP
includes not only the SARP itself, but also the appendices , tables and figures associated with the SARP.
Therefore, differences from appendices, tables and figures are notifiable under Article 38. In order to file
a difference against an appendix, table or figure, States should file a difference against the SARP that
makes reference to the appendix, table or figure.
2.4 Differences from definitions. Contracting States should notify differences from
definitions. The definition of a term used in a SARP does not have independent status but is an essential
part of each SARP in which the term is used. Therefore, a difference from the definition of the term may
result in there being a difference from any SARP in which the term is used. To this end, Contracting
States should take into consideration differences from definitions when determining compliance or
differences to SARPs in which the terms are used.
2.5 The notification of differences should be not only to the latest amendment but to the
whole Annex, including the amendment. In other words, Contracting States that have already notified
differences are requested to provide regular updates of the differences previously notified until the
difference no longer exists.
2.6 Further guidance on the identification and notification of differences, examples of
well-defined differences and examples of model processes and procedures for management of the
notification of differences can be found in the Manual on Notification and Publication of Differences
(Doc 10055).
The expression “different in character or other means of compliance” in b) would be applied to a national regulation and practice
which achieve, by other means, the same objective as that of the corresponding SARPs or for other substantive reasons so cannot be
classified under a) or c).
D-3
3. Form of notification of differences
3.1 Differences can be notified:
a) by sending to ICAO Headquarters a form on notification of compliance or
differences; or
b) through the Electronic Filing of Differences (EFOD) System at www.icao.int/usoap.
3.2 When notifying differences, the following information should be provided:
a) the number of the paragraph or subparagraph which contains the SARP to which the
difference relates ;
b) the reasons why the State does not comply with the SARP, or considers it necessary
to adopt different regulations or practices;
c) a clear and concise description of the difference; and
d) intentions for future compliance and any date by which your Government plans to
confirm compliance with and remove its difference from the SARP for which the
difference has been notified.
3.3 The differences notified will be made available to other Contracting States, normally in
the terms used by the Contracting State when making the notification. In the interest of making the
information as useful as possible, Contracting States are requested to ensure that:
a) statements be as clear and concise as possible and be confined to essential points;
b) the provision of extracts from national regulations not be considered as sufficient to
satisfy the obligation to notify differences; and
c) general comments, unclear acronyms and references be avoided.
————————
This applies only when the notification is made under 3.1 a).
ATTACHMENT E to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
AMENDMENTS TO INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
AMENDMENT 80 TO
ANNEX 3 — METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE
FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
AMENDMENT 45 TO
ANNEX 6 — OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
PART I — INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
— AEROPLANES
AMENDMENT 38 TO
ANNEX 6 — OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
PART II — INTERNATIONAL GENERAL AVIATION — AEROPLANES
AMENDMENT 107 TO
ANNEX 8 — AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT
AMENDMENT 16 TO
ANNEX 14 — AERODROMES,
VOLUME I — AERODROME DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
AMENDMENT 42 TO
ANNEX 15 — AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES
RESOLUTION OF ADOPTION
The Council
Acting in accordance with the Convention on International Civil Aviation, and particularly with the
provisions of Articles 37, 54 and 90 thereof,
1. Hereby adopts on 19 June 2020 Amendment 80 to the International Standards and
Recommended Practices contained in the document entitled International Standards and Recommended
Practices, Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation which for convenience is designated
Annex 3 to the Convention; Amendment 45 to the International Standards and Recommended Practices
contained in the document entitled International Standards and Recommended Practices, Operation of
Aircraft, International Commercial Air Transport — Aeroplanes which for convenience is designated
E-2
Annex 6, Part I to the Convention; Amendment 38 to the International Standards and Recommended
Practices contained in the document entitled International Standards and Recommended Practices,
Operation of Aircraft, International General Aviation — Aeroplanes which for convenience is designated
Annex 6, Part II to the Convention; Amendment 107 to the International Standards and Recommended
Practices contained in the document entitled International Standards and Recommended Practices,
Airworthiness of Aircraft which for convenience is designated Annex 8 to the Convention;
Amendment 16 to the International Standards and Recommended Practices contained in the document
entitled International Standards and Recommended Practices, Aerodromes, Aerodrome Design and
Operations which for convenience is designated Annex 14, Volume I to the Convention; and
Amendment 42 to the International Standards and Recommended Practices contained in the document
entitled International Standards and Recommended Practices, Aeronautical Information Services which
for convenience is designated Annex 15 to the Convention;
2. Prescribes 30 September 2020 as the date upon which the said amendments shall become
effective, except for any part thereof in respect of which a majority of the Contracting States have
registered their disapproval with the Council before that date;
3. Resolves that the said amendments or such parts thereof as have become effective shall
become applicable on 4 November 2021;
4. Requests the Secretary General:
a) to notify each Contracting State immediately of the above action and immediately
after 30 September 2020 of those parts of the amendments which have become
effective;
b) to request each Contracting State:
1) to notify the Organization (in accordance with the obligation imposed by
Article 38 of the Convention) of the differences that will exist on
4 November 2021 between its national regulations or practices and the provisions
of the Standards in the Annexes as hereby amended, such notification to be made
before 4 October 2021, and thereafter to notify the Organization of any further
differences that arise;
2) to notify the Organization before 4 October 2021 of the date or dates by which it
will have complied with the provisions of the Standards in the Annexes as hereby
amended;
c) to invite each Contracting State to notify additionally any differences between its
own practices and those established by the Recommended Practices, following the
procedure specified in subparagraph b) above with respect to differences from
Standards.
————————
ATTACHMENT F to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
AMENDMENTS TO ANNEX 3; ANNEX 6, PARTS I AND II;
ANNEX 8; ANNEX 14 – VOLUME I; AND ANNEX 15
NOTES ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE AMENDMENTS
The text of the amendment is arranged to show deleted text with a line through it and new text
highlighted with grey shading, as shown below:
Text to be deleted is shown with a line through it. text to be deleted
New text to be inserted is highlighted with grey shading. new text to be inserted
Text to be deleted is shown with a line through it new text to replace existing text
followed by the replacement text which is highlighted
with grey shading.
F-2
TEXT OF AMENDMENTS TO THE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
TO ANNEX 3; ANNEX 6, PARTS I AND II;
ANNEX 8; ANNEX 14, VOLUME I; AND ANNEX 15
ANNEX 3 — METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR
INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION
...
5.5 Special aircraft observations
Special observations shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following conditions are encountered or
observed:
...
i) as of 5 4 November 2020 2021, runway braking action encountered is not as good as reported.
...
APPENDIX 3. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO
METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
...
4. OBSERVING AND REPORTING OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS
...
4.8 Supplementary information
...
4.8.1.5 Recommendation.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, in METAR and SPECI, the
following information should be included in the supplementary information, in accordance with regional
air navigation agreement:
a) information on sea-surface temperature, and the state of the sea or the significant wave height
from aeronautical meteorological stations established on offshore structures in support of
helicopter operations; and
b) information on the state of the runway provided by the appropriate airport authority.
F-3
Note 1.— The state of the sea is specified in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1,
Part A — Alphanumeric Codes, Code Table 3700.
Note 2.— The state of the runway is specified in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306),
Volume I.1, Part A — Alphanumeric Codes, Code Tables 0366, 0519, 0919 and 1079.
4.8.1.6 Recommendation.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, in METAR and SPECI,
information on sea-surface temperature, and the state of the sea or the significant wave height, from
aeronautical meteorological stations established on offshore structures in support of helicopter
operations should be included in the supplementary information, in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
Note.— The state of the sea is specified in the Manual on Codes (WMO-No. 306), Volume I.1,
Part A — Alphanumeric Codes, Code Table 3700.
...
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
(applicable until 4 3November 2020 2021)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation;
O = inclusion optional.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are
shown in Table A3-5 of this appendix.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Identification of the Type of report (M) METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METAR
type of report (M) METAR COR
SPECI
Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1
Time of the Day and actual time of the nnnnnnZ 221630Z
observation (M) observation in UTC (M)
Identification of an Automated or missing report AUTO or NIL AUTO
automated or missing identifier (C) NIL
report (C)2
END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) nnn VRB 24004MPS VRB01MPS
(24008KT) (VRB02KT)
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n]
19006MPS
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12003G09MPS
F-4
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Units of measurement (M) MPS (or KT) (12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
Significant directional nnnVnnn — 02005MPS 350V070
variations (C)4 (02010KT 350V070)
Visibility (M) Prevailing or minimum nnnn C 0350 CAVOK
visibility (M)5 A 7000
V 9999
O 0800
K
Minimum visibility and nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E] or nnnn[SE] or 2000 1200NW
direction of the minimum nnnn[S] or nnnn[SW] or nnnn[W] or nnnn[NW] 6000 2800E
visibility (C)6 6000 2800
Runway visual range Name of the element (M) R R32/0400
(C)7 R12R/1700
Runway (M) nn[L]/or nn[C]/or nn[R]/
R10/M0050
R14L/P2000
Runway visual range (M) [P or M]nnnn R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16R/0450 R17L/0450
Runway visual range past U, D or N R12/1100U
tendency (C)8 R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700
Present weather Intensity or proximity of present – or + — VC
(C)2, 9 weather (C)10
Characteristics and type of DZ or RA or FG or BR or FG or PO or RA HZ VCFG
present weather (M)11 SN or SG or SA or DU or FC or DS or +TSRA FG VCSH
PL or DS or HZ or FU or SS or TS or +DZ VA VCTS
SS or VA or SQ or SH or BLSN or –SN MIFG VCBLSA
FZDZ or PO or TS or BLSA or
FZRA or BCFG or BLDU or VA +TSRASN
FZUP12 or BLDU or –SNRA
FC13 or BLSA or
SHGR or BLSN or DZ FG
SHGS or DRDU or +SHSN BLSN
SHRA or DRSA or UP
SHSN or DRSN or FZUP
SHUP12 or FZFG or TSUP FZUP
TSGR or MIFG or
TSGS or PRFG or //12 //
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP12 or
UP12
Cloud (M)14 Cloud amount and FEWnnn or VVnnn or NSC or FEW015 VV005
height of cloud base or SCTnnn or VV///12 NCD12 OVC030 VV/// NSC
vertical visibility (M) BKNnnn or
OVCnnn or SCT010 OVC020
FEW///12 or
SCT///12 or BKN/// ///015
BKN///12 or
OVC///12 or
///nnn12 or
//////12
Cloud type (C)2 CB or — BKN009TCU NCD
TCU or ///12
SCT008 BKN025CB BKN025///
///CB
Air and dew-point Air and dew-point temperature [M]nn/[M]nn 17/10
temperature (M) (M) 02/M08
M01/M10
F-5
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) Q Q0995
Q1009
QNH (M) nnnn
Q1022
Q0987
Supplementary Recent weather (C)2, 9 RERASN or REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or REFZRA
information (C) RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RETSRA
RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSGR or
RETSGS or RETS or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP12 or
REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12
Wind shear (C)2 WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R] or WS ALL RWY WS R03
WS ALL RWY
WS R18C
Sea-surface temperature and W [M]nn/Sn or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n] W15/S2
state of the sea or significant W12/H75
wave height (C)15
State Runway designator R nn[L]/ or Rnn[C]/ or Rnn[R]/ R/SNOCLO R99/421594
of the (M) R/SNOCLO
runway R14L/CLRD//
Runway deposits (M) n or / CLRD//
(C)16
Extent of runway n or /
contamination (M)
Depth of deposit (M) nn or //
Friction coefficient or nn or //
braking action (M)
Trend forecast (O)17 Change indicator (M)18 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO NOSIG BECMG FEW020
Period of change (C)2 FMnnnn and/or
TEMPO 25018G25MPS
TLnnnn
(TEMPO 25036G50KT)
or
ATnnnn
BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK
Wind (C)2 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS
(or nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT) BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
Prevailing visibility (C)2 nnnn C BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW
A
Weather phenomenon: – or + — N
V BECMG FM1900 0500 +SNRA
intensity (C)10 S
O
W
Weather phenomenon: DZ or RA or FG or BR or K BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
characteristics and SN or SG or SA or DU or
type (C)2, 9, 11 PL or DS or HZ or FU or TEMPO FM0330 TL0430 FZRA
SS or VA or SQ or TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000
FZDZ or PO or FC or NSW NSC
FZRA or TS or
SHGR or BCFG or BECMG AT1130 OVC010
SHGS or BLDU or
SHRA or BLSA or TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA BKN012CB
SHSN or BLSN or
TSGR or DRDU or
TSGS or DRSA or
TSRA or DRSN or
TSSN FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud amount and height of cloud FEWnnn or VVnnn or N
base or vertical visibility (C)2, 14 SCTnnn or VV/// S
BKNnnn or C
OVCnnn
Cloud type (C)2,14 CB or TCU —
F-6
Notes.—
1. Fictitious location.
2. To be included whenever applicable.
3. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
5. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
6. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
7. To be included if visibility or runway visual range < 1 500 m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).
8. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
9. One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
10. To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.8.
11. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to
be indicated in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
12. For automated reports only.
13. Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
15. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
16. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 b) until 4 3 November 2020 2021.
17. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
18. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three groups.
Table A3-2. Template for METAR and SPECI
(applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of observation;
O = inclusion optional.
Note 1.— The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are
shown in Table A3-5 of this appendix.
Note 2.— The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400).
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Identification of the Type of report (M) METAR, METAR COR, SPECI or SPECI COR METAR
type of report (M) METAR COR
SPECI
Location indicator (M) ICAO location indicator (M) nnnn YUDO1
Time of the Day and actual time of the nnnnnnZ 221630Z
observation (M) observation in UTC (M)
Identification of an Automated or missing report AUTO or NIL AUTO
automated or missing identifier (C) NIL
report (C)2
END OF METAR IF THE REPORT IS MISSING.
Surface wind (M) Wind direction (M) Nnn or III12 VRB 24004MPS VRB01MPS
III10MPS
Wind speed (M) [P]nn[n] or II12
(24008KT) (VRB02KT) 240IIKT
19006MPS IIIIKT
(19012KT)
00000MPS
(00000KT)
140P49MPS
(140P99KT)
Significant speed variations (C)3 G[P]nn[n] 12003G09MPS
F-7
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Units of measurement (M) MPS (or KT) (12006G18KT)
24008G14MPS
(24016G28KT)
Significant directional nnnVnnn — 02005MPS 350V070
variations (C)4 (02010KT 350V070)
Visibility (M) Prevailing or minimum Nnnn or IIII12 C 0350 IIII CAVOK
visibility (M)5 A 7000
V 9999
O 0800
K
Minimum visibility and nnnn[N] or nnnn[NE] or nnnn[E] or nnnn[SE] or 2000 1200NW
direction of the minimum nnnn[S] or nnnn[SW] or nnnn[W] or nnnn[NW] 6000 2800E
visibility (C)6 6000 2800
Runway visual range Name of the element (M) R R32/0400
(C)7 R12R/1700
Runway (M) nn[L]/or nn[C]/or nn[R]/
R10/M0050
R14L/P2000
Runway visual range (M) [P or M]nnnn or IIII12 R16L/0650 R16C/0500
R16LIIII R10IIII
R16R/0450 R17L/0450
Runway visual range past U, D or N R12/1100U
tendency (C)8 R26/0550N R20/0800D
R12/0700
Present weather Intensity or proximity of present – or + — VC
(C)2, 9 weather (C)10
Characteristics and type of DZ or RA or FG or BR or FG or PO or RA HZ VCFG
present weather (M)11 SN or SG or SA or DU or FC or DS or +TSRA FG VCSH
PL or DS or HZ or FU or SS or TS or +DZ VA VCTS
SS or VA or SQ or SH or BLSN or –SN MIFG VCBLSA
FZDZ or PO or TS or BLSA or
FZRA or BCFG or BLDU or VA +TSRASN
FZUP12 or BLDU or –SNRA
FC13 or BLSA or
SHGR or BLSN or DZ FG
SHGS or DRDU or +SHSN BLSN
SHRA or DRSA or UP
SHSN or DRSN or FZUP
SHUP12 or FZFG or TSUP FZUP
TSGR or MIFG or
TSGS or PRFG or //12 //
TSRA or
TSSN or
TSUP12 or
UP12
Cloud (M)14 Cloud amount and FEWnnn or VVnnn or NSC or FEW015 VV005
height of cloud base or SCTnnn or VV///12 NCD12 OVC030 VV/// NSC
vertical visibility (M) BKNnnn or
OVCnnn or SCT010 OVC020
FEW///12 or
SCT///12 or BKN/// ///015
BKN///12 or
OVC///12 or
///nnn12 or
//////12
F-8
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Cloud type (C)2 CB or — BKN009TCU NCD
TCU or ///12
SCT008 BKN025CB BKN025///
III///CB
///////// BKN///TCU
Air and dew-point Air and dew-point temperature [M]nn/[M]nn or ///[M]nn12 or [M]nn///12 or /////12 17/10 ///10 17/// /////
temperature (M) (M) 02/M08
M01/M10
Pressure values (M) Name of the element (M) Q Q0995
Q1009
QNH (M) Nnnn or IIII12
Q1022 QIIII
Q0987
Supplementary Recent weather (C)2, 9 RERASN or REFZDZ or REFZRA or REDZ or RE[SH]RA or REFZRA
information (C) RE[SH]SN or RESG or RESHGR or RESHGS or REBLSN or RETSRA
RESS or REDS or RETSRA or RETSSN or RETSGR or
RETSGS or RETS or REFC or REVA or REPL or REUP12 or
REFZUP12 or RETSUP12 or RESHUP12 or REII12
Wind shear (C)2 WS Rnn[L] or WS Rnn[C] or WS Rnn[R] or WS ALL RWY WS R03
WS ALL RWY
WS R18C
Sea-surface temperature and W[M]nn/Sn or W///Sn or W[M]nn/S/ or W[M]nn/Hn[n][n] or W15/S2
state of the sea or significant W///Hn[n][n] or W[M]nn/H/// W12/H75
wave height (C)15 W///S3
WM01/S/
W///H104
W17/H///
W///H///
W///S/
Trend forecast (O)16 Change indicator (M)17 NOSIG BECMG or TEMPO NOSIG BECMG FEW020
Period of change (C)2 FMnnnn and/or
TEMPO 25018G25MPS
TLnnnn
(TEMPO 25036G50KT)
or
ATnnnn
BECMG FM1030 TL1130 CAVOK
Wind (C)2 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]MPS
(or nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT) BECMG TL1700 0800 FG
Prevailing visibility (C)2 nnnn C BECMG AT1800 9000 NSW
A
Weather phenomenon: – or + — N
V BECMG FM1900 0500 +SNRA
intensity (C)10 S
O
W
Weather phenomenon: DZ or RA or FG or BR or K BECMG FM1100 SN TEMPO FM1130 BLSN
characteristics and SN or SG or SA or DU or
type (C)2, 9, 11 PL or DS or HZ or FU or TEMPO FM0330 TL0430 FZRA
SS or VA or SQ or TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000
FZDZ or PO or FC or NSW NSC
FZRA or TS or
SHGR or BCFG or BECMG AT1130 OVC010
SHGS or BLDU or
SHRA or BLSA or TEMPO TL1530 +SHRA BKN012CB
SHSN or BLSN or
TSGR or DRDU or
TSGS or DRSA or
TSRA or DRSN or
TSSN FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud amount and height of cloud FEWnnn or VVnnn or N
base or vertical visibility (C)2, 14 SCTnnn or VV/// S
BKNnnn or C
OVCnnn
F-9
Element as specified
in Chapter 4 Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Cloud type (C)2,14 CB or TCU —
Notes.—
1. Fictitious location.
2. To be included whenever applicable.
3. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 c).
4. To be included in accordance with 4.1.5.2 b) 1).
5. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 b).
6. To be included in accordance with 4.2.4.4 a).
7. To be included if visibility or runway visual range < 1 500 m; for up to a maximum of four runways in accordance with 4.3.6.5 b).
8. To be included in accordance with 4.3.6.6.
9. One or more, up to a maximum of three groups, in accordance with 4.4.2.9 a), 4.8.1.1 and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
10. To be included whenever applicable; no qualifier for moderate intensity in accordance with 4.4.2.8.
11. Precipitation types listed under 4.4.2.3 a) may be combined in accordance with 4.4.2.9 c) and Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1. Only moderate or heavy precipitation to
be indicated in trend forecasts in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.4.1.
12. When a meteorological element is temporarily missing, or its value considered temporarily as incorrect, it is replaced by “/” for each digit of the abbreviation
of the text message and indicated as missing for its IWXXM version.
13. Heavy used to indicate tornado or waterspout; moderate (no qualifier) to indicate funnel cloud not reaching the ground.
14. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 4.5.4.3 e).
15. To be included in accordance with 4.8.1.5 a).
16. To be included in accordance with Chapter 6, 6.3.2.
17. Number of change indicators to be kept to a minimum in accordance with Appendix 5, 2.2.1, normally not exceeding three
...
Table A3-5. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements
included in METAR and SPECI
Element as specified in Chapter 4 Range Resolution
Runway: (no units) 01 – 36 1
Wind direction: °true 000 – 360 10
Wind speed: MPS 00 – 99* 1
KT 00 – 199* 1
Visibility: M 0000 – 0750 50
M 0800 – 4 900 100
M 5 000 – 9 000 1 000
M 10 000 – 0 (fixed value: 9 999)
Runway visual range: M 0000 – 0375 25
M 0400 – 0750 50
M 0800 – 2 000 100
Vertical visibility: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 020 1
Clouds: height of cloud base: 30’s M (100’s FT) 000 – 100 1
Air temperature;
Dew-point temperature: °C –80 – +60 1
QNH: hPa 0850 – 1 100 1
Sea-surface temperature: °C –10 – +40 1
State of the sea: (no units) 0–9 1
Significant wave height: M 0 – 999 0.1
State of the runway Runway designator: (no units) 01 – 36; 88; 99 1
[Until 4 3 November 2020 2021]
Runway deposits: (no units) 0–9 1
Extent of runway contamination: (no units) 1; 2; 5; 9 —
F-10
Element as specified in Chapter 4 Range Resolution
Depth of deposit: (no units) 00 – 90; 92 – 99 1
Friction coefficient/braking action: (no units) 00 – 95; 99 1
* There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 50 m/s (100 kt) or more; however, provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to
99 m/s (199 kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as necessary.
______________________
F-11
ANNEX 6 — OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
PART I — INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
— AEROPLANES
...
CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS
...
Contaminated runway.††A runway is contaminated when a significant portion of the runway surface area
(whether in isolated areas or not) within the length and width being used is covered by one or more of
the substances listed in the runway surface condition descriptors.
Note.— Further information on runway surface condition descriptors can be found in the Annex
14, Volume I — Definitions.
...
Dry runway.†† A runway is considered dry if its surface is free of visible moisture and not contaminated
within the area intended to be used.
...
Wet runway.†† The runway surface is covered by any visible dampness or water up to and including 3 mm
deep within the intended area of use.
...
CHAPTER 4. FLIGHT OPERATIONS
...
4.4.2.1 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the pilot-in-command shall report the runway braking
action special air-report (AIREP) when the runway braking action encountered is not as good as reported.
Note.— The procedures for making special air-reports regarding runway braking action are
contained in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Chapter 4 and Appendix 1.
...
†† Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021.
F-12
4.4.11 Aeroplane operating procedures for landing performance
(As of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
An approach to land shall not be continued below 300 m (1 000 ft) above aerodrome elevation unless the
pilot-in-command is satisfied that, with the runway surface condition information available, the aeroplane
performance information indicates that a safe landing can be made.
Note 1.— The procedures used by aerodromes to assess and report runway surface conditions
are contained in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981) and those for using runway surface condition
information on board aircraft are in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
Note 2.— Guidance on development of aeroplane performance information is contained in the
Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
...
CHAPTER 5. AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
...
5.2.6 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, in applying the Standards of this chapter, account shall be
taken of all factors that significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane, including but not limited to:
the mass of the aeroplane, the operating procedures, the pressure-altitude appropriate to the elevation of
the aerodrome, the ambient temperature, the wind, the runway slope, and surface conditions of the
runway i.e., presence of snow, slush, water, and/or ice for landplanes, water surface condition for
seaplanes. Such factors shall be taken into account directly as operational parameters or indirectly by
means of allowances or margins, which may be provided in the scheduling of performance data or in the
comprehensive and detailed code of performance in accordance with which the aeroplane is being
operated.
5.2.6 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, in applying the Standards of this chapter, account shall be
taken of all factors that significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane, including but not limited to:
the mass of the aeroplane, the operating procedures, the pressure-altitude appropriate to the elevation of
the aerodrome, the runway slope, the ambient temperature, the wind, and surface conditions of the
runway at the expected time of use, i.e. presence of snow, slush, water, and/or ice for landplanes, water
surface condition for seaplanes. Such factors shall be taken into account directly as operational
parameters or indirectly by means of allowances or margins, which may be provided in the scheduling of
performance data or in the comprehensive and detailed code of performance in accordance with which the
aeroplane is being operated.
Note.— Guidelines for using runway surface condition information on board aircraft in
accordance with 4.4.11 are contained in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
...
F-13
5.2.11 Landing. The aeroplane shall, at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any alternate
aerodrome, after clearing all obstacles in the approach path by a safe margin, be able to land, with
assurance that it can come to a stop or, for a seaplane, to a satisfactorily low speed, within the landing
distance available. Allowance shall be made for expected variations in the approach and landing
techniques, if such allowance has not been made in the scheduling of performance data.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, guidelines on appropriate margins for the “at time of
landing” distance assessment is contained in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
______________________
F-14
ANNEX 6 — OPERATION OF AIRCRAFT
PART II — INTERNATIONAL GENERAL AVIATION
— AEROPLANES
...
SECTION 2
GENERAL AVIATION OPERATIONS
...
CHAPTER 2.2 FLIGHT OPERATIONS
2.2.4 In-flight procedures
2.2.4.2 Weather reporting by pilots
(Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021)
Recommendation.— When weather conditions likely to affect the safety of other aircraft are
encountered, they should be reported as soon as possible.
Note.— The procedures for making meteorological observations on board aircraft in flight and
for recording and reporting them are contained in Annex 3, the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the
appropriate Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030).
2.2.4.2 Meteorological and operational observations by pilots
(Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
2.2.4.2.1 Recommendation.— When meteorological conditions likely to affect the safety of
other aircraft are encountered, they should be reported as soon as possible.
Note.— The procedures for making meteorological observations on board aircraft in flight and
for recording and reporting them are contained in Annex 3, the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the
appropriate Regional Supplementary Procedures (Doc 7030).
2.2.4.2.2 Recommendation.— The pilot-in-command should report runway braking action
when the runway braking action encountered is not as good as reported.
Note.— The procedures for making special air-reports regarding runway braking action are
contained in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Chapter 4, and Appendix 1.
...
2.2.4.4 Flight crew members at duty stations *
*
In 2020 2021, paragraph 2.2.4.4 will be renumbered as 2.2.4.5.
F-15
2.2.4.4.1 Take-off and landing. All flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall
be at their stations.
2.2.4.4.2 En route. All flight crew members required to be on flight deck duty shall remain at
their stations except when their absence is necessary for the performance of duties in connection with the
operation of the aeroplane or for physiological needs.
2.2.4.4.3 Seat belts. All flight crew members shall keep their seat belts fastened when at their
stations.
2.2.4.4.4 Safety harness. When safety harnesses are provided, any flight crew member
occupying a pilot’s seat shall keep the safety harness fastened during the take-off and landing phases; all
other flight crew members shall keep their safety harnesses fastened during the take-off and landing
phases unless the shoulder straps interfere with the performance of their duties, in which case the shoulder
straps may be unfastened but the seat belt must remain fastened.
Note.— Safety harness includes shoulder strap(s) and a seat belt which may be used
independently.
2.2.4.4 Aeroplane operating procedures for landing performance
(As of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
Recommendation.— An approach to land should not be continued below 300 m (1 000 ft) above
aerodrome elevation unless the pilot-in-command is satisfied that, with the runway surface condition
information available, the aeroplane performance information indicates that a safe landing can be made.
Note 1.— The procedures for using runway surface condition information on board aircraft are
contained in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981) and in the performance section of the aeroplane flight
manual; and for aeroplanes certificated in accordance with Annex 8, Part IIIB, in the Aeroplane
Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
Note 2.— Guidance on development of aeroplane performance information for aeroplanes
certificated in accordance with Annex 8, Part IIIB is contained in the Aeroplane Performance Manual
(Doc 10064).
...
2.2.4.5 Use of oxygen†
...
†
In 2020 2021, paragraphs 2.2.4.5 to 2.2.4.8 will be renumbered as 2.2.4.6 to 2.2.4.9.
F-16
SECTION 3
LARGE AND TURBOJET AEROPLANES
...
3.4.4.5 Aeroplane operating procedures for landing performance
(As of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
An approach to land shall not be continued below 300 m (1 000 ft) above aerodrome elevation unless the
pilot-in-command is satisfied that, with the runway surface condition information available, the aeroplane
performance information indicates that a safe landing can be made.
Note 1.— The procedures for using runway surface condition information on board aircraft are
contained in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981) and in the performance section of the aeroplane flight
manual; for aeroplanes certificated in accordance with Annex 8, Part IIIB, in the Aeroplane Performance
Manual (Doc 10064).
Note 2.— Guidance on development of aeroplane performance information for aeroplanes
certificated in accordance with Annex 8, Part IIIB is contained in the Aeroplane Performance Manual
(Doc 10064).
...
CHAPTER 3.5 AEROPLANE PERFORMANCE
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
...
3.5.2 Applicable to aeroplanes certificated in accordance with
Parts IIIA and IIIB of Annex 8
…
3.5.2.5 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, in applying the Standards of this chapter, account shall
be taken of all factors that significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane (such as: mass, operating
procedures, the pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome, temperature, wind, runway
gradient and condition of runway, i.e. presence of slush, water and/or ice, for landplanes, water surface
condition for seaplanes). Such factors shall be taken into account directly as operational parameters or
indirectly by means of allowances or margins, which may be provided in the scheduling of performance
data or in the comprehensive and detailed code of performance in accordance with which the aeroplane is
being operated.
3.5.2.5 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, in applying the Standards of this chapter, account shall
be taken of all factors that significantly affect the performance of the aeroplane (such as: mass, operating
procedures, the pressure altitude appropriate to the elevation of the aerodrome, runway slope, the ambient
temperature, wind, and surface conditions of the runway at the expected time of use, i.e. presence of
slush, water and/or ice, for landplanes, water surface condition for seaplanes). Such factors shall be taken
into account directly as operational parameters or indirectly by means of allowances or margins, which
may be provided in the scheduling of performance data or in the comprehensive and detailed code of
performance in accordance with which the aeroplane is being operated.
F-17
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, guidelines for using runway surface condition
information on board aircraft in accordance with 2.2.4.4 are contained in the PANS-Aerodromes
(Doc 9981) and in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
...
3.5.2.7 Take-off. The aeroplane shall be able, in the event of a critical engine failing at any point
in the take-off, either to discontinue the take-off and stop within either the accelerate-stop distance
available or the runway available, or to continue the take-off and clear all obstacles along the flight path
by an adequate margin until the aeroplane is in a position to comply with 3.5.2.8.
Note.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, “An adequate margin” referred to in this provision is
illustrated by the appropriate examples included in Attachment B to Annex 6, Part I.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, “An adequate margin” referred to in this provision is
illustrated by the appropriate examples included in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
...
3.5.2.9 Landing. The aeroplane shall, at the aerodrome of intended landing and at any alternate
aerodrome, after clearing all obstacles in the approach path by a safe margin, be able to land, with
assurance that it can come to a stop or, for a seaplane, to a satisfactorily low speed, within the landing
distance available. Allowance shall be made for expected variations in the approach and landing
techniques, if such allowance has not been made in the scheduling of performance data.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, guidance on appropriate margins for the “at time of
landing assessment” are contained in the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064).
______________________
F-18
ANNEX 8 — AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT
...
PART IIIB. AEROPLANES OVER 5 700 KG FOR WHICH APPLICATION
FOR CERTIFICATION WAS SUBMITTED ON OR AFTER 2 MARCH 2004
...
CHAPTER 2. FLIGHT
2.2 Performance
2.2.1 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, sufficient data on the performance of the aeroplane shall
be determined and scheduled in the flight manual to provide operators with the necessary information for
the purpose of determining the total mass of the aeroplane on the basis of the values, peculiar to the
proposed flight, of the relevant operational parameters, in order that the flight may be made with
reasonable assurance that a safe minimum performance for that flight will be achieved.
2.2.1 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, sufficient data on the performance of the aeroplane shall
be determined and furnished in the flight manual to provide operators with the necessary information for
the purpose of determining the maximum total mass of the aeroplane at the time of take-off that would
allow the flight to be made with reasonable assurance that a safe minimum performance for that flight
will be achieved considering the values of the operational parameter peculiar to the proposed flight.
2.2.2 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, achieving the performance scheduled for the aeroplane
shall take into consideration human performance and in particular shall not require exceptional skill or
alertness on the part of the flight crew.
2.2.2 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, achieving the performance furnished in the flight manual
for the aeroplane shall take into consideration human performance and in particular shall not require
exceptional skill or alertness on the part of the flight crew.
Note.— Guidance material on human performance can be found in the Human Factors Training
Manual (Doc 9683).
2.2.3 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the scheduled performance of the aeroplane shall be
consistent with compliance with 1.3.1 and with the operation in logical combinations of those of the
aeroplane’s systems and equipment, the operation of which may affect performance.
2.2.3 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the performance data in the flight manual of the
aeroplane shall be consistent with compliance with 1.3.1 and with the operation in logical combinations
of those of the aeroplane’s systems and equipment, the operation of which may affect performance.
F-19
2.2.4 Minimum performance
2.2.4.1 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, at the maximum masses scheduled (see 2.2.7) for take-
off and for landing as functions of the aerodrome elevation or pressure-altitude either in the standard
atmosphere or in specified still air atmospheric conditions, and, for seaplanes, in specified conditions of
smooth water, the aeroplane shall be capable of accomplishing the minimum performances specified in
2.2.5 and 2.2.6, respectively, not considering obstacles, or runway or water run length.
2.2.4.1 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, for aeroplanes for which application for certification
was submitted before 2 March 2019, at the maximum masses scheduled for take-off and for landing
permitted by the performance data in the flight manual (see 2.2.7.2) as functions of the aerodrome
elevation or pressure-altitude either in the standard atmosphere or in specified still air atmospheric
conditions, and, for seaplanes, in specified conditions of smooth water, the aeroplane shall be capable of
accomplishing the minimum performances specified in 2.2.5 and 2.2.6, respectively, not considering
obstacles, or runway or water run length.
Note.— This Standard permits the maximum take-off mass and maximum landing mass to be
scheduled in the flight manual against, for example:
— aerodrome elevation, or
— pressure-altitude at aerodrome level, or
— pressure-altitude and atmospheric temperature at aerodrome level,
so as to be readily usable when applying the national code on aeroplane performance operating
limitations.
2.2.4.2 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, for aeroplanes for which application for certification
was submitted on or after 2 March 2019, at the maximum masses scheduled for take-off and for landing
permitted by the performance data in the flight manual (see 2.2.7.3) as functions of the aerodrome
elevation or pressure-altitude either in the standard atmosphere or in specified still air atmospheric
conditions, and, for seaplanes, in specified conditions of smooth water, the aeroplane shall be capable of
accomplishing the minimum performances specified in 2.2.5 and 2.2.6, respectively, not considering
obstacles, or runway or water run length.
2.2.5 Take-off
a) The aeroplane shall be capable of taking off assuming the critical engine to fail (see 2.2.7), the
remaining engine(s) being operated within their take-off power or thrust limitations.
b) After the end of the period during which the take-off power or thrust may be used, the aeroplane
shall be capable of continuing to climb, with the critical engine inoperative and the remaining
engine(s) operated within their maximum continuous power or thrust limitations, up to a height
that it can maintain and at which it can continue safe flight and landing.
c) Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the minimum performance at all stages of take-off and climb
shall be sufficient to ensure that under conditions of operation departing slightly from the
idealized conditions for which data is scheduled (see 2.2.7), the departure from the scheduled
values is not disproportionate.
F-20
c) As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the minimum performance at all stages of take-off and climb
shall be sufficient to ensure that under conditions of operation departing slightly from the
idealized conditions for which data is furnished (see 2.2.7), the departure from the furnished
values is not disproportionate.
...
2.2.7 Scheduling of performance
Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, performance data shall be determined and scheduled in the flight manual
so that its application by means of the operating rules to which the aeroplane is to be operated in
accordance with 5.2 of Annex 6, Part I, will provide a safe relationship between the performance of the
aeroplane and the aerodromes and routes on which it is capable of being operated. Performance data shall
be determined and scheduled for the following stages for the ranges of mass, altitude or pressure-altitude,
wind velocity, gradient of the take-off and landing surface for landplanes; water surface conditions,
density of water and strength of current for seaplanes; and for any other operational variables for which
the aeroplane is to be certificated.
...
2.2.7 Performance data
2.2.7.1 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the following stages are considered, as applicable:
a) Take-off. The take-off performance data shall include the accelerate-stop distance and the take-off
path.
b) Accelerate-stop distance. The accelerate-stop distance shall be the distance required to accelerate and
stop, or, for a seaplane to accelerate and come to a satisfactorily low speed, assuming the critical
engine to fail suddenly at a point not nearer to the start of the take-off than that assumed when
determining the take-off path (see 2.2.7.1 c)). Additionally, for landplanes, the distance shall be based
on operations with all the wheel brake assemblies at the fully worn limit of their allowable wear
range.
...
2.2.7.2 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, for aeroplanes for which application for certification was
submitted before 2 March 2019, performance data shall be determined and furnished in the flight manual so
that its application by means of the operating rules to which the aeroplane is to be operated in accordance
with 5.2 of Annex 6, Part I, will provide a safe relationship between the performance of the aeroplane and
the aerodromes and routes on which it is capable of being operated. Performance data shall be determined
and furnished for the stages in 2.2.7.1 a) to e) for the ranges of mass, altitude or pressure-altitude, wind
velocity, gradient of the take-off and landing surface for landplanes; water surface conditions, density of
water and strength of current for seaplanes; and for any other operational variables for which the aeroplane
is to be certificated.
2.2.7.3 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, for aeroplanes for which application for certification was
submitted on or after 2 March 2019, performance data shall be determined and furnished in the flight
manual. Such performance data shall be so that its application by means of the operating rules to which
the aeroplane is to be operated in accordance with 5.2 of Annex 6, Part I, will provide a safe relationship
between the performance of the aeroplane and the aerodromes and routes on which it is capable of being
operated. Performance data shall be determined and furnished for the stages in 2.2.7.1 a) to f) for the
ranges of mass, pressure-altitude, ambient temperature, wind velocity, and for any other operational
F-21
variables for which the aeroplane is to be certificated. Additionally, the take-off performance data and the
at time of landing performance data shall include the effect of the gradient and conditions (dry, wet or
contaminated) of the take-off or landing surface as appropriate for landplanes, and water surface
conditions, density of water and strength of current for seaplanes. The at time of take-off landing
performance data need only to be determined with standard day temperature and level, dry landing
surfaces for landplanes, but shall include the effect of water surface conditions, density of water, and
strength of current for seaplanes.
______________________
F-22
ANNEX 14 — AERODROMES
VOLUME I — AERODROME DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
...
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
1.1 Definitions
...
Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Runway condition assessment matrix (RCAM). ‡ A matrix allowing the assessment of the runway
condition code, using associated procedures, from a set of observed runway surface condition(s) and
pilot report of braking action.
Runway condition code (RWYCC).‡ A number describing the runway surface condition to be used in the
runway condition report.
Note.— The purpose of the runway condition code is to permit an operational aeroplane
performance calculation by the flight crew. Procedures for the determination of the runway condition
code are described in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
Runway condition report (RCR). ‡ A comprehensive standardized report relating to runway surface
condition(s) and its effect on the aeroplane landing and take-off performance.
...
Runway surface condition(s). ‡ A description of the condition(s) of the runway surface used in the
runway condition report which establishes the basis for the determination of the runway condition
code for aeroplane performance purposes.
Note 1.— The runway surface conditions used in the runway condition report establish the
performance requirements between the aerodrome operator, aeroplane manufacturer and aeroplane
operator.
Note 2.— Aircraft de-icing chemicals and other contaminants are also reported but are not included
in the list of runway surface condition descriptors because their effect on runway surface friction
characteristics and the runway condition code cannot be evaluated in a standardized manner.
Note 3.— Procedures on determining runway surface conditions are available in the
PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
‡
Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021.
F-23
...
Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals.
Slush. † Water-saturated snow which with a heel-and-toe slap-down motion against the ground will be
displaced with a splatter; specific gravity: 0.5 up to 0.8.
Note.— Combinations of ice, snow and/or standing water may, especially when rain, rain and snow,
or snow is falling, produce substances with specific gravities in excess of 0.8. These substances, due to
their high water/ice content, will have a transparent rather than a cloudy appearance and, at the higher
specific gravities, will be readily distinguishable from slush.
Snow (on the ground). †
a) Dry snow. Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart again upon
release; specific gravity: up to but not including 0.35.
b) Wet snow. Snow which, if compacted by hand, will stick together and tend to or form a snowball;
specific gravity: 0.35 up to but not including 0.5.
c) Compacted snow. Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass that resists further
compression and will hold together or break up into lumps if picked up; specific gravity: 0.5 and
over.
Station declination. An alignment variation between the zero degree radial of a VOR and true north,
determined at the time the VOR station is calibrated.
...
CHAPTER 2. AERODROME DATA
...
2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities
...
2.9.2 The condition of the movement area and the operational status of related facilities shall be
monitored, and reports on matters of operational significance affecting aircraft and aerodrome operations
shall be provided in order to take appropriate action, particularly in respect of the following:
a) construction or maintenance work;
b) rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;
c) snow, slush, ice, or frost on a runway, a taxiway or an apron; [applicable until 4 3 November
2020 2021]
c) water, snow, slush, ice, or frost on a runway, a taxiway or an apron; [applicable as of 5 4
November 2020 2021]
†
Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021.
F-24
d) water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron; [applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021]
e) anti-icing or de-icing liquid chemicals or other contaminants on a runway, taxiway or apron;
f) snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, a taxiway or an apron;
g) other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft;
h) failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome visual aids; and
i) failure of the normal or secondary power supply.
Note 1.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, other contaminants may include mud, dust, sand, volcanic
ash, oil and rubber. Annex 6, Part I — International Commercial Air Transport — Aeroplanes,
Attachment C provides guidance on the description of runway surface conditions. Additional guidance is
included in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2.
Note 2.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, particular attention would have to be given to the
simultaneous presence of snow, slush, ice, wet ice, snow on ice with anti-icing or de-icing liquid
chemicals.
Note 3.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, see 2.9.11 for a list of winter contaminants to be reported.
Note 1.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, other contaminants may include mud, dust, sand, volcanic
ash, oil and rubber. Procedures for monitoring and reporting the conditions of the movement area are
included in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
Note 2.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the Aeroplane Performance Manual (Doc 10064) provides
guidance on aircraft performance calculation requirements regarding the description of runway surface
conditions in 2.9.2 c), e) and f).
Note 3.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, origin and evolution of data, assessment process and the
procedures are prescribed in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981). These procedures are intended to fulfil
the requirements to achieve the desired level of safety for aeroplane operations prescribed by Annex 6
and Annex 8 and to provide the information fulfilling the syntax requirements for dissemination specified
in Annex 15, the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) and the PANS-AIM (Doc 10066).
2.9.3 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, to facilitate compliance with 2.9.1 and 2.9.2, inspections of
the movement area shall be carried out each day at least once where the code number is 1 or 2 and at least
twice where the code number is 3 or 4.
Note.— Guidance on carrying out daily inspections of the movement area is given in the Airport
Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 8 and in the Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control
Systems (SMGCS) (Doc 9476).
2.9.3 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, to facilitate compliance with 2.9.1 and 2.9.2, the following
inspections shall be carried out each day:
a) for the movement area, at least once where the aerodrome reference code number is 1 or 2 and at
least twice where the aerodrome reference code number is 3 or 4; and
b) for the runway(s), inspections in addition to a) whenever the runway surface conditions may have
changed significantly due to meteorological conditions.
F-25
Note 1.— Procedures on carrying out daily inspections of the movement area are given in the PANS-
Aerodromes (Doc 9981). Further guidance is available in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part
8, in the Manual of Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS) (Doc 9476) and in the
Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (A-SMGCS) Manual (Doc 9830).
Note 2.— The PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981) contains clarifications on the scope of a significant
change in the runway surface conditions.
2.9.4 Recommendation.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, personnel assessing and reporting
runway surface conditions required in 2.9.2 and 2.9.8 should be trained and competent to meet criteria
set by the State.
Note.— Guidance on criteria is included in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 8,
Chapter 7.
2.9.4 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, personnel assessing and reporting runway surface conditions
required in 2.9.2 and 2.9.5 shall be trained and competent to perform their duties.
Note 1.— Guidance on training of personnel is given in Attachment A, Section 6 [applicable as of
5 4 November 2020 2021].
Note 2.— Information on training for personnel assessing and reporting runway surface conditions
is available in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
Water on a runway [applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021]
2.9.5 Recommendation.— Whenever water is present on a runway, a description of the runway
surface conditions should be made available using the following terms:
DAMP — the surface shows a change of colour due to moisture.
WET — the surface is soaked but there is no standing water.
STANDING WATER — for aeroplane performance purposes, a runway where more than 25 per
cent of the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the required length and
width being used is covered by water more than 3 mm deep.
2.9.6 Information that a runway or portion thereof may be slippery when wet shall be made
available.
Note.— The determination that a runway or portion thereof may be slippery when wet is not based
solely on the friction measurement obtained using a continuous friction measuring device. Supplementary
tools to undertake this assessment are described in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2.
2.9.7 Notification shall be given to aerodrome users when the friction level of a paved runway or
portion thereof is less than that specified by the State in accordance with 10.2.3.
Note.— Guidance on conducting a runway surface friction characteristics evaluation programme
that includes determining and expressing the minimum friction level is provided in Attachment A,
Section 7.
F-26
Snow, slush, ice or frost on a runway [applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021]
Note 1.— The intent of these specifications is to satisfy the SNOWTAM and NOTAM promulgation
requirements contained in Annex 15 and the PANS-AIM (Doc 10066).
Note 2.— Runway surface condition sensors may be used to detect and continuously display current
or predicted information on surface conditions such as the presence of moisture, or imminent formation
of ice on pavements.
2.9.8 Whenever an operational runway is contaminated by snow, slush, ice or frost, the runway
surface condition shall be assessed and reported.
Note.— Guidance on assessment of snow- and ice-covered paved surfaces is provided in Attachment
A, Section 6.
2.9.9 Recommendation.— Runway surface friction measurements made on a runway that is
contaminated by slush, wet snow or wet ice should not be reported unless the reliability of the
measurement relevant to its operational use can be assured.
Note.— Contaminant drag on the equipment’s measuring wheel, amongst other factors, may cause
readings obtained in these conditions to be unreliable.
2.9.10 Recommendation.— When friction measurements are taken as part of the assessment, the
performance of the friction measuring device on compacted snow- or ice-covered surfaces should meet
the standard and correlation criteria set or agreed by the State.
Note.— Guidance on criteria for, and correlation between, friction measuring devices is included in
the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2.
2.9.11 Recommendation.— Whenever snow, slush, ice or frost is present and reported, the
description of the runway surface condition should use the following terms:
DRY SNOW;
WET SNOW;
COMPACTED SNOW;
WET COMPACTED SNOW;
SLUSH;
ICE;
WET ICE;
FROST;
DRY SNOW ON ICE;
WET SNOW ON ICE;
CHEMICALLY TREATED;
SANDED
and should include, where applicable, the assessment of contaminant depth.
2.9.12 Recommendation.— Whenever dry snow, wet snow or slush is present on a runway, an
assessment of the mean depth over each third of the runway should be made to an accuracy of
approximately 2 cm for dry snow, 1 cm for wet snow and 0.3 cm for slush.
F-27
Runway surface condition(s) for use in the runway condition report
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
Introductory Note.— The philosophy of the runway condition report is that the aerodrome operator
assesses the runway surface conditions whenever water, snow, slush, ice or frost are present on an
operational runway. From this assessment, a runway condition code (RWYCC) and a description of the
runway surface are reported which can be used by the flight crew for aeroplane performance
calculations. This report, based on the type, depth and coverage of contaminants, is the best assessment
of the runway surface condition by the aerodrome operator; however, all other pertinent information
may be taken into consideration. See Attachment A, Section 6, for further details. The PANS-Aerodromes
(Doc 9981) contains procedures on the use of the runway condition report and assignment of the RWYCC
in accordance with the runway condition assessment matrix (RCAM).
2.9.5 The runway surface condition shall be assessed and reported through a runway condition
code (RWYCC) and a description using the following terms:
COMPACTED SNOW
DRY
DRY SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
FROST
ICE
SLUSH
STANDING WATER
WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET
WET ICE
WET SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
CHEMICALLY TREATED
LOOSE SAND
Note 1.— The runway surface conditions are those conditions for which, by means of the methods
described in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981), the flight crew can derive appropriate aeroplane
performance.
Note 2.— The conditions, either singly or in combination with other observations, are criteria for
which the effect on aeroplane performance is sufficiently deterministic to allow assignment of a specific
runway condition code.
Note 3.— The terms CHEMICALLY TREATED and LOOSE SAND do not appear in the aeroplane
performance section but are used in the situational awareness section of the runway condition report.
2.9.6 Whenever an operational runway is contaminated, an assessment of the contaminant depth
and coverage over each third of the runway shall be made and reported.
Note.— Procedures on depth and coverage reporting are found in the PANS-Aerodromes
(Doc 9981).
F-28
2.9.7 When friction measurements are used as part of the overall runway surface assessment on
compacted snow- or ice-covered surfaces, the friction measuring device shall meet the standard set or
agreed by the State.
2.9.8 Recommendation.— Friction measurements made on runway surface conditions with
contaminants other than compacted snow and ice should not be reported.
Note.— Friction measurements on loose contaminants such as snow and slush, in particular, are
unreliable due to drag effects on the measurement wheel.
2.9.9 Information that a runway or portion thereof is slippery wet shall be made available.
Note 1.— The surface friction characteristics of a runway or a portion thereof can be degraded due
to rubber deposits, surface polishing, poor drainage or other factors. The determination that a runway or
portion thereof is slippery wet stems from various methods used solely or in combination. These methods
may be functional friction measurements, using a continuous friction measuring device, that fall below a
minimum standard as defined by the State, observations by aerodrome maintenance personnel, repeated
reports by pilots and aircraft operators based on flight crew experience, or through analysis of aeroplane
stopping performance that indicates a substandard surface. Supplementary tools to undertake this
assessment are described in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
Note 2.— See 2.9.1 and 2.13 concerning the provision of information to, and coordination between,
appropriate authorities.
2.9.10 Notification shall be given to relevant aerodrome users when the friction level of a paved
runway or portion thereof is less than the minimum friction level specified by the State in accordance
with 10.2.3.
Note 1.— Guidance on determining and expressing the minimum friction level is provided in
Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway Surface Conditions (Cir 329).
Note 2.— Procedures on conducting a runway surface friction characteristics evaluation programme
are provided in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
Note 3.— Information to be promulgated in a NOTAM includes specifying which portion of the
runway is below the minimum friction level and its location on the runway.
...
CHAPTER 10. AERODROME MAINTENANCE
...
10.2 Pavements
...
10.2.2 The surface of a runway shall be maintained in a condition such as to prevent formation of
harmful irregularities.
Note.— See Attachment A, Section 5.
F-29
10.2.3 A paved runway shall be maintained in a condition so as to provide surface friction
characteristics at or above the minimum friction level specified by the State.
Note.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2, contains
further information on this subject.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway
Surface Conditions (Cir 329) contains further information on this subject.
10.2.4 Runway surface friction characteristics for maintenance purposes shall be periodically
measured with a continuous friction measuring device using self-wetting features and documented. The
frequency of these measurements shall be sufficient to determine the trend of the surface friction
characteristics of the runway.
Note 1.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, guidance on evaluating the friction characteristics of a
runway is provided in Attachment A, Section 7. Additional guidance is included in the Airport Services
Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2.
Note 1.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, guidance on evaluating the runway surface friction
characteristics is provided in Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway Surface Conditions
(Cir 329).
Note 2.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the objective of 10.2.3, 10.2.4, 10.2.7 and 10.2.8 is to
ensure that the surface friction characteristics for the entire runway remain at or above a minimum
friction level specified by the State.
Note 2.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the objective of 10.2.3 to 10.2.7 and 10.2.9 is to ensure
that the surface friction characteristics for the entire runway remain at or above a minimum friction level
specified by the State.
Note 3.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, guidance for the determination of the required frequency
is provided in Attachment A, Section 7 and in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2,
Appendix 5.
10.2.5 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, when runway surface friction measurements are made for
maintenance purposes using a self-wetting continuous friction measuring device, the performance of the
device shall meet the standard set or agreed by the State.
10.2.6 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, personnel measuring runway surface friction required in
10.2.5 shall be trained to fulfil their duties.
10.2.7 Corrective maintenance action shall be taken to prevent the runway surface friction
characteristics for either the entire runway or a portion thereof from falling below a minimum friction
level specified by the State.
Note.— A portion of runway in the order of 100 m long may be considered significant for
maintenance or reporting action.
10.2.8 Recommendation.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, when there is reason to believe that
the drainage characteristics of a runway, or portions thereof, are poor due to slopes or depressions, then
F-30
the runway surface friction characteristics should be assessed under natural or simulated conditions that
are representative of local rain, and corrective maintenance action should be taken as necessary.
10.2.8 Recommendation.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the runway surface should be visually
assessed, as necessary, under natural or simulated rain conditions for ponding or poor drainage and
where required, corrective maintenance action taken.
...
10.3 Removal of contaminants
10.3.1 Snow, slush, ice, standing water, mud, dust, sand, oil, rubber deposits and other
contaminants shall be removed from the surface of runways in use as rapidly and completely as possible
to minimize accumulation.
Note.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the above requirement does not imply that winter operations
on compacted snow and ice are prohibited. Guidance on snow removal and ice control and removal of
other contaminants is given in the Aerodrome Services Manual (Doc 9137), Parts 2 and 9.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, the above requirement does not imply that winter operations
on compacted snow and ice are prohibited. Information on snow removal and ice control and removal of
other contaminants is given in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
...
10.3.4 Recommendation.— Whenever the clearance of snow, slush, ice, etc., from the various
parts of the movement area cannot be carried out simultaneously, the order of priority after the runway(s)
in use should be set in consultation with the affected parties such as rescue and firefighting service and
documented in a snow plan.
Note 1.— See PANS-AIM (Doc 10066), Appendix 2, Part 3, AD 1.2.2 for information to be
promulgated in an AIP concerning a snow plan. The Aeronautical Information Services Manual
(Doc 8126) contains guidance on the description of a snow plan including general policy concerning
operational priorities established for the clearance of movement areas.
Note 2.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 8,
Chapter 6, specifies that an aerodrome snow plan clearly defines, inter alia, the priority of surfaces to be
cleared.
10.3.5 Recommendation.— Chemicals to remove or to prevent the formation of ice and frost on
aerodrome pavements should be used when conditions indicate their use could be effective. Caution
should be exercised in the application of the chemicals so as not to create a more slippery condition.
Note.— Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, guidance on the use of chemicals for aerodrome pavements
is given in the Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2.
Note.— As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, information on the use of chemicals for aerodrome
pavements is given in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
10.3.6 Chemicals which may have harmful effects on aircraft or pavements, or chemicals which
may have toxic effects on the aerodrome environment, shall not be used.
...
F-31
ATTACHMENT A. GUIDANCE MATERIAL
SUPPLEMENTARY TO ANNEX 14, VOLUME I
...
6. Assessing the surface friction characteristics of snow-,
slush-, ice- and frost-covered paved surfaces
Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021
6.1 There is an operational need for reliable and uniform information concerning the surface
condition of contaminated runways. Contaminant type, distribution and for loose contaminants, depth are
assessed for each third of the runway. An indication of surface friction characteristics is helpful in
conducting runway condition assessment. It can be obtained by friction measuring devices; however,
there is no international consensus on the ability to correlate the results obtained by such equipment
directly with aircraft performance. However, for contaminants such as slush, wet snow and wet ice,
contaminant drag on the equipment’s measuring wheel, amongst other factors, may cause readings
obtained in these conditions to be unreliable.
6.2 Any friction measuring device intended predict aircraft braking performance according to an
agreed local or national procedure should be shown to correlate such performance in a manner acceptable
to the State. Information on the practice of one State providing correlation directly with aircraft braking
performance can be found in Appendix A of Assessment, Measurement and Reporting of Runway Surface
Conditions (ICAO Cir 329).
...
6. Runway condition report for reporting runway surface condition
Applicable 5 4 November 2020 2021
6.1 On a global level, movement areas are exposed to a multitude of climatic conditions and
consequently a significant difference in the condition to be reported. The runway condition report (RCR)
describes a basic methodology applicable for all these climatic variations and is structured in such a way
that States can adjust them to the climatic conditions applicable for that State or region.
6.2 The concept of the RCR is premised on:
a) an agreed set of criteria used in a consistent manner for runway surface condition assessment,
aeroplane (performance) certification and operational performance calculation;
b) a unique runway condition code (RWYCC) linking the agreed set of criteria with the aircraft
landing and take-off performance table, and related to the braking action experienced and
eventually reported by flight crews;
c) reporting of contaminant type and depth that is relevant to take-off performance;
F-32
d) a standardized common terminology and phraseology for the description of runway surface
conditions that can be used by aerodrome operator inspection personnel, air traffic controllers,
aircraft operators and flight crew; and
e) globally-harmonized procedures for the establishment of the RWYCC with a built-in flexibility to
allow for local variations to match the specific weather, infrastructure and other particular
conditions.
...
7. Determination of surface friction characteristics
for construction and maintenance purposes
Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021
Note.— The guidance in this section involves the functional measurement of friction-related aspects
related to runway construction and maintenance. Excluded from this section is the operational, as
opposed to functional, measurement of friction for contaminated runways. However, the devices used for
functional measurement could also be used for operational measurement, but in the latter case, the
figures given in Airport Services Manual (Doc 9137), Part 2, Table 3-1 are not relevant.
7.1 The surface friction characteristics of a paved runway should be:
a) assessed to verify the surface friction characteristics of new or resurfaced paved runways (Chapter 3,
3.1.25); and
b) assessed periodically in order to determine the slipperiness of paved runways (Chapter 10, 10.2.4).
7.2 The condition of a runway pavement is generally assessed under dry conditions using a self-
wetting continuous friction measuring device. Evaluation tests of runway surface friction characteristics
are made on clean surfaces of the runway when first constructed or after resurfacing.
...
______________________
F-33
ANNEX 15 — AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES
...
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL
...
1.1 Definitions
...
SNOWTAM.† A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to
snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by
means of a specific format.
SNOWTAM.†† A special series NOTAM given in a standard format providing a surface condition report
notifying the presence or cessation of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush, frost, standing
water or water associated with snow, slush, ice or frost on the movement area.
__________________________________
† Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021.
†† Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021.
______________________
————————
ATTACHMENT G to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF THE
PANS-ATM (DOC 4444), SIXTEENTH EDITION
Add the following at the end of Table A:
Approved
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
10 Eighth Meeting of Postponement of the applicability date of 19 June 2020
the 220th Session of Amendment 7-B: Amendment concerning 4 November 2021
the ICAO Council the use of an enhanced global reporting
format for assessing and reporting runway
surface conditions.
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF THE
PANS-AERODROMES (DOC 9981), THIRD EDITION
Add the following at the end of Table A:
Approved
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
4 Eighth Meeting of Postponement of the applicability date of 19 June 2020
the 220th Session of Amendment 1 concerning the use of an 4 November 2021
the ICAO Council enhanced global reporting format for
assessing and reporting runway surface
condition, excluding the editorial
amendments concerning the structure of
the document.
Postponement of the applicability date of
Amendment 2 consequential to changes
to the SNOWTAM format as provided in
the PANS-AIM (Doc 10066).
G-2
AMENDMENT TO THE FOREWORD OF THE FIRST EDITION
OF THE PANS-AIM (DOC 10066)
Insert the following in Table A:
Approved
Amendment Source(s) Subject Applicable
2 Eighth Meeting of Postponement of the applicability date of 19 June 2020
the 220th Session of the amendment to the First Edition 4 November 2021
the ICAO Council regarding SNOWTAM format.
————————
ATTACHMENT H to State letter AN 10/1.1, AN 11/1.3.33, AN 11/6.3.32,
AN 3/5.13, AN 4/1.2.29, AN 2/2.7, AN 13/2.1, AN 4/27 and AN 2/33-20/73
AMENDMENTS TO THE
PANS-ATM (DOC 4444); PANS-AERODROMES (DOC 9981);
AND PANS-AIM (DOC 10066)
NOTES ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE AMENDMENTS
The text of the amendment is arranged to show deleted text with a line through it and new text
highlighted with grey shading, as shown below:
Text to be deleted is shown with a line through it. text to be deleted
New text to be inserted is highlighted with grey shading. new text to be inserted
Text to be deleted is shown with a line through it new text to replace existing text
followed by the replacement text which is highlighted
with grey shading.
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TEXT OF AMENDMENTS TO THE
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
TO THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
TO THE PANS-ATM (DOC 4444), PANS-AERODROMES (DOC 9981)
AND PANS-AIM (DOC 10066)
PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES —
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (PANS-ATM, DOC 4444)
...
Chapter 1
DEFINITIONS
...
Situation display. An electronic display depicting the position and movement of aircraft and other
information as required.
Slush.† Water-saturated snow which with a heel-and-toe slap-down motion against the ground will be
displaced with a splatter; specific gravity: 0.5 up to 0.8.
Note.— Combinations of ice, snow and/or standing water may, especially when rain, rain and snow, or
snow is falling, produce substances with specific gravities in excess of 0.8. These substances, due to their
high water/ice content, will have a transparent rather than a cloudy appearance and, at the higher specific
gravities, will be readily distinguishable from slush.
Snow (on the ground).†
a) Dry snow. Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart upon release; specific
gravity: up to but not including 0.35.
b) Wet snow. Snow which, if compacted by hand, will stick together and tend to or form a snowball; specific
gravity: 0.35 up to but not including 0.5.
c) Compacted snow. Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass that resists further compression and
will hold together or break up into lumps if picked up; specific gravity: 0.5 and over.
Special VFR flight. A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in
meteorological conditions below VMC.
...
4.12 REPORTING OF OPERATIONAL AND
†
Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021.
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METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
...
4.12.3 Contents of special air-reports
4.12.3.1 Special air-reports shall be made by all aircraft whenever the following conditions are
encountered or observed:
a) moderate or severe turbulence; or
b) moderate or severe icing; or
c) severe mountain wave; or
d) thunderstorms, without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or
e) thunderstorms, with hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or
f) heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
g) volcanic ash cloud; or
h) pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption. ; or
i) As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, runway braking action encountered is not as good as reported.
Note.— Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context means unusual and/or increasing volcanic
activity which could presage a volcanic eruption.
...
4.12.7 Forwarding of braking action information
(Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
When receiving special air-reports by voice communications concerning braking action encountered that
is not as good as that reported, air traffic service units shall forward them without delay to the appropriate
aerodrome operator.
...
H-4
Chapter 7
PROCEDURES FOR AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE
...
7.5 ESSENTIAL INFORMATION ON AERODROME CONDITIONS
...
7.5.2 Essential information on aerodrome conditions shall include information relating to the
following:
a) construction or maintenance work on, or immediately adjacent to the movement area;
b) rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron, whether marked or not;
c) snow, slush or ice on a runway, a taxiway or an apron [applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021];
c) water, snow, slush, ice or frost on a runway, a taxiway or an apron [applicable as of
5 4 November 2020 2021];
d) water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron [applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021];
d) anti-icing or de-icing liquid chemicals or other contaminant on a runway, taxiway or apron
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021];
e) snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, a taxiway or an apron;
f) other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft and birds on the ground or in the air;
g) failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome lighting system;
h) any other pertinent information.
Note.— Up-to-date information on the conditions on aprons may not always be available to the
aerodrome control tower. The responsibility of the aerodrome control tower in relation to aprons is, with
respect to the provisions of 7.5.1 and 7.5.2, limited to the transmission to aircraft of the information which
is provided to it by the authority responsible for the aprons.
...
H-5
Chapter 11
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES MESSAGES
...
11.4.3.4 MESSAGES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON AERODROME CONDITIONS
Note.— Provisions regarding the issuance of information on aerodrome conditions are contained in
Chapter 7, 7.5.
11.4.3.4.1 Whenever information is provided on aerodrome conditions, this shall be done in a clear
and concise manner so as to facilitate appreciation by the pilot of the situation described. It shall be issued
whenever deemed necessary by the controller on duty in the interest of safety, or when requested by an
aircraft. If the information is provided on the initiative of the controller, it shall be transmitted to each
aircraft concerned in sufficient time to enable the pilot to make proper use of the information.
11.4.3.4.2 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, information that water is present on a runway shall be
transmitted to each aircraft concerned, on the initiative of the controller, using the following terms:
DAMP — the surface shows a change of colour due to moisture.
WET — the surface is soaked but there is no standing water.
STANDING WATER — for aeroplane performance purposes, a runway where more than 25 per cent of
the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the required length and width being used
is covered by water more than 3 mm deep.
11.4.3.4.2 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, whenever information is provided concerning runway
surface conditions that may adversely affect aircraft braking action, the following terms shall be used, as
necessary:
COMPACTED SNOW
DRY
DRY SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
FROST
ICE
SLUSH
STANDING WATER
WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET
H-6
WET ICE
WET SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
11.4.3.4.3 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, appropriate ATS units shall have available for
transmission to aircraft, upon request, the Runway Condition Report information. This shall be passed to
aircraft in the order of the direction of landing or take-off.
...
Chapter 12
PHRASEOLOGIES
...
12.3 ATC PHRASEOLOGIES
12.3.1 General
CIRCUMSTANCES Phraseologies
...
12.3.1.11 AERODROME INFORMATION a) [(location)] RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
(APPLICABLE UNTIL RUNWAY (number) (condition);
4 3 November 2020 2021)
b) [(location)] RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
RUNWAY (number) NOT CURRENT;
c) LANDING SURFACE (condition);
d) CAUTION CONSTRUCTION WORK (location);
e) CAUTION (specify reasons) RIGHT (or LEFT), (or
BOTH SIDES) OF RUNWAY [number];
f) CAUTION WORK IN PROGRESS (or
OBSTRUCTION) (position and any necessary advice);
g) RUNWAY REPORT AT (observation time) RUNWAY
(number) (type of precipitant) UP TO (depth of deposit)
MILLIMETRES. ESTIMATED SURFACE FRICTION
GOOD (or MEDIUM TO GOOD, or MEDIUM, or
MEDIUM TO POOR, or POOR;
H-7
h) BRAKING ACTION REPORTED BY (aircraft type) AT
(time) GOOD (or MEDIUM to GOOD, or MEDIUM, or
MEDIUM to POOR, or POOR);
i) RUNWAY (or TAXIWAY) (number) WET [or
STANDING WATER, or SNOW REMOVED (length
and width as applicable), or TREATED, or COVERED
WITH PATCHES OF DRY SNOW (or WET SNOW, or
COMPACTED SNOW, or SLUSH, or FROZEN SLUSH,
or ICE, or WET ICE, or ICE UNDERNEATH, or ICE
AND SNOW, or SNOWDRIFTS, or FROZEN RUTS
AND RIDGES)];
j) TOWER OBSERVES (weather information);
k) PILOT REPORTS (weather information).
12.3.1.11 AERODROME INFORMATION a) [(location)] RUNWAY (number) SURFACE
(APPLICABLE AS OF CONDITION [CODE (three digit number)] followed as
5 4 NOVEMBER 2020 2021) necessary by:
Note 1.— See 11.4.3.4.4 for 1) ISSUED AT (date and time UTC);
requirements for passing RCR
to pilots. 2) DRY, or WET ICE, or WATER ON TOP OF
COMPACTED SNOW, or DRY SNOW, or DRY
Note 2.— This information is
provided for runway thirds or SNOW ON TOP OF ICE, or WET SNOW ON TOP
the full runway, as applicable. OF ICE, or ICE, or SLUSH, or STANDING
WATER, or COMPACTED SNOW, or WET SNOW,
or DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW,
or WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW,
or WET, or FROST;
3) DEPTH ((depth of deposit) MILLIMETRES or NOT
REPORTED);
H-8
4) COVERAGE ((number) PER CENT or NOT
REPORTED);
5) ESTIMATED SURFACE FRICTION (GOOD, or
GOOD TO MEDIUM, or MEDIUM, or MEDIUM
TO POOR, or POOR, or LESS THAN POOR);
6) AVAILABLE WIDTH (number) METRES;
7) LENGTH REDUCED TO (number) METRES;
8) DRIFTING SNOW;
9) LOOSE SAND;
10) CHEMICALLY TREATED;
11) SNOWBANK (number) METRES [LEFT, or RIGHT,
or LEFT AND RIGHT] [OF or FROM]
CENTRELINE;
12) TAXIWAY (identification of taxiway) SNOWBANK
(number) METRES [LEFT, or RIGHT, or LEFT
AND RIGHT] [OF or FROM] CENTRELINE;
13) ADJACENT SNOWBANKS;
14) TAXIWAY (identification of taxiway) POOR;
15) APRON (identification of apron) POOR;
16) Plain language remarks;
b) [(location)] RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
RUNWAY (number) NOT CURRENT;
c) LANDING SURFACE (condition);
d) CAUTION CONSTRUCTION WORK (location);
e) CAUTION (specify reasons) RIGHT (or LEFT), (or
BOTH SIDES) OF RUNWAY [(number)];
f) CAUTION WORK IN PROGRESS (or
OBSTRUCTION) (position and any necessary advice);
H-9
g) BRAKING ACTION REPORTED BY (aircraft type) AT
(time) GOOD (or GOOD TO MEDIUM, or MEDIUM, or
MEDIUM TO POOR, or POOR);
h) TAXIWAY (identification of taxiway) WET [or
STANDING WATER, or SNOW REMOVED (length
and width as applicable), or CHEMICALLY TREATED,
or COVERED WITH PATCHES OF DRY SNOW (or
WET SNOW, or COMPACTED SNOW, or SLUSH, or
FROZEN SLUSH, or ICE, or WET ICE, or ICE
UNDERNEATH, or ICE AND SNOW, or
SNOWDRIFTS, or FROZEN RUTS AND RIDGES or
LOOSE SAND)];
i) TOWER OBSERVES (weather information);
j) PILOT REPORTS (weather information).
...
Appendix 1
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AIR-REPORTING
BY VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
1. Reporting instructions
...
MODEL AIREP SPECIAL
ITEM PARAMETER TRANSMIT IN TELEPHONY as appropriate
...
9 Phenomenon encountered or observed,
prompting a special air-report:
• Moderate turbulence TURBULENCE MODERATE
• Severe turbulence TURBULENCE SEVERE
• Moderate icing ICING MODERATE
• Severe icing ICING SEVERE
• Severe mountainwave MOUNTAINWAVE SEVERE
• Thunderstorms without hail THUNDERSTORMS
Section 3
• Thunderstorms with hail THUNDERSTORMS WITH HAIL
• Heavy dust/sandstorm DUSTSTORM or SANDSTORM HEAVY
• Volcanic ash cloud VOLCANIC ASH CLOUD
• Pre-eruption volcanic activity or volcanic eruption PRE-ERUPTION VOLCANIC ACTIVITY or VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021 Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021
Runway braking action
• Good GOOD
• Good to Medium GOOD TO MEDIUM
H-10
• Medium MEDIUM
• Medium to Poor MEDIUM TO POOR
• Poor POOR
• Less than Poor LESS THAN POOR
...
Section 3
Item 9 — PHENOMENON PROMPTING A SPECIAL AIR-REPORT. Report one of the following
phenomena encountered or observed:
...
• Good braking action as “BRAKING ACTION GOOD”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
• Good to medium braking action as “BRAKING ACTION GOOD TO MEDIUM”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
• Medium braking action as “BRAKING ACTION MEDIUM”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
• Medium to poor braking action as “BRAKING ACTION MEDIUM TO POOR”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
• Poor braking action as “BRAKING ACTION POOR”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
• Less than poor braking action as “BRAKING ACTION LESS THAN POOR”
[applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
The following specifications apply: [applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021]
Good — Braking deceleration is normal for the wheel braking effort applied and directional control is
normal.
Good to medium — Braking deceleration or directional control is between Good and Medium.
Medium — Braking deceleration is noticeably reduced for the wheel braking effort applied or
directional control is noticeably reduced.
Medium to poor — Braking deceleration or directional control is between Medium and Poor.
Poor — Braking deceleration is significantly reduced for the wheel braking effort applied or
directional control is significantly reduced.
Less than poor — Braking deceleration is minimal to non-existent for the wheel braking effort
applied or directional control is uncertain.
...
————————
H-11
PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES —
AERODROMES (PANS-AERODROMES, DOC 9981)
...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...
PART II — AERODROME OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 2. Reporting format using standard runway condition report (RCR)
(applicable on 5 4 November 2020 2021) .............................................................. II-2-1
2.1 Runway surface condition assessment and reporting ................................................. II-2-1
2.2 Aerodrome movement area maintenance ................................................................... II-2-12
Attachment to Chapter 2 Methods of assessing runway surface condition
(applicable on 5 4 November 2020 2021) .............................................................. II-2-Att-1
...
______________________
...
PART II – AERODROME OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT
Chapter 2
(applicable on 5 4 November 2020 2021)
REPORTING FORMAT USING
STANDARD RUNWAY CONDITION REPORT (RCR)
2.1 RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING
2.1.1 General
...
2.1.1.1 Assessing and reporting the condition of the movement area and related facilities is
necessary in order to provide the flight crew with the information needed for safe operation of the
aeroplane. The runway condition report (RCR) is used for reporting assessed information.
2.1.1.2 On a global level, movement areas are exposed to a multitude of climatic conditions and
consequently a significant difference in the condition to be reported. The RCR describes a basic structure
applicable for all these climatic variations. Assessing runway surface conditions rely on a great variety of
techniques and no single solution can apply to every situation.
H-12
...
Attachment to Chapter 2
(applicable on 5 4 November 2020 2021)
METHODS OF ASSESSING RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
...
————————
H-13
PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION SERVICES —
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
(PANS-AIM, DOC 10066)
...
Chapter 1
DEFINITIONS
...
Route stage. A route or portion of a route flown without an intermediate landing.
SNOWTAM.† A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to
snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by
means of a specific format.
SNOWTAM.†† A special series NOTAM given in a standard format providing a surface condition report
notifying the presence or cessation of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush, frost, standing
water or water associated with snow, slush, ice or frost on the movement area.
...
5.2.2.2 The snow plan issued under AD 1.2.2 of the AIP shall be supplemented by seasonal
information, to be issued well in advance of the beginning of each winter (not less than one month before
the normal onset of winter conditions) and shall contain information such as that listed below:
a) until 4 3 November 2020 2021, a list of aerodromes/heliports where snow clearance is expected
to be performed during the coming winter:
a) as of 5 4 November 2020 2021, a list of aerodromes/heliports where snow, slush, ice or frost
clearance is expected to be performed during the coming winter:
...
5.2.5.1.3 All NOTAM shall be issued in the English language.
Note.— If necessary for domestic users, NOTAM may additionally be issued in a national language.
† Applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021.
†† Applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021.
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5.2.5.1.4 Until 4 3 November 2020 2021, information concerning snow, slush, ice and standing
water on aerodrome/heliport pavements shall, when reported by means of a SNOWTAM, contain the
information in the order shown in the SNOWTAM Format in Appendix 4.
5.2.5.1.4 As of 5 4 November 2020 2021, information concerning snow, slush, ice, frost, standing
water, or water associated with snow, slush, ice or frost on the movement area shall be disseminated by
means of a SNOWTAM, and shall contain the information in the order shown in the SNOWTAM Format
in Appendix 4.
Note.— The origin and order of the information is a result of assessment processes and
procedures prescribed in the PANS-Aerodromes (Doc 9981).
...
Appendix 4
SNOWTAM FORMAT
(see Chapter 5, 5.2.5.1.4)
(applicable until 4 3 November 2020 2021)
(PRIORITY (ADDRESSES)
<≡
(COM INDICATOR)
heading) (DATE AND TIME (ORIGINATOR’S
(OF FILING) <≡
( INDICATOR)
(SWAA* SERIAL NUMBER) (LOCATION INDICATOR) DATE-TIME OF OBSERVATION (OPTIONAL GROUP)
(Abbreviated
heading) S W
* * ≪≡(
SNOWTAM (Serial number) <≡
(AERODROME LOCATION INDICATOR) A) <≡
(DATE-TIME OF OBSERVATION (Time of completion of measurement in UTC)) B)
(RUNWAY DESIGNATOR) C)
(CLEARED RUNWAY LENGTH, IF LESS THAN PUBLISHED LENGTH (m)) D)
(CLEARED RUNWAY WIDTH, IF LESS THAN PUBLISHED WIDTH (m; if offset left or right of centre line add “L” or “R”)) E)
(DEPOSITS OVER TOTAL RUNWAY LENGTH F) …./…./….
(Observed on each third of the runway, starting from threshold having the lower runway designation number)
NIL — CLEAR AND DRY
1 — DAMP
2 — WET
3 — RIME OR FROST COVERED (depth normally less than 1 mm)
4 — DRY SNOW
5 — WET SNOW
6 — SLUSH
7 — ICE
8 — COMPACTED OR ROLLED SNOW
9 — FROZEN RUTS OR RIDGES)
(MEAN DEPTH (mm) FOR EACH THIRD OF TOTAL RUNWAY LENGTH) G) …./…./….
(ESTIMATED SURFACE FRICTION ON EACH THIRD OF RUNWAY) H) …./…./….
ESTIMATED SURFACE FRICTION
GOOD — 5
MEDIUM/GOOD — 4
MEDIUM — 3
MEDIUM/POOR — 2
POOR — 1
(The intermediate values of “MEDIUM/GOOD” and “MEDIUM/POOR” provide for more precise information in the
estimate when conditions are found to be between medium and either good or poor.)
(CRITICAL SNOWBANKS (If present, insert height (cm)/distance from the edge of runway (m) followed by “L”, “R” or
J)
“LR” if applicable))
(RUNWAY LIGHTS (If obscured, insert “YES” followed by “L”, “R” or both “LR” if applicable)) K)
H-15
(FURTHER CLEARANCE (If planned, insert length (m)/width (m) to be cleared or if to full dimensions, insert “TOTAL”)) L)
(FURTHER CLEARANCE EXPECTED TO BE COMPLETED BY . . . (UTC)) M)
(TAXIWAY (If no appropriate taxiway is available, insert “NO”)) N)
(TAXIWAY SNOWBANKS (If higher than 60 cm, insert “YES” followed by the lateral distance apart, m)) P) <≡
(APRON (If unusable insert “NO”)) R)
(NEXT PLANNED OBSERVATION/MEASUREMENT IS FOR) (month/day/hour in UTC) S)
(PLAIN-LANGUAGE REMARKS (Including contaminant coverage and other operationally significant information,
T) ) <≡
e.g. sanding, de-icing, chemicals))
NOTES: 1. *Enter ICAO nationality letters as given in ICAO Doc 7910, Part 2.
2. *Information on other runways, repeat from B to P.
3. *Words in brackets ( ) not to be transmitted.
SIGNATURE OF ORIGINATOR (not for transmission)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE SNOWTAM FORMAT
1. General
a) When reporting on more than one runway, repeat Items B to P inclusive.
b) Items together with their indicator shall be dropped completely, where no information is to be
included.
c) Metric units shall be used and the unit of measurement not reported.
d) The maximum validity of SNOWTAM is 8 hours. New SNOWTAM shall be issued whenever a
new runway condition report is received. The following changes relating to runway conditions are
considered as significant:
1) a change in the coefficient of friction of about 0.05;
2) changes in depth of deposit greater than the following: 20 mm for dry snow, 10 mm for wet
snow, 3 mm for slush;
3) a change in the available length or width of a runway of 10 per cent or more;
4) any change in the type of deposit or extent of coverage which requires reclassification in
Items F or T of the SNOWTAM;
5) when critical snow banks exist on one or both sides of the runway, any change in the height
or distance from centre line;
6) any change in the conspicuity of runway lighting caused by obscuring of the lights;
7) any other conditions known to be significant according to experience or local circumstances.
e) The abbreviated heading “TTAAiiii CCCC MMYYGGgg (BBB)” is included to facilitate
the automatic processing of SNOWTAM messages in computer data banks. The explanation of these
symbols is:
TT = data designator for SNOWTAM = SW;
AA = geographical designator for States, e.g. LF = FRANCE, EG = United Kingdom (see
Location Indicators (Doc 7910), Part 2, Index to Nationality Letters for Location
Indicators);
iiii = SNOWTAM serial number in a four-digit group;
H-16
CCCC = four-letter location indicator of the aerodrome to which the SNOWTAM refers (see
Location Indicators (Doc 7910));
MMYYGGgg = date/time of observation/measurement, whereby:
MM = month, e.g. January = 01, December = 12
YY = day of the month
GGgg = time in hours (GG) and minutes (gg) UTC;
(BBB) = optional group for:
Correction to SNOWTAM message previously disseminated with the same serial
number = COR.
Note 1.— Brackets in (BBB) are used to indicate that this group is optional.
Note 2.— When reporting on more than one runway and individual dates/times of
observation/measurement are indicated by repeated Item B, the latest date/time of
observation/measuring is inserted in the abbreviated heading (MMYYGGgg).
Example: Abbreviated heading of SNOWTAM No. 149 from Zurich,
measurement/observation of 7 November at 0620 UTC:
SWLS0149 LSZH 11070620
Note.— The information groups are separated by a space, as illustrated above.
f) The text “SNOWTAM” in the SNOWTAM Format and the SNOWTAM serial number in a four-
digit group shall be separated by a space, for example: SNOWTAM 0124.
g) For readability purposes for the SNOWTAM message, include a line feed after the SNOWTAM
serial number, after Item A, after the last item referring to the runway (e.g. Item P) and after
Item S.
2. Item A — Aerodrome location indicator (four-letter location indicator).
3. Item B — Eight-figure date/time group — giving time of observation as month, day, hour and minute
in UTC; this item shall always be completed.
4. Item C — Lower runway designator number.
5. Item D — Cleared runway length in metres, if less than published length (see Item T on reporting on
part of runway not cleared).
6. Item E — Cleared runway width in metres, if less than published width; if offset left or right of centre
line, add (without space) “L” or “R”, as viewed from the threshold having the lower runway
designation number.
H-17
7. Item F — Deposit over total runway length as explained in SNOWTAM Format. Suitable
combinations of these numbers may be used to indicate varying conditions over runway segments. If
more than one deposit is present on the same portion of the runway, they should be reported in
sequence from the top (closest to the sky) to the bottom (closest to the runway). Drifts, depths of
deposit appreciably greater than the average values or other significant characteristics of the deposits
may be reported under Item T in plain language. The values for each third of the runway shall be
separated by an oblique stroke (/), without space between the deposit values and the oblique stroke,
for example: 47/47/47.
Note.— Definitions for the various types of snow are given at the end of this appendix.
8. Item G — Mean depth in millimetres deposit for each third of total runway length, or “XX” if not
measurable or operationally not significant; the assessment to be made to an accuracy of 20 mm for
dry snow, 10 mm for wet snow and 3 mm for slush. The values for each third of the runway shall be
separated by an oblique stroke (/), without space between the values and the oblique stroke, for
example: 20/20/20.
9. Item H — Estimated surface friction on each third of the runway (single digit) in the order from the
threshold having the lower runway designation number.
Friction measurement devices can be used as part of the overall runway surface assessment. Some
States may have developed procedures for runway surface assessment which may include the use of
information obtained from friction measuring devices and the reporting of quantitative values. In such
cases, these procedures should be published in the Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) and
the reporting made in Item (T) of the SNOWTAM format.
The values for each third of the runway are separated by an oblique stroke (/), without space between
the values and the oblique stroke-, for example: 5/5/5.
10. Item J — Critical snow banks. If present insert height in centimetres and distance from edge of
runway in metres, followed (without space) by left (“L”) or right (“R”) side or both sides (“LR”), as
viewed from the threshold having the lower runway designation number.
11. Item K — If runway lights are obscured, insert “YES” followed (without space) by “L”, “R” or both
“LR”, as viewed from the threshold having the lower runway designation number.
12. Item L — When further clearance will be undertaken, enter length and width of runway or “TOTAL”
if runway will be cleared to full dimensions.
13. Item M — Enter the anticipated time of completion in UTC.
14. Item N — The code (and combination of codes) for Item F may be used to describe taxiway
conditions; enter “NO” if no taxiways serving the associated runway are available.
15. Item P — If snow banks are higher than 60 cm, enter “YES” followed by the lateral distance parting
the snow banks (the distance between) in metres.
16. Item R — The code (and combination of codes) for Item F may be used to describe apron conditions;
enter “NO” if the apron is unusable.
17. Item S — Enter the anticipated time of next observation/measurement in UTC.
H-18
18. Item T — Describe in plain language any operationally significant information but always report on
length of uncleared runway (Item D) and extent of runway contamination (Item F) for each third of
the runway (if appropriate) in accordance with the following scale:
RWY CONTAMINATION 10 PER CENT — if 10% or less of runway contaminated
RWY CONTAMINATION 25 PER CENT — if 11–25% of runway contaminated
RWY CONTAMINATION 50 PER CENT — if 26–50% of runway contaminated
RWY CONTAMINATION 100 PER CENT — if 51–100% of runway contaminated.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLETED SNOWTAM FORMAT
GG EHAMZQZX EDDFZQZX EKCHZQZX
070645 LSZHYNYX
SWLS0149 LSZH 11070700
(SNOWTAM 0149
A) LSZH
B) 11070620 C) 02 D)…P)
B) 11070600 C) 09 D)…P)
B) 11070700 C) 12 D)…P)
R) NO S) 11070920
T) DEICING
Note.— See the Aeronautical Information Services Manual (Doc 8126) for additional SNOWTAM
examples incorporating different runway conditions.
Definitions of the various types of snow
Slush. Water-saturated snow which with a heel-and-toe slap-down motion against the ground will be
displaced with a splatter; specific gravity: 0.5 up to 0.8.
Note.— Combinations of ice, snow and/or standing water may, especially when rain, rain and snow,
or snow is falling, produce substances with specific gravities in excess of 0.8. These substances, due to
their high water/ice content, will have a transparent rather than a cloudy appearance and, at the higher
specific gravities, will be readily distinguishable from slush.
Snow (on the ground).
a) Dry snow. Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart again upon
release; specific gravity: up to but not including 0.35.
b) Wet snow. Snow which, if compacted by hand, will stick together and tend to or form a snowball;
specific gravity: 0.35 up to but not including 0.5.
c) Compacted snow. Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass that resists further
compression and will hold together or break up into lumps if picked up; specific gravity: 0.5 and
over.
H-19
Appendix 4. SNOWTAM FORMAT
(See Chapter 5, 5.2.5.1.4)
(applicable as of 5 4 November 2020 2021)
(PRIORITY (ADDRESSES)
<≡
(COM INDICATOR)
heading) (DATE AND TIME (ORIGINATOR’S
<≡
(OF FILING) ( INDICATOR)
(SWAA* SERIAL NUMBER) (LOCATION DATE/TIME OF ASSESMENT (OPTIONAL GROUP)
(Abbreviated INDICATOR)
heading)
S W * * <≡(
SNOWTAM (Serial number) <≡
Aeroplane performance calculation section
(AERODROME LOCATION INDICATOR) M A) <≡
(DATE/TIME OF ASSESSMENT (Time of completion of assessment in UTC)) M B)
(LOWER RUNWAY DESIGNATION NUMBER) M C)
(RUNWAY CONDITION CODE (RWYCC) ON EACH RUNWAY THIRD)
M D) / /
(From Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6)
(PER CENT COVERAGE CONTAMINANT FOR EACH RUNWAY THIRD) C E) / /
(DEPTH (mm) OF LOOSE CONTAMINANT FOR EACH RUNWAY THIRD) C F) / /
(CONDITION DESCRIPTION OVER TOTAL RUNWAY LENGTH) M G) / /
(Observed on each runway third, starting from threshold having the lower runway designation number)
COMPACTED SNOW
DRY
DRY SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
FROST
ICE
SLUSH
STANDING WATER
WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET
WET ICE
WET SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
(WIDTH OF RUNWAY TO WHICH THE RUNWAY CONDITION CODES APPLY, IF LESS THAN
O H) <≡≡
PUBLISHED WIDTH)
Situational awareness section
(REDUCED RUNWAY LENGTH, IF LESS THAN PUBLISHED LENGTH (m)) O I)
(DRIFTING SNOW ON THE RUNWAY) O J)
(LOOSE SAND ON THE RUNWAY) O K)
(CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON THE RUNWAY) O L)
(SNOWBANKS ON THE RUNWAY)
O M)
(If present, distance from runway centre line (m) followed by “L”, “R” or “LR” as applicable)
(SNOWBANKS ON A TAXIWAY) O N)
(SNOWBANKS ADJACENT TO THE RUNWAY) O O)
(TAXIWAY CONDITIONS) O P)
(APRON CONDITIONS) O R)
(MEASURED FRICTION COEFFICIENT) O S)
(PLAIN-LANGUAGE REMARKS) O T) )
NOTES:
1. *Enter ICAO nationality letters as given in ICAO Doc 7910, Part 2 or otherwise applicable aerodrome identifier.
2. Information on other runways, repeat from B to H.
3. Information in the situational awareness section repeated for each runway, taxiway and apron. Repeat as applicable when reported.
4. Words in brackets ( ) not to be transmitted.
5. For letters A) to T) refer to the Instructions for the completion of the SNOWTAM Format, paragraph 1, item b).
SIGNATURE OF ORIGINATOR (not for transmission)
H-20
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE COMPLETION OF THE SNOWTAM FORMAT
Note.— Origin of data, assessment process and the procedures linked to the surface conditions
reporting system are prescribed in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aerodromes
(PANS-Aerodromes, Doc 9981).
1. General
a) When reporting on more than one runway, repeat Items B to H (aeroplane performance calculation section).
b) The letters used to indicate items are only used for reference purpose and should not be included in the
messages. The letters, M (mandatory), C (conditional) and O (optional) mark the usage and information
and shall be included as explained below.
c) Metric units shall be used and the unit of measurement not reported.
d) The maximum validity of SNOWTAM is 8 hours. New SNOWTAM shall be issued whenever a new
runway condition report is received.
e) A SNOWTAM cancels the previous SNOWTAM.
f) The abbreviated heading “TTAAiiii CCCC MMYYGGgg (BBB)” is included to facilitate the automatic
processing of SNOWTAM messages in computer data banks. The explanation of these symbols is:
TT =
data designator for SNOWTAM = SW;
AA =
geographical designator for States, e.g. LF = FRANCE, EG = United Kingdom (see
Location Indicators (Doc 7910), Part 2, Index to Nationality Letters for Location
Indicators);
iiii = SNOWTAM serial number in a four-digit group;
CCCC = four-letter location indicator of the aerodrome to which the SNOWTAM refers (see
Location Indicators (Doc 7910));
MMYYGGgg = date/time of observation/measurement, whereby:
MM = month, e.g. January = 01, December = 12
YY = day of the month
GGgg = time in hours (GG) and minutes (gg) UTC;
(BBB) = optional group for correction, in the case of an error, to a SNOWTAM message
previously disseminated with the same serial number = COR.
Note 1.— Brackets in (BBB) are used to indicate that this group is optional.
Note 2.— When reporting on more than one runway and individual dates/times of
observation/assessment are indicated by repeated Item B, the latest date/time of
observation/assessment is inserted in the abbreviated heading (MMYYGGgg).
Example: Abbreviated heading of SNOWTAM No. 149 from Zurich,
measurement/observation of 7 November at 0620 UTC:
SWLS0149 LSZH 11070620
Note.— The information groups are separated by a space, as illustrated above.
H-21
g) The text “SNOWTAM” in the SNOWTAM Format and the SNOWTAM serial number in a
four-digit group shall be separated by a space, for example: SNOWTAM 0124.
h) For readability purposes for the SNOWTAM message, include a line feed after the SNOWTAM
serial number, after Item A, and after the aeroplane performance calculation section.
i) When reporting on more than one runway, repeat the information in the aeroplane performance
calculation section from the date and time of assessment for each runway before the information
in the situational awareness section.
j) Mandatory information is:
1) AERODROME LOCATION INDICATOR;
2) DATE AND TIME OF ASSESSMENT;
3) LOWER RUNWAY DESIGNATOR NUMBER;
4) RUNWAY CONDITION CODE FOR EACH RUNWAY THIRD; and
5) CONDITION DESCRIPTION FOR EACH RUNWAY THIRD (when runway condition
code (RWYCC) is reported 1–5)
2. Aeroplane performance calculation section
Item A — Aerodrome location indicator (four-letter location indicator).
Item B — Date and time of assessment (eight-figure date/time group giving time of observation as
month, day, hour and minute in UTC).
Item C — Lower runway designator number (nn[L] or nn[C] or nn[R]).
Note.— Only one runway designator is inserted for each runway and always the lower number.
Item D — Runway condition code for each runway third. Only one digit (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) is
inserted for each runway third, separated by an oblique stroke (n/n/n).
Item E — Per cent coverage for each runway third. When provided, insert 25, 50, 75 or 100 for each
runway third, separated by an oblique stroke ([n]nn/[n]nn/[n]nn).
Note 1.— This information is provided only when the runway condition for each runway third
(Item D) has been reported as other than 6 and there is a condition description for each runway third
(Item G) that has been reported other than DRY.
Note 2.— When the conditions are not reported, this will be signified by the insertion of “NR” for
the appropriate runway third(s).
Item F — Depth of loose contaminant for each runway third. When provided, insert in millimetres
for each runway third, separated by an oblique stroke (nn/nn/nn or nnn/nnn/nnn).
Note 1.— This information is only provided for the following contamination types:
H-22
— standing water, values to be reported 04, then assessed value. Significant changes 3 mm up to
and including 15 mm;
— slush, values to be reported 03, then assessed value. Significant changes 3 mm up to and
including 15 mm;
— wet snow, values to be reported 03, then assessed value. Significant changes 5 mm; and
— dry snow, values to be reported 03, then assessed value. Significant changes 20 mm.
Note 2.— When the conditions are not reported, this will be signified by the insertion of “NR” for
the appropriate runway third(s).
Item G — Condition description for each runway third. Insert any of the following condition
descriptions for each runway third, separated by an oblique stroke.
COMPACTED SNOW
DRY SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
FROST
ICE
SLUSH
STANDING WATER
WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET
WET ICE
WET SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
DRY (only reported when there is no contaminant)
Note.— When the conditions are not reported, this will be signified by the insertion of “NR” for
the appropriate runway third(s).
Item H — Width of runway to which the runway condition codes apply. Insert the width in metres if
less than the published runway width.
3. Situational awareness section
Note 1.— Elements in the situational awareness section end with a full stop.
Note 2.— Elements in the situational awareness section for which no information exists, or where the
conditional circumstances for publication are not fulfilled, are left out completely.
Item I — Reduced runway length. Insert the applicable runway designator and available length in
meters (example: RWY nn [L] or nn [C] or nn [R] REDUCED TO [n]nnn).
Note.— This information is conditional when a NOTAM has been published with a new set of
declared distances.
Item J — Drifting snow on the runway. When reported, insert “DRIFTING SNOW”.
H-23
Item K — Loose sand on the runway. When loose sand is reported on the runway, insert the lower
runway designator and with a space “LOOSE SAND” (RWY nn or RWY nn[L] or nn[C]
or nn[R] LOOSE SAND).
Item L — Chemical treatment on the runway. When chemical treatment has been reported applied,
insert the lower runway designator and with a space “CHEMICALLY TREATED”
(RWY nn or RWY nn[L] or nn[C] or nn[R] CHEMICALLY TREATED).
Item M — Snow banks on the runway. When snow banks are reported present on the runway, insert the lower
runway designator and with a space “SNOW BANK” and with a space left “L” or right “R” or
both sides “LR”, followed by the distance in metres from centre line separated by a space FM CL
(RWY nn or RWY nn[L] or nn[C] or nn[R] SNOW BANK Lnn or Rnn or LRnn FM CL).
Item N — Snow banks on a taxiway. When snow banks are present on a taxiway, insert the taxiway
designator and with a space “SNOW BANK” (TWY [nn]n SNOW BANK).
Item O — Snow banks adjacent to the runway. When snow banks are reported present penetrating the height
profile in the aerodrome snow plan, insert the lower runway designator and “ADJ SNOW
BANKS” (RWY nn or RWY nn[L] or nn[C] or nn[R] ADJ SNOW BANKS).
Item P — Taxiway conditions. When taxiway conditions are reported as poor, insert the taxiway designator
followed by a space “POOR” (TWY [n or nn] POOR or ALL TWYS POOR).
Item R — Apron conditions. When apron conditions are reported as poor, insert the apron designator
followed by a space “POOR” (APRON [nnnn] POOR or ALL APRONS POOR).
Item S — Measured friction coefficient. Where reported, insert the measured friction coefficient and friction
measuring device.
Note.— This will only be reported for States that have an established programme of runway
friction measurement using a State-approved friction measuring device.
Item T — Plain language remarks.
EXAMPLE OF COMPLETED SNOWTAM FORMAT
Example SNOWTAM 1
GG EADBZQZX EADNZQZX EADSZQZX
170100 EADDYNYX
SWEA0149 EADD 02170055
(SNOWTAM 0149
EADD
02170055 09L 5/5/5 100/100/100 NR/NR/03 WET/WET/WET SNOW
)
Example SNOWTAM 2
GG EADBZQZX EADNZQZX EADSZQZX
170140 EADDYNYX
H-24
SWEA0150 EADD 02170135
(SNOWTAM 0150
EADD
02170055 09L 5/5/5 100/100/100 NR/NR/03 WET/WET/WET SNOW
02170135 09R 5/2/2 100/50/75 NR/06/06 WET/SLUSH/SLUSH
)
Example SNOWTAM 3
GG EADBZQZX EADNZQZX EADSZQZX
170229 EADDYNYX
SWEA0151 EADD 02170225
(SNOWTAM 0151
EADD
02170055 09L 5/5/5 100/100/100 NR/NR/03 WET/WET/WET SNOW
02170135 09R 5/2/2 100/50/75 NR/06/06 WET/SLUSH/SLUSH
02170225 09C 2/3/3 75/100/100 06/12/12 SLUSH/WET SNOW/WET SNOW
RWY 09L SNOW BANK R20 FM CL. RWY 09R ADJ SNOW BANKS. TWY B POOR. APRON
NORTH POOR)
Example SNOWTAM 4
GG EADBZQZX EADNZQZX EADSZQZX
170350 EADDYNYX
SWEA0152 EADD 02170345
(SNOWTAM 0152
EADD
02170345 09L 5/5/5 100/100/100 NR/NR/03 WET/WET/SLUSH
02170134 09R 5/2/2 100/50/75 NR/06/06 WET/SLUSH/SLUSH
02170225 09C 2/3/3 75/100/100 06/12/12 SLUSH/WET SNOW/WET SNOW 35
DRIFTING SNOW. RWY 09L LOOSE SAND. RWY 09R CHEMICALLY TREATED. RWY 09C
CHEMICALLY TREATED.)
— END —
Saatja: Moonika Käst <
[email protected]>
Saadetud: 04.08.2020 10:23
Adressaat: Silver Luik <
[email protected]>; 'Kristo Vallimäe' <
[email protected]>;
<
[email protected]>; 'Tiina Josepson' <
[email protected]>
Koopia: 'Olga Mašinskaja' <
[email protected]>; 'Rene Lüll' <
[email protected]>; 'Almer
Ellen' <
[email protected]>; 'Kuressaare ATS' <
[email protected]>;
<
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>; 'Natalia Verbenko'
<
[email protected]>; Svetlana Pudova <
[email protected]>; 'Silja Mesila'
<
[email protected]>; Andrus Tedremäe <
[email protected]>;
<
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>
Teema: GRF, ICAO Annex 3 jne.
Tähtsus: Kõrgeim
Manused: Annex 3_AMDT 79.pdf; SL 2020.73.E.pdf
Tere hommikust!
Käesolevaga annan teada, et on saabunud GRF-teemat puudutav ICAO State Letter ning ICAO kodulehelt
on leida muu hulgas ka Annex 3 parandused nr 79 (haakub ka IWXXM teemaga).
Uue rajaolukorra raporti formaadi (GRF) juurutamine on edasi lükatud järgmisesse aastasse, kuupäev
04.11.2021.
St selle kuupäevani saab uue formaadiga tegelemist veel harjutada ning ka lisakoolitusi jms tegevusi
teostada.
Eraldi tooks välja asjaolu, et vaatamata GRFi edasi lükkamisele, rajaolukorra informatsiooni METARi
lisainformatsiooni osasse sisestamist alastes 05.11.2020 ette enam siiski ei nähta
(Vt Annex 3 AMDT nr 79, lk APP 3-28 -> METAR/SPECI mall, Supplementary information).
Kui kellelgi on eelnimetatud edasilükkamiste/parandustega seotult vastuväiteid edastada või on
arvata, et kohaldamisega tekib raskusi, palun sellest mulle märku anda hiljemalt kuupäevaks
21.09.2020.
Lugupidamisega
Moonika Käst
Vaneminspektor
Lennuliiklusteeninduse ja lennuväljade osakond
Tel +372 610 3564
www.ecaa.ee | Lõõtsa 5, Tallinn 11415
Lennuamet