Vastavalt nimekirjale
Meie 25.10.2019 nr 7-12/19/2208-6
Leedu üleriigilise planeeringu piiriülene
keskkonnamõju hindamine
Vastavalt piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsiooni (Espoo konventsiooni)
keskkonnamõju strateegilise hindamise protokollile on Leedu informeerinud Eestit sellest, et on
koostamas uut pikaajalise perspektiiviga üleriigilist planeeringut. Praeguseks on planeeringu
menetluses jõutud etappi, mille raames on välja töötatud riigi ruumilise arengu strateegilised
suunad (alternatiivid) ning territooriumi kasutamise prioriteedid (nn kontseptuaalne raamistik).
Tulenevalt käimasoleva etapi kõrgest tasandist ning tuginedes kättesaadavale teabele on Leedu
arvamusel, et planeeringuga ei kaasne olulist piiriülest keskkonnamõju naaberriikidele. Siiski on
Leedu edastanud võimalike kommentaaride tegemiseks vastavate materjalide ingliskeelsed
kokkuvõtted (üleriigilise planeeringu kontseptuaalne raamistik ning selle keskkonnamõju
strateegiline hinnang). Lähtuvalt Leedu määratud vastamistähtajast on võimalikud kommentaarid
kõnealuste materjalide kohta oodatud 18. novembriks 2019. Täiendav teave on leitav veebilehel
http://www.bendrasisplanas.lt/2019/06/03/en/ .
Lugupidamisega
(allkirjastatud digitaalselt)
Sigrid Soomlais
keskkonnakorralduse osakonna juhataja
Lisad: 1) kontseptuaalne raamistik;
2) keskkonnamõju strateegiline hinnang
Rainer Persidski
626 2973,
[email protected]
Narva maantee 7a/ Tallinn 15172/ 626 2802/
[email protected]/ www.envir.ee/
Registrikood 70001231
SUMMARY /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
SUMMARY
The preparation phase of the conceptual framework
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of
Lithuania
1
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
1. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIA VALUES,
AMBITIONS, VISIONS 4
2. DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES OF SPATIAL SYSTEMS AND TERRITORIAL ELEMENTS 8
2.1. Development of spatial systems 8
2.2. Development of territorial elements 13
2.3. Development of specific topics 17
3. ALTERNATIVES FOR SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL PRIORITIES 18
4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS 43
CONCLUSIONS 46
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
INTRODUCTION
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred
to as the ‘CPRL’) is the main territorial planning document of the country, which provides a
long-term perspective for the development of the country’s territory.
The planned territory is the land and sea territories of the Republic of Lithuania, including
the territorial sea of the Republic of Lithuania, as well as areas where Lithuania exercises
exclusive sovereign rights, i.e., the contiguous zone and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ),
including the continental shelf.
The CPRL will become one of the primary development documents of the country and the
solutions provided therein will be valid until 2030, and the proposed vision will be valid
until 2050. The conceptual framework of the CPRL establishes general objectives of the
development and provides solutions that define the main directions of the development:
the spatial development directions of the country’s territory are specified, and functional
priorities of the usage of remote habitat territories are determined therein.
The preparation phase of the conceptual framework is primarily based on the extensive
and comprehensive analysis of the current state of the CPRL and its findings, referring the
fundamental values of the country and society. Possible challenges are also considered
when developing the conceptual solutions: the inevitable economic changes, the increase
in the regional exclusion, ageing society, climate change and its consequences, and so on.
The need of the State to create, approve and have a master spatial planning document of
this scale can be realised only by the collective work and consensus of the people
supporting the development of the State.
The State territorial development is associated with awareness of objectives and principles
of sustainable development. In the vision of the CPRL, the sustainable development of the
territory of Lithuania is perceived as the entirety of all areas and territorial components,
operating in an integrated system and ensuring the creation of sustainable environment.
The conceptual framework provides for two alternatives: the implementation of the first
one ensures the sustainable development of the country’s territory, thus achieving a high
level of quality of life throughout the country. The leading solutions of the conceptual
framework of the CPRL are highlighted in the text using a particular font – ‘a solution of
the conceptual framework’, while the solution of the territorial and spatial structure is
additionally marked with the ‘T ‘symbol.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
1. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE SPATIAL
DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIA VALUES, AMBITIONS, VISIONS
The exact path of the State’s life is difficult to determine due to many internal and global
factors; therefore, the conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of
the Republic of Lithuania is drafted based on values to preserve and foster them. First of all,
the universally acknowledged principles of sustainable development are highlighted, such as
a modern state, which we should use and develop. The general principles are associated with
the values of the Lithuanian state and its people, which are laid down in the Constitution of
the Republic of Lithuania or, in a fragmentary way, in various strategic documents of the
State. It is essential to supplement the values by current events that highlight the
development objectives of the State: to achieve the national well-being, preserve identity, be
recognisable in Europe and globally. Thus, the values of the State and its people are the
foundation of Lithuania’s ambitions and vision up to 2050.
The universally recognised sustainable development scheme is linked to the values-
ambitions-and-vision pyramid. This link shows the interconnections of the State’s values with
the outlook direction of the State’s development and the people’s well-being of people in
the long term. The value pyramid model consists of:
● Core values of the country (including the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
and strategic documents of the country stating the value aspects);
● Ambitions to foster national values, i. e. what we want to achieve.
● Visions that help to implement the ambitions.
Fig. 1. The sequence of elaboration (adaptation) of the sustainable development model
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Values. Economic, social and environmental
balance and the sustainable operation of areas
by creating positive synergies to satisfy the
people’s well-being in the present without
compromising the future possibilities for the
people’s well-being are considered as one of
the cornerstones of the country’s Sustainability, balance and
harmony
development.
Typical values are complemented and
elaborated by the values of the State and its
people, reflecting the country’s specificities.
Ambitions. The aim of fostering the value
basis is to create a high quality of life, which in
turn produces high levels of prosperity in the
country. High quality of life is inseparable from
responsible consumption/usage, as well as the
preservation and the further development of
the identity of the environmental, region and High living quality today and
tomorrow
the State. Responsible consumption/usage is
must be expressed in both daily and
systematic actions, and only the overall
outcome will result in prerequisites for
sustainable development of the country.
Vision means the implementation of
ambitions. Three key aspects have been
identified for the concept (aspiration) of
Lithuania’s territorial development (after the
evaluation of the specificity of the
comprehensive plan it was sought to examine
aspects related to territorial expression or
closely related to territorial decisions):
● vibrant urban structures;
● viable ecosystem;
● efficient bio-production territories.
Through implementing these visions by
appropriate measures, the State’s
competitiveness will be increased, the high-
quality living environment (in its broader
sense) will be created, the consequences of
climate change will be mitigated, and the
adaptation to climate change will be achieved.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Following the sustainable development model, the conceptual framework of the
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania identifies and elaborates
the main ambitions and visions providing directions for the development of the country’s
territorial elements and spatial systems.
The following vital spatial systems are distinguished in the conceptual framework:
● urban system;
● economic system;
● mobility (communication system);
● engineering systems;
● ecosystems;
● resources.
National territorial elements are differentiated to:
● Intensive clusters of urbanisations (urban and suburban areas);
● Agricultural areas;
● Sea and coastline;
● (Relatively) natural territories.
The matrix of spatial systems and territorial elements (see Fig. 2) integrates the spatial
(spatial systems) and territorial (territorial factors) aspects. The spatial systems are analysed,
tested and planned to employ all territorial elements, by underlining their influence,
identifying their importance and determining the impact. Different values and expressions of
various systems within individual territorial components indicate their weight and
significance throughout the spatial structure of the country. Additionally, the derivative and
critical topics of the conceptual framework of the CPRL are laid down and examined:
● Identity of the State and the regions;
● Competitive regions, a competitive State;
● Significant objects of the country.
Fig. 2. Interaction diagram of spatial systems and territorial elements.
(Intensity of the operation of the systems in territorial elements: – small, – average, – large)
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Spatial systems and territorial elements elaborate the visions that reflect and support the
three underlying development visions of the country: a viable urban structure, efficient bio-
production areas, vibrant ecosystems, which are more or less expressed in the conceptual
framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania, thus
acquiring a specific territorial location.
Fig. 3. Integration of values, ambitions and visions.
The provisions for the development of the country listed in the conceptual framework of the
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania must be specified not only
at the solution-specification stage but also in the lower-level territorial planning documents,
projects, all kinds of strategic documents. The different layers of papers must be
interconnected in the original ideological context.
Territorial planning Strategic Projects, implementation
documents documents programmes
National programmes
National Regional programmes
level
Regional Local programmes
level
Local
level
Projects
Fig. 4. Integration of values, ambitions and visions in various levels.
The visions of the conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the
Republic of Lithuania are long-term, and they may be reached in certain phases by successive
increments, which are named at the solution-specification stage of the plan.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
2. DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES OF SPATIAL SYSTEMS AND
TERRITORIAL ELEMENTS
2.1. Development of spatial systems
Urban system. To achieve the ambitions and visions set in the conceptual framework, the urban
system must create the most favourable conditions for social, economic and environmental
development of the country and high quality of life of people. Viable urban structures are built
based on sustainability, activity balance and sustainable environment. The vision of the
conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of Lithuania is implemented through
developing and consolidating the viable urban structures, in the development and the shaping
of:
● Polycentric urban system;
● Hierarchic regional centres and their communication system;
● The synergy of centres and the method of affordable services and activities;
● Compact urban development;
● The integrity of the State’s urban system with the EU.
The polycentric principle is also a continuous solution of the current Comprehensive Plan of the
Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. The importance of the polycentric development is being
emphasised in Europe as well, namely in the EU strategic documents: European Spatial
Development Perspective (1999), EU Territorial Agenda 2020 (2011), the Pact of Amsterdam
enshrined in the EU Urban Agenda (2016).
The Lithuanian urban system operates within the hierarchic polycentric urban structure T,
consisting of urban centres and their functional relationship. Urban centre levels are associated
with the appropriate coverage of services – the highest level of urban centres host the broadest
range of services, the lowest level – the essential functions. Urban centres are designated to the
following standards:
● Metropolitan centres: cities active in the international system of urban centres
(interconnected by functional relations of the worldwide level), hosting the most
extensive range of services (from those satisfying imperative and relatively frequent
needs to services of relatively scarce demand), and acting as the country’s economic
engines.
● Regional centres: cities that play a particularly important role in regions, providing
services ranging from those satisfying imperative needs to those of relatively medium
and even partially small demand, and concentrating high service capabilities, economic
activities and jobs.
● Regional local centres: cities with the primary objective of maintaining the viability of
the regions by working with regional centres, providing services of not lower than
relatively frequent demand.
● Local centres are concentrating essential services and serving the smallest territorial
units (having evaluated the level of the Comprehensive Plan, the general principles of
development are defined for the level of local centres, their significance in the urban
public system is understood, but it is not discussed in detail).
A group of demand attributed to urban centres is designated as a minimum service package for
the appropriate level of support, and there are no limitations expected under favourable
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
demographics and economic conditions, to focus higher-level services. The contents of the
needs are output-like, and it may be specified or revised in the solution stage of the
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania.
Urban structure elements are operating in the EU context. The urban system that is
appropriately developed with viable urban structure components – sustainable urban centres –
creates possibilities not only for the country to generate wealth, reduce regional exclusion but
also to encourage prosperous functioning as a full-fledged EU member for increasing the
competitiveness of the State The latter aspect is a particularly crucial structural part of the
Lithuanian urban structure, which is visible in the international context. It is established that the
European urban architecture integrates the main urban centres – partner cities Vilnius-
Kaunas, Klaipėda, partner cities Šiauliai-Panevėžys T. These urban centres are connected
with those of the other Member States by the main transport corridors located in the following
directions: North-South (Corridor I (Via Baltica), planned Rail Baltica, and the corridor branch IA
(Via Hanseatica); East-West (Corridor IX (branch IXB – Kyiv-Minsk-Vilnius-Klaipėda and branch
IXD – Kaunas-Kaliningrad)), as well as pertaining water and air transport links. Through the usage
of transport, energy and engineering systems nodes, science and innovation centres and other
relative and absolute advantages, the critical Lithuanian urban centres need to break into
international value-added chains, transport and logistics, ITT, financial and other service
systems. Lithuanian universities available in the most significant urban centres of the country,
targeted by their potential, research institutes and innovative business infrastructure,
knowledge and competences, become a favourable medium for the active cross-border
cooperation, determining the growing investment in R&D activities.
Fig. 5. Diagram of urban structure operating at the international level
Strengthening of the main urban centres, i. e. Vilnius and Kaunas, Šiauliai and Panevėžys, which
have a relatively small distance from each other (in the European context) from the territorial
point of view by applying the principle of partnership complementarity is planned. Through
exploiting the existing and expected infrastructure, the synergy created by large cities
partnerships would increase the country’s overall weight at the international level, which would,
in turn, generate all-round benefits for the internal well-being of the country and improve the
quality of life in the regions. Vilnius-Kaunas and Šiauliai-Panevėžys partnerships must be carried
out:
● through the creation of a high level of connectivity, allowing them to overcome the
distance between them at the lowest possible time expenses;
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
● by ensuring passenger multi-modal travel opportunities (increasing interoperability and
compatibility between international and national public transport services, and so on,
and facilitating the movement of tourists);
● by ensuring access to multi-modal and inter-modal cargo logistics;
● by developing a typical relationship with innovation policy systems;
● through the ongoing cooperation between research and innovation centres by an
increasing degree of integration of economic, social, cultural and other fields in the
international level;
● by positioning itself in a global context as a platform with a suitable environment for
start-ups with advanced e-services.
The main activities of Vilnius-Kaunas and Šiauliai-Panevėžys partnerships, which are
distinguished in the conceptual framework, are elaborated in the solution-specification stage by
supplementing them.
Although the main urban centres and transport corridors active at the international level are
highlighted, it shall also be noted that it is essential to shape the regional and lower-level
contacts with neighbouring states (especially the EU Member States) urban centres, regions that
could contribute to the growth and singularity of Lithuanian cities.
Spatial economic systems. The spatial, financial system is the geographic network of economic
activities which are using connections of urban, transport, energy, and engineering systems as
well as natural and human resources. The objectives of the spatial, financial system are to
ensure sustainable economic growth and competitive development of the country’s economy.
In order to achieve these objectives, the following key elements are necessary: a convenient
infrastructure for land, air and water transport, an efficient energy infrastructure, efficient
exploitation of natural and cultural, fossil fuel resources, high quality digital infrastructure, and
human resources meeting the needs of the labour market to be ensured by the efficient training
and further development system for qualified personnel, high standards of quality of life, and
the business environment promoting private initiative.
Communication system/mobility. The communication system is considered to be one of the
most important engines driving the country, which in the long run will contribute to the
economic value, competitive advantage and visibility in the international context, security in the
country, and the maximum quality of life. In the Comprehensive Plan, the communication
system is viewed not as the consequence of the performance and quality of the individual
components of the communication system but as the entirety of its parts, the effectiveness of
which is based on the multimodality and intramodality properties, the absolute interaction and
synergy between components of the communication system, which ensures the uninterrupted
connectivity between cities, regions, countries through rationally located communication
facilities (ports, stations, logistics centres, traction facilities) and efficient communication
between them (including ITS and other organisational/management tools and services). A
cohesive, economically efficient communication system is safe and has a minimum negative
impact on the human health, which is proposed in the Comprehensive Plan to be shaped
through the rational use of land, cohesive travelling processes, maximum traffic safety
performance, partnership-based economic efficiency and timely implementation of innovative
clean logistics processes.
The country's transport system consists of economic activity corridors T, ensuring significant
international relations and accessibility of the most active country commercial centres, and
internal country corridors T, which are essential for the availability of the countries urban
centres and individual territories. The Comprehensive Plan highlights the rational territorial
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
location of the infrastructure objects (ports (air, maritime (internal waters)), land transport
stations, objects ensuring multimodality and intramodality)T, which would provide a regular,
sustainable operation and focus on the possibilities and economic activity for a particular use.
Specific types of transport or individual infrastructural connections in a system like are not
significant until they are interoperable with the others.
Ecosystem – a geo-ecological compensation system. A full-fledged, viable, resistant and
functional eco-compensation system (NC) (green infrastructure), which in the long run
should ensure the ecological stability of the entire territory of the Republic of Lithuania,
which would create real preconditions for the development of sustainable bio-productive
economy and conditions for healthy living and favourable recreation in urban, agrarian,
marine, and natural landscapes T.
Forest plays a crucial role in eco-compensation, so it is necessary to increase the overall
forestry of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania up to 38–42%. It is expedient to
differentiate the norms of the target forestation, taking into account the nature and intensity of
the natural basis of the morphological areas of the landscape, the type of industrial use and the
degree of ecological risk. It is also necessary to separate the forest functions by distinguishing
the parts of stands that should be protected, adapted for recreation and assigned to intensive
economic use.
The protected areas of Lithuania amount to 17.64% of its territory. Following the European
Union recommendations (EU Strategy 2020), the target area of protected systems should be
18%. The conceptual framework of this plan provides for solutions related to the
establishment and conversion of protected areas T (continuity of the solutions of the previous
comprehensive plan). It is planned to establish the State parks under sophisticated protection:
The National Park of Sudovia and eight new historical State parks. It is also designed to
transform some regional parks into historic national parks and to establish new local parks. To
ensure the maintenance and management of recreational areas of national importance, it is
planned to supplement the ST system with regional recreational parks. New State sanctuaries
have been proposed, paying particular attention to soil protection by developing a network of
pedological sanctuaries. The development of protected areas should also be linked to the
creation of new NATURA 2000 sites.
Resource system. The resource system of the territory consists of non-renewable natural and
renewable natural resources, as well as human-made (using natural resources) cultural
resources. The primary natural resources are underground natural resources, soil, forest
resources, and recreational and cultural potential generated by the totality of the natural and
cultural components of the landscape. Cultural heritage resources consist of movable and
immovable, intangible cultural heritage as well as the integrating cultural landscape. The
conceptual framework establishes the sustainable usage of resources, preservation of
cultural heritage and cultural scene, and integration thereof into other systems, so that the
usage of one resource could not adversely affect the survival potential and quality of other
resources, and would be territorially differentiated and prioritised taking into account their
natural and cultural value and the potential economic benefits.
The potential of subterranean resources, the distribution of geothermal capacities of different
mineral deposits or underground depths in the country are uneven. It is the result of millions of
years of development of different parts of the country’s territory, characterised by different
periods, different geological (tectonic, sedimentation, geochemical, and so on) conditions. Each
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
mineral deposit is unique, occurring at a specific time, in a particular location, under particular
circumstances, and is characterised by its particular spatial distribution. The abundance of
subterranean resources, territorial distribution does not depend on the urban, functional or
administrative division of territories. Instead, it is possible to observe inverse dependencies:
areas with different subterranean resources, their abundance, value, availability of resources,
differing in their usefulness or exclusivity, traditionally and historically different in their practical
use, different urbanisation, technical, social, even cultural or development of engineering
infrastructure. Not only their value, demand, quality, technical availability, but also
environmental aspects, distances from significant users and other issues are gaining in
importance in recent times. Therefore, the exploitation of explored, estimated, or forecasted
subterranean resources becomes an increasingly complex ‘integral function’ that is determined
by many aspects and does not directly correlate with the alternatives for the development of
the territory of the Republic of Lithuania proposed in the conceptual framework of the CP. In the
case of a particular choice, only the logistical aspects of the use of these resources may vary
slightly, depending on the more detailed solutions of the planning stages (compared to the
Comprehensive Plan). The critical determinants of the use of these resources are the quality of
the raw material, its value, demand, the versatile capacity of the deposits, the profitability of
extraction, the distances between raw material and production to the primary consumers,
which determine not only the use of the raw materials but also the final costs and so on.
However, this can only be assessed for each specific purpose of a deposit of subterranean
resources about its interconnection to one particular object (a consumer of raw materials).
Therefore, both the first and the second alternatives of the CPRL basically are subject to
the same basic principles of the use of subterranean resources (in a broad sense) described
in the conceptual framework T, which guarantee not only the national economy's supply of
local fossil fuels, subterranean thermal, capacitive, etc. utilisation of useful properties, but also
protection of the environment, including the underground, from pollution and other negative
consequences related to the use of resources, oriented to the protection of renewable
resources from exhaustion, ensuring their safe, rational and sustainable exploitation.
The recreational potential of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania is formed by natural and
cultured areas with natural and cultural heritage objects located there. Having evaluated the
total recreational potential of the territory, it is planned to increase the importance of
recreation in the general structure of the use of territories T, by distinguishing the priority
territories with the maximum recreational potential. The target is to make territories that have
preserved their naturalness and local cultural identity the object of recreation and cognition not
only for domestic but also for foreign visitors, to increase the social-economic viability of rural
settlements. It is recommended to identify several stretches of landscape with exceptional
natural and cultural value, which are recreationally attractive and picturesque.
Engineering systems. Engineering systems include energy systems (electricity, heat and gas),
drinking water supply and wastewater management, waste management and communication.
The strategic priority of energy systems for 2030–2050 is a cohesive and independent State in
terms of energy. This aim will be achieved through the transition to a low-carbon economy,
ensuring the Lithuanian Energy interconnection with the continental Europe (electricity
and natural gas system) and the development of the liquefied natural gas (LNG)
infrastructure. The sector of water supply and wastewater management will probably face
challenges of centralised water and wastewater management facilities assurance and related
costs on the division of declining population. In the waste sector, in the long term the transition
to a circular economy model is expected. In the communication sector, the quality of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
electronic communication services is essential, as well as securing the development of the
whole territory of universal postal services to ensure accessibility , taking into account the
trend of declining population in different regions.
2.2. Development of territorial elements
Successful, social, and sustainable cities Successful and sustainable cities are one of the main
factors of viability in the regions of their location. The assessment of the current status of the
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania identifies two major
development problems of Lithuanian cities: dispersive growth and shrinking. The conceptual
framework suggests compact urban formation principles that represent the existing
conditions for addressing civic issues and ensure further sustainable urban development T:
▪ Dense building structures are formed, according to the specifics of the structure of the
city (principles and scaling of the building), the optimum density of the building is
sought, the boundaries of the city are identified;
▪ Sustainable land use (mitigate adverse environmental impacts by reducing land use) and
balanced diversity of land use (multifunctionality);
▪ Functional, structural, social, communication and engineering completeness and
complexity of urbanised areas, reuse of brownfields;
▪ Accessibility of the recreational regions by foot and public transport (enhancing
community and social interaction through public spaces, traffic calming and prioritising
pedestrian areas);
▪ Priority is given to public transport in the urban transport system.
The main tools of compact city formation are a consolidation of suburban structures,
multifunctionality for short city trips, priority intensification, conversion of central areas,
conversion of brownfields and other inner territorial reserves, high architectural quality,
functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces. Priority areas for renovation and development shall
be identified in the preparation of integrated spatial planning documents of the cities, as well as
the planned funds for the development of these territories. Investments must be concentrated
to achieve a sophisticated, compact site result.
Cultural heritage in cities is seen as a resource for creating quality, sustainable environment,
shaping local identity, social-economic attractiveness, and one of the factors contributing to
sustainable development.
The development of cities focuses on the group of solutions for increasing the quality of
life T:
● There must be a harmoniously developed network of infrastructure for school and
preschool education, oriented towards results and quality of education.
● The modern and accessible network of health services infrastructure.
● Empowering of active ageing.
● Inclusive culture.
● Quality public spaces and easy access to recreational areas. Public spaces must have a
clear identity and integrate with the environment. Public spaces have to function as
opportunities for social cohesion and local cultural expressions.
● In urban areas, biodiversity to improve the quality of the living environment,
biodiversity is required, as well as living and migration conditions, and enhancement of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
the connectivity of the remaining island-like natural elements through green
connections – corridors.
● Affordable housing. It is important to emphasise that the housing support measures
strategy must be consistent with the urban frame development strategy, which also
covers the range of public services provided. Young families cannot be encouraged to
set up where the social, engineering and communication infrastructure is
underdeveloped and unintended.
● Clean city air.
● Efficient engineering infrastructure, great use of renewable energy sources,
improvement of energy efficiency.
● The transition to a circular economy.
● Adaptation to climate change. At the city level, climate elements will be monitored, and
emergency warning systems will be deployed, ensuring an adequate response speed.
Cities will concentrate on fast-growing, knowledge-intensive services and exports, which should
eventually reduce the relative weight of the currently dominant low- and medium-value-added
manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, transport and logistics activities in gross domestic
value-added. These structural changes in the Lithuanian economy are necessary to maintain
rapid and competitive economic growth and to avoid the so-called ‘average-income traps. To
promote sustainable economic development in cities, it is vital to offer infrastructure for
commercial activities (FEZ, industrial-service parks, public logistics centres).
Complementary strategies (e. g., Smart city, Green city, and so forth) that contribute to
sustainable city development, sustainable use of resources, and reduction of GHG emissions can
operate in the structure of a compact city.
Organic and economic (sustainable) agriculture and vibrant rural areas. The resource
management of bio-productive agricultural regions is based on the concept of
differentiation of agrarian ecosystems by their geo-ecological and eco-agrarian potential,
their resistance to dangerous anthropogenic interference, and the ability to assimilate or
neutralise the impact T. The agricultural ecosystems of lowland moraine provide for intensive
agriculture with arable priority and large-scale land use. It is recommended to develop plateaus
by combining intensive and extensive agriculture for the medium-sized land use with an internal
conversion priority. This covers the possibility of replacing the intensive agriculture with the
extensive one and the arable farming into the non-arable or free-range farming. In the lowland
moraine, it is recommended to develop extensive agriculture (for the medium-sized land use)
with perennial grasslands and pastures, free-range farming, promoting internal (through the
abandonment of arable agriculture and conversion to non-arable farming) and external (through
the transformation of agricultural land to forestry uses or other economic activity) conversion.
The sandy plains are planned for extensive agriculture on small-scale land use and the diverse
nature of farming activities. Priority should also be given to the external conversion of economic
activities by changing the purpose of the least productive land from agriculture to forestry. The
karst area is particularly sensitive to the impact of human activities, and therefore provides a
priority area for extensive organic farming with internal conversion, replacing arable farming
with the non-arable one and perennial grasslands and pastures in the most sensitive areas.
The solutions of the conceptual framework will create a legal basis and a landscape
management tool for limiting agricultural chemistry and controlling nitrogen emissions; these
measures could create actual preconditions for the restoration of biodiversity in heavily agrarian
degraded areas.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
The improvement of the content of organic matter in soil and the quality of its contribution to
the reduction of bio genes emissions to water bodies, the recovery of soil microbiota, the
prevention in reducing soil erosion and risk of the increased soil density.
The conceptual framework provides for a priority for small rural settlements for the
development of their internal and external functional links with urban centres and natural
territories T. Single-farm settlements are related to active farmers only. Healthy communities
will in many cases, be an essential condition for the vitality of rural settlements. Cultural
heritage should be protected through the enhancement and adaptation of cultural heritage
sites, the promotion of continuity of traditions, the development of the infrastructure needed
for heritage conservation, and the promotion of social vitality and economic utility through the
development of infrastructure networks.
When adapting the infrastructure for the smooth provision of high-quality cultural services in
rural areas, it is essential to focus not only on the more effective dissemination of culture but
also on the improvement of the social living environment. Alternative spaces, heritage sites,
public spaces can be used to optimise the cultural services provided and integrate individual
objects into a complex network providing socio-cultural services, and to channel funds towards
content creation, provider empowerment and community engagement. To raise awareness of
the value of culture and raise the level of cultural consumption, it is essential to promote access
to cultural education, by providing access to cultural services for the population, especially
children and young people. To this end, the potential of local communities can be harnessed by
providing incentives and tools to strengthen local communities and enable them to access local
cultural resources. Empowering communities to use local cultural content and resources to
solve specific problems and create and maintain identities would provide essential public
services at the local level and enhance the vitality of localities.
Natural areas as the basis for ecological balance. The optimal landscape structure (natural,
agrarian and urbanised) structure should be realised through the identification, enhancement
and display of landscapes of exceptional value. The conceptual framework envisages the
formation of a functional, socially and naturally viable and imaginative scene, ensuring
continuity of economic activities T and creating favourable living conditions in terms of social
and environmental quality, and opportunities for maintaining various elements of wildlife and
biodiversity. The landscape structure should be nurtured through the upkeep of the land, its
aesthetics and its historical features.
Most of the Lithuanian landscape has been formed through the interaction of the natural and
cultural environment. Therefore, the built cultural landscape must be protected, managed and
planned in a way that is consistent with the cultural heritage and the relevant protection
requirements applicable to the latter.
In order to achieve an improved awareness of the standard landscape value in different ethnic
regions, it is necessary to focus on the targeted representation of the cultural landscape habitats
of exceptional value, the support of their specific economic use, the promotion and preservation
of the landscape components specific to diverse ethnographic regions, by promoting a
purposefully targeted and deliberate use rather than a strict protection.
The rest of the natural landscape (wooded and swampy lake) should be managed and protected,
ensuring its uniqueness and representativeness. Sustainable use of biological resources
(especially forests) is essential to maintain and improve the overall condition and functionality
of these areas.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Limiting the pollution of surface and groundwater from urban and agricultural areas is one of
the necessary conditions for the overall vitality of the landscape. Integration of protective green
spaces into the structure of farming territories would help to restore water quality in water
bodies and would facilitate the restoration of hydro-ecosystem biodiversity.
The natural carcass (NC) area should account for at least 65% of the country's territory T.
Several directions for increasing the geo-ecological potential of the GC territories are envisaged:
(a) maintaining existing potential through sustainable, economically and environmentally
rational use of resources; (b) restoration of damaged and severely damaged agricultural
potential through artificial and/or natural means; (c) restoring the geo-ecological potential of
severely damaged and degraded the GC sites in urban areas through alternative ecological
compensation measures.
The restoration of the natural carcass structure of agricultural areas will create the physical
conditions for increasing the geo-ecological and eco-agrarian potential of damaged and
severely damaged agricultural areas, creating preconditions for the restoration and
enhancement of biodiversity and creating better conditions for maintaining the fertility of
agrarian land T.
In natural areas, the GC development will create the preconditions for natural landscape
stabilisation processes, which would ensure the preservation of the relatively natural
landscape areas and, in areas with weak geo-ecological potential, the potential for their
restoration T.
In urban areas, to improve the quality of the living environment and to better adapt to the
effects of climate change by ensuring biodiversity, the integration of preserved natural
elements into green spaces – corridors – is envisaged T. Green infrastructure measures link the
aspects of wildlife scattered throughout the urban areas to a single, organically functioning,
urban natural frame structure. Ensuring the quality, productivity and viability of urban soil are
considered to be a prerequisite for the excellent functioning of the connections. The realisation
of the latter aims should contribute to the successful improvement of the quality of the urban
environment, the aesthetic appeal of the city and the economic value of its parts.
Responsible use of the sea and coast. Conditions necessary for the sustainable development of
the Lithuanian maritime territory (seaside, high seas) and the transnational goals and objectives
set out in the Comprehensive Plan: safe, clean and efficient naval transport; a coherent energy
policy; a healthy marine environment; one of the essential conditions is functional
environmental status for the quality of the natural and cultural resources available;
sustainable fisheries and aquaculture; and climate resilience.
In the system of functional zoning units of the territory plan of the Republic of Lithuania, two
areas of user priority are distinguished:
● SEASIDE. Existing uses are shaped by recreation, sustainable forestry and agriculture
and fishing, with priority, uses being recreation, conservation and fishing, as well as
transport;
● OFFSHORE. An area where environmental interests intersect and opportunities to
expand other activities are prioritised for nature conservation and sustainable use.
The development of the usage structure of the sea area is determined by its relations with the
urban centres of the land, especially with Klaipėda, state-category and support-type
metropolitan centre, and Klaipėda port. The international East-West transport corridor, which is
being formed in the territory of the sea, passes through Klaipėda. The preconditions for proper
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
development are the Šventoji-Būtingė region, where the oil terminal is already operating, the
reconstruction of Šventoji port is being started, and one of the options for the construction of an
external deep-water port is being explored.
2.3. Development of specific topics
Strong territorial identity of Lithuania Local identity shall be developed by creating strong links
between different sectors, municipal and local communities, and having regard to the social,
cultural and historical patterns. Lithuania, which has different and unique ethnic regions, can
create not only a local or national but also a regional cultural identity. Fostering of tangible and
intangible cultural heritage, new narratives based on territorial exclusivity would contribute to
the creation of the welfare of the country by establishing forms of expression of the public spirit.
Fostering cultural landscape of an exceptional value must be developed by more significant
opportunities for a better understanding of the protected values, promoting public awareness
in respect of protected areas, and ensuring the protection of the values of protected areas,
development of this system. Members of the public are not necessarily benefiting from access
to the cultural and recreational services sector, but the overall awareness creates a national
identity, the pride in national culture and encourages the preservation thereof for future
generations. Character creates the feeling of belonging to social structures, environment or
nation.
Lithuania’s strategic objects. The conceptual framework describes the country’s vital objects
that contains the definitions of the Law on Territorial Planning and the Law on Land Withdrawal
for Social Needs in the Implementation of Economic Projects of National Importance. The list of
the relevant resolutions of the Lithuanian Parliament (the Seimas) of the Republic of Lithuania
and the Government of the Republic of Lithuania to recognise the economic projects of national
importance projects and the resolutions of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania to recognise
the projects of extraordinary national importance. A preliminary list of new strategic objects
proposed by the CPRL is submitted.
Competitive country. A competitive state is characterised by sustainable and balanced
economic growth, the continuance of the economic competitiveness in the international
environment, and average demographic and global balance of migration, having a specific
provision of high-quality public health, education, security, cultural services, and efficient
transport, engineering and digital infrastructure.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
3. ALTERNATIVES FOR SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONAL
PRIORITIES
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
General description of alternatives
The first alternative of the conceptual The second alternative of the conceptual
framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the
Territory of the Republic of Lithuania includes Territory of the Republic of Lithuania propose
the solutions enabling to achieve the ambitions partnership principles that are active within the
and visions (see Fig. 1, diagram ‘Values, current structure of the country by creating
aspirations and ideas’) by developing the conditions for a more flexible adaptation to the
country‘s spatial structure with ten regions, changing demographic situation, optimising
namely, Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, resources and financial resources required to
Panevėžys, Alytus, Marijampolė, Utena, achieve a high quality of life in the whole
Telšiai and Tauragė. In this alternative, a territory of the country T. By facilitating
priority is given to the principle of autonomy cooperation, not only urban centres but also
of equitable regions, whereby public regions are strengthened. According to the
investment in the territory of Lithuania is principles of this alternative, a targeted systematic
distributed as evenly as possible, and a wide concentration of the country's investment should
range of essential services is concentrated in be focused on the partner entities in areas and
each region T. The territorial distribution of the territories which, considering their strengths and
major urban centres in the ten regions is specificities, can bring the most significant benefits
relatively even in the country, which makes and returns not only to the specific location but
possible assumptions for the relatively equal also to the region and the State.
access to regional services. The system of
provision of education, health and social security Evaluating existing spatial structure and systems in
services is based on the principle of hierarchical it, five partnership groups are modelled having the
urban structure, which provides different levels territorial basis, creating new synergies, and
of essential public services in the territories of ensuring stability in the country T:
individual urban centres. However, even the ● Vilnius-Utena-Ukmergė;
actual reach does not ensure the same level of ● Kaunas-Marijampolė-Alytus;
public services and quality of life in the long run. ● Klaipėda-Tauragė-Telšiai;
In the case of this alternative, the regional logic ● Šiauliai-Mažeikiai;
and development strategy of regional centres in ● Panevėžys-Biržai-Rokiškis.
Lithuania would cover the area fairly evenly with Partnerships are created by various types of
medium efficiency mobility service packages, but interfaces. Through the identification of these
interfaces – an absolute uniformity, certain
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
regional connections should be strengthened, aspects are assessed, having a territorial
and autonomous transport corridors should be denomination and describing both existing
ensured to ensure the quality of the centres. dependencies and potential opportunities:
● the physio-morphological issue describes
The objective of each region is to remain a the available natural basis;
centre of attraction for citizens and businesses ● territory-shaped activity potential, for
alike, building on its competitive advantages and example, productive land implies agrarian
creating favourable urban, transport, activity, and evocative landscape – recreation and
engineering and other systems, thereby tourism;
justifying its independence. The focus is on ● economic aspect – boundaries of
fostering local identity through the individual functional regions according to PIT remittances of
exploitation and preservation of local cultural employees (based on ‘Invest Lithuania’
resources as a factor for competitiveness. At information);
present, both demographic and economic ● communication potential – when urban
activity trends reveal that these regions are centres and economic areas are connected by at
developing very unevenly, with different starting least two high-quality alternative transport
positions and potential for future development. systems (existing and planned);
Perceiving the aim of remaining a competitive ● physical contiguity – territorial contiguity
state with efficiently managed public and of lower-level centres with higher-level centres.
budgetary resources, this alternative runs the
risk of failing to achieve sustainable It is the territorial utilisation of certain aspects,
development in the long term in the absence interests and potentials that enables the
sufficient demographic growth (and especially in strengthening of existing structures and the
non-metropolitan areas). creation of synergies, new values that cannot be
achieved on their own.
Partnerships create synergies in the provision of
services at the international, national or regional
level, help to make more efficient use of public
financial, administrative and human resources,
avoid duplication of public functions in adjacent
territories and support sustainable and
competitive state development. The combined
transport and another potential of the partner
cities makes it possible and suggested to organise
high-efficiency mobility services in large part of
Lithuania. Provision of regions with engineering
infrastructure, waste management and
communication services would also be provided
through priority partnerships, e. g., providing for
tasks to implement the circular economy at the
regional level would enable partnerships to make
better use of available resources. New narratives,
based not only on the distinctiveness of places but
also on their relationship, would reinforce a sense
of belonging to the same culture and a collective
identity.
This alternative aims at more straightforward and
more efficient management and investment
allocation. Synergies between municipalities and
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
regional development take place without changing
the established administrative system. The need
for system changes will become evident as the
process progresses and can be modified
accordingly. The solutions of Alternative II can be
implemented in stages, detailing them in the
solution-specification stage. In implementing the
answers of this master plan, specific pilot projects
may be carried out to identify realisation problems
and validate best practices.
Urban system and its structure
For the period up to 2050, only the population of the major cities – Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda and their
neighbouring municipalities (in total eleven districts), is projected to grow. Demographic stabilisation
is forecasted in the ‘growth clusters’ Šiauliai and Panevėžys, their circular districts and the
municipalities located between Vilnius and Kaunas (in total ten towns). The remaining 39
municipalities are expected to shrink. The current demographic trends are expected to stay the same
until 2050; thus, maintaining structures need to be put in place to help the country rationally and
optimally use its available resources, while creating an urban network of locations that will ensure the
quality of life throughout the country.
The conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania,
taking into account the level of the Comprehensive Plan being prepared, forms solutions for the three
highest standards and defines the basic principles for the local level, but they are not elaborated or
graphically depicted.
The conceptual framework distinguishes the supporting urban structure, which will be elaborated at
the solution-specification stage. Each level of both urban centres and functional links includes objects
of different potential, strengths or weaknesses. At the next phase of preparation of the master plan,
these objects will be given individual development measures. Under favourable conditions, the
growth of the urban structure elements – urban centres – is unrestricted; it is noted that it must be
balanced, corresponding to the ambitions and visions listed in the Comprehensive Plan of the
Territory of the Republic of Lithuania.
To achieve regional stability and prosperity The second alternative, while developing the
throughout the country, the polycentric principle urban system, also seeks to ensure the most
is applied to the functioning of urban systems – favourable conditions for the social, economic and
a hierarchical polycentric urban structure is ecological development of the country and to
formed. In the first alternative of the conceptual create the preconditions for a high quality of
framework, the elements of the urban human life, given the negative demographic
structure are associated with priority projections for 2050 – the rational and optimal use
functional relationships with higher-level of available resources and the development of
components, corresponding to a sequential systems that allow for quality living conditions
hierarchical pyramid-type model T. This throughout the country. As a result, we must work
structure operates at international, national, together to build on our shared strengths and to
regional and local levels. discover the potential benefits. To achieve this, a
polycentric hierarchical urban structure is
developed, based on the model of an
established network, which maintains the
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
homogeneous structure of residential areas
and especially strengthens functional links
between certain groups of elements. The
introduction of the partnership principle in this
framework allows for the creation of much more
favourable values than could be achieved by
acting alone or in a relatively individual capacity.
The following levels of urban centres are determined in the alternatives:
Metropolitan centres are differentiated according to their specific features:
● Capital – Vilnius;
● Transnational communication – Kaunas;
● Seaside – Klaipėda.
In the first alternative, regional centres are In the second alternative, regional centres are
broken down into the following types: broken down into the following types:
● Developmental type – cities that are of ● Developmental type – cities that are of
particular importance to local habitats and particular importance to local habitats and
operate actively according to their operate on an international level, provide
capabilities on an international level, services ranging from those satisfying
provide services ranging from those imperative needs to those of relatively
satisfying imperative needs to those of medium and even partially small demand,
relatively medium and even partially small concentrate high service capabilities, jobs and
demand, concentrate high service are economic donors. These are Šiauliai and
capabilities, jobs and are economic donors. Panevėžys. The functioning of these centres
These are Šiauliai and Panevėžys. The has been strengthened through mutual
functioning of these centres has been partnership, creating significant assumptions
strengthened through mutual partnership, the support of the viability in the northern
creating significant assumptions the support and north-eastern Lithuania;
of the viability in the northern and north- ● Supportive type – cities that play a
eastern Lithuania; particularly important role in maintaining the
● Supportive type – cities that play a quality of life in the region, provide services
particularly important role in maintaining of at least relatively moderate demand. These
the quality of life in the region, provide are: Alytus, Utena, Marijampolė, Tauragė,
services of at least relatively moderate Telšiai, Mažeikiai;
demand. These are Alytus, Marijampolė, ● Supplementary type – cities that are
Utena, Telšiai, Tauragė. important for local habitats, are priority
partners of regional centres and provide part
of services offered by regional centres, an
appropriate level of service and jobs. These
are Ukmergė, Rokiškis, Biržai.
Regional local centres – cities with the primary objective of maintaining the viability of the regions by
working with regional centres, providing services of not lower than relatively frequent demand.
Local centres – concentrating essential services and serving the smallest territorial units.
Solutions at the international level of the urban structure remain the same as in both alternatives (see
Chapter Development of Spatial Systems, Urban System).
Ten urban centres are operating at the national The urban structure of the national level is
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
level in the urban structure corresponding to the dominated by fourteen urban centres operating in
present state of the administrative division of the following groups: Vilnius-Utena-Ukmergė;
the regions: three metropolitan centres Vilnius, Kaunas-Marijampolė-Alytus; Klaipėda-Tauragė-
Kaunas, Klaipėda; two regional development Telšiai; Šiauliai-Mažeikiai; Panevėžys-Biržai-
centres – Šiauliai, Panevėžys; five regional Rokiškis. Partnerships between urban centres
support centres – Telšiai, Tauragė, Marijampolė, operating at the national level create the
Alytus, Utena. Viable regional centres – factors preconditions for the higher value and quality of
of regional growth and stability, creating life by using the available resources,
preconditions for maintaining equal living available/developing infrastructure (from social to
conditions. engineering) with fewer resources. Factors of
complementarity between urban centres, co-
At the regional level, urban centres at all levels
distribution of services through partnerships,
have their respective weight and significance in
allow them to remain competitive, to respond
the spatial structure of the country. In addition
more flexibly to changing demographic realities
to the above ten centres, 54 local, regional
and to the challenges of urbanisation – to
centres are planned. The importance of
maintain an equivalent standard of living in the
functional links between lower and higher levels
country.
of urban centres is emphasised.
At the regional level, urban centres at all levels
Although the local level is not specified, it is
have their respective weight and significance in
noted that area-level urban centres and links
the spatial structure of the country. In addition to
with higher-level centres are no less critical in
the fourteen centres mentioned above, 50 local,
the urban system for ensuring the quality of life
regional centres are envisaged (different from the
throughout the country.
first option because the four local, regional
centres are classified as upper-level urban centres.
There are also strong links not only with the
dominant urban centres in the region but also
with other centres under the influence of the
partnerships between the regional centres.
Local level urban centres must also optimise the
infrastructure needed for the quality of service
provision, apply the partnership principle to
maintain/develop it, and contribute to ensuring
mobility, accessibility of services between local
and upper-level urban centres.
Urban centre partnerships do not create typical
urbanisation, they do not encourage them, and
urban centres are compact cities.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Country’s urban structure
Alternative
I
Alternative
II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
Distribution of services in the urban structure
The principles and objectives of the public service The principles and objectives of the public service
system under Alternative I: system under Alternative II:
● Establishment of a network of ● Establishment of a network of
educational infrastructure that is coherent and educational infrastructure that is coherent and
oriented towards achievement and quality of oriented towards achievement and quality of
education (through an incentive system). education (through an incentive system). A
Existing infrastructure is used efficiently, functioning infrastructure is used efficiently,
implementing the principles of integration of implementing the principles of multifunctionality
functions and ensuring high availability of and integration of functions. Utilising
services. Urban centres at the regional and partnerships between urban centres,
local level are responsible for the efficient infrastructure requiring significant investments is
operation of the educational infrastructure managed jointly (e.g., swimming pools, sports
network and the quality of education services grounds, learning laboratories).
within their territorial scope. ● A flexible network of pre-school
● A flexible network of pre-school education infrastructure is being developed,
education infrastructure is being developed, increasing the availability of pre-school education
increasing the availability of pre-school services, especially in rural areas. It creates
education services, especially in rural areas. It opportunities for locally based urban centres to
creates opportunities for locally based urban build compact pre-school age groups based on
centres to build compact pre-school age groups existing infrastructure.
based on existing infrastructure. ● There is a system of health care
● There is a system of health care infrastructure that meets the demographic
infrastructure, ensuring demographic situation specifics and needs of urban centres, effectively
and equal access (the exact number of inpatient utilising the specialisation of medical
hospitals and the type of services provided will institutions (the number of inpatient hospitals
be determined during the restructuring of the and the type of services provided will be
hospital network). determined by implementing the restructuring
● The system of social services for the of the hospital network).
elderly is based on a useful integrated social ● The system of social services for the
services model where the social needs of the elderly is, based on a useful integrated social
elderly and people with disabilities are met services model where the social needs of the
through coordinated action between health elderly and people with disabilities are met
and social care professionals. through coordinated action between health and
In this alternative, the distribution of cultural social care professionals, by combining existing
services is based on a hierarchical principle, with competencies, skills, resources and shared
minimum standards for the accessibility of infrastructure.
services, but to ensure the best availability and ● Cooperation between different types of
quality of services in any urban centre. The urban centres in the health and social spheres is
lowest level urban centres provide access to very intensive. Lack of supportive care and
basic (e.g., cultural education) cultural services nursing and institutional care services in the city
and the higher-level urban centres offer high are compensated by providing such services in
quality professional cultural services (e.g., other municipalities. The service infrastructure
services provided by national cultural shall be managed and developed for optimal use
institutions). of the shared infrastructure network.
● National centres for cultural In cultural services, this alternative offers a shift
competence providing services of relatively from directly performing cultural dissemination
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
scarce demand. Such centres of excellence functions in individual urban centres to
could become state cultural and art institutions establishing partnerships between different
operating in major cities as well as municipal levels of urban centres, allowing for a focus on
institutions and cultural centres. responding and educating the needs of residents
● Regional centres of cultural through centres of different levels:
competence providing services of relatively ● The national centres for cultural
moderate demand. These centres act as competence are the bodies that perform their
facilitators for the implementation of the basic functions at the highest level, providing expert,
package of cultural facilities and should have an managerial, methodological and mentoring
optimal network, differentiated according to the assistance to regional centres. Such centres of
specific needs and resources of the area. excellence could become state cultural and art
● Specialised cultural institutions institutions operating in major cities as well as
providing services of relatively frequent municipal institutions and cultural centres. Such
demand – cultural institutions are differentiated centres would have a particular role to play in
by cultural sectors and ensure the provision of implementing national priorities, coordinating
services and development of a specific cultural activities and providing resources at a national
branch. level.
● Local cultural infrastructure providing ● The regional centres for cultural
access to essential services – local cultural competence act as facilitators and facilitators
infrastructure points, providing a basic cultural for the implementation of the basic package of
package that includes different service cultural services, and should have an optimal
providers, regardless of legal status. network, differentiated according to the specific
Summary of the conceptual solutions of the needs and resources of the area.
first alternative: ● Specialised cultural institutions – cultural
● In implementing this alternative, the institutions are differentiated by cultural
public service delivery model is based on the sectors and ensure the provision of services and
conceptual model of the hierarchical system of development of a specific cultural branch.
urban centres being formed; ● Local cultural infrastructure providing
● Urban centres of different levels within access to essential cultural services and
their territory are responsible for the operation providing cultural education functions – local
of the network of essential public services cultural infrastructure points providing a basic
(according to the level of a hierarchy of cultural package that includes different service
functions assigned to them) and the quality of providers, regardless of legal status.
services provided; The key to the success of the partnership-
● The availability of public services and based service delivery model is to ensure that
the adequate territorial distribution thereof shall these services are accessible through mobile
be pursued; platforms of different levels and efficiency.
● In the case of surplus public service Summary of the conceptual solutions of the
infrastructure – optimisation of such support second alternative
and integration of functions is performed taking ● In implementing this alternative, the
into account demographic situation; public service delivery model is based on the
● The alternative I proposed to optimise partnerships of urban centres and the principal
the network of cultural services would ensure a model of the potential interconnection system;
balanced territorial provision of cultural ● Urban centres of different levels,
services. However, standards of access to individually and collectively, in collaboration
services based solely on territorial principles and with other urban centres, responsible for the
not on a qualitative cross-section of resources operation of the primary public service
and demand may not guarantee the actual infrastructure network and the quality of
provision of quality cultural services. Without an services provided;
integrated approach to the provision of cultural ● In Alternative II, the territorial localisation
facilities, there is a risk of widening the cultural of essential public services is less rigid – a share
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
accessibility gap. of services of relatively scarce demand and a
percentage of services of relatively moderate
demand occurs in the hierarchy of functions. It
means that the cooperation between urban
centres and the specialisation and
complementarity of services can only provide
part of the services (other services are provided
by other urban centres within the partnership);
● In the provision of public services, the aim
is to improve the mobility of an efficiently
functioning public service system, ensuring
accessibility through partnerships of urban
centres;
● Cooperation between different types of
urban centres in the health, education and social
spheres is very intensive.
● In case of surplus public service
infrastructure – optimisation of such support,
integration of functions is performed taking into
account demographic situation, the principles of
functional integration, multifunctionality and
shared management and sharing of
infrastructure are being implemented.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Both in the first alternative and the second alternative, the package of public services has yet to
be assessed by population concentration for the services concerned. As the latter indicator is
more volatile than individual systems and it is practically impossible to provide detailed forecasts
of the population for the planned period in the respective territories, the concept solutions do not
offer graphical solutions in this aspect. The supply of public services must be responsive to
demographic change. Under favourable demographics and economic conditions, urban centres
could be provided with a higher level of service than shown in the diagram.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Primary distribution of public services by the levels of urban centres
Alternative
I
Alternative
II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
Communication system/mobility
In the case of this alternative, based on the logic In the case of this alternative, based on the
and development strategy of regional centres in partnership-based concept and development
Lithuania: strategy in Lithuania:
● To ensure high-quality interconnection ● By using the combined transport and
centres, individual connections and autonomous another potential of the partner, cities make it
transport corridors should be created possible and suggested to organise high-efficiency
(considering the relatively underdeveloped mobility services in large part of Lithuania.
infrastructure of today) on public roads, thus ● In the spirit of partnership, the
developing an alternative to road transport. infrastructural enhancement of some corridors of
Here, the introduction of new support offers the regional importance is meaningless, since the
risk of not maintaining a healthy cost/benefit same result (high level of mobility of people and
balance. goods) can be achieved by organisational
● The whole territory of Lithuania would measures that require fewer resources;
be covered evenly with moderate efficiency ● however, securing communication within
mobility packages, which: zones of partnerships is not a cost-free investment
● on the one hand, would ensure equal to secure missing links (especially if an alternative
attractiveness and opportunities for all regions to road transport is being developed).
in terms of mobility, but Structural elements of the conceptual solutions of
● no area (except for cities providing the second alternative:
international, national transport services) would 1. Three centres providing international
(due to financial challenges) create the transport services are maintained and
conditions for extremely high-quality movement strengthened: Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda.
(especially for the significant centres of Support of the global transport network – two
attraction). existing corridors and improved international
Structural elements of the conceptual solutions corridors T.
of the first alternative: 2. Two national service centres are maintained
1. Three centres providing international and strengthened (Šiauliai, Marijampolė),
transport services are maintained and infrastructural (Rail Baltica), and
strengthened: Vilnius, Kaunas and organisational measures (particularly for
Klaipėda T. Support of the global transport passenger transport) are implemented to
network – two existing corridors and upgraded enable Panevėžys becoming the
international corridors. communication centre of national
2. Two national service centres are importance T.
maintained and strengthened (Šiauliai, 3. Upgrading infrastructure and implementing
Marijampolė), infrastructural (Rail Baltica), organisational (for passenger transport)
and organisational measures (particularly measures in eight cities (Telšiai, Tauragė,
for passenger transport) are implemented to Utena, Ukmergė, Jonava, Kėdainiai, Alytus,
enable Panevėžys becoming the Druskininkai) for them to become the service
communication centre of national centres of regional level T.
importance T. 4. Interconnection and communication between
3. Upgrading infrastructure and all centres are ensured by four national, ten
implementing organisational (for passenger regional corridors and two recreational-
transport) measures in eleven cities regional corridors T.
(Palanga, Telšiai, Tauragė, Radviliškis, 5. Three objects providing international
Utena, Ukmergė, Jonava, Kėdainiai, transport services (existing airports of Vilnius
Kaišiadorys, Alytus, Druskininkai) for them and Kaunas, the current Klaipėda seaport),
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
to become the communication centres of and national-level objects (existing Palanga
regional level T. and Šiauliai airports) are maintained and
4. Interconnection and communication strengthened; three new transport
between all centres are ensured by seven infrastructure objects are planned (RailBaltica
national, nine regional corridors and two project, modern airport, deep-sea outer
recreational-regional corridors T. seaport)T.
5. Three objects providing international 6. There are three qualitative level mobility
transport services are maintained and services available: 5 high levels (efficiency)
strengthened (existing airports of Vilnius mobility zones, eight intermediate (efficiency)
and Kaunas, the current Klaipėda seaport), mobility zones and the accessibility services
and two national-level objects (existing (mobility as a right) zone T.
Palanga and Šiauliai airports); three new
transport infrastructure objects are planned
(RailBaltica project, modern airport, deep-
sea outer seaport)T.
6. There are two qualitative level mobility
services available: 10 Intermediate
(efficiency) mobility zones and the
accessibility services (mobility as a right)
zone T.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Development directions of the communication system
Alternative
I
Alternative
II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Organisation diagram of mobility services
Alternative
I
Alternative
II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Engineering systems
General directions of engineering system development at the international and national levels:
● the transition to a low-carbon economy, increasing energy efficiency, promoting RES,
alternative fuels and electrification in the transport sector, providing the necessary conditions for
the development of clean energy production and so on;
● development of producing consumers;
● interconnection of the Lithuanian energy system with continental Europe (electricity
and natural gas systems);
● development of liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure;
● the transition to a circular economy, with priority given to reducing waste
generation, efficient management of waste generated, based on the order of priorities in waste
prevention and control, and preserving the value of raw materials;
● ensuring the quality and development of electronic communication services
throughout the country;
● provision of engineering infrastructure, provision of drinking water, communication
needs, wastewater management services at the lowest cost.
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
Re-investment is possible in the case of the first The other alternative solutions will allow for a more
alternative solutions for an even distribution of efficient allocation of investment and cost burden.
public investments. Regions, where engineering Possible challenges in implementing alternative
infrastructure development is environmentally solutions include the complexity of meeting
friendly/hygienic but have a low number of international and national targets due to potential
users, have higher infrastructure maintenance difficulties in administrative cooperation.
costs than an area with more users (e.g., district
heating, drinking water, wastewater
management).
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
Spatial economic structures
Regions are developing according to the The network of major economic centres is
existing administrative-functional division developed through vertical and horizontal
(counties), based on the principle of equitable partnerships between urban centres, aiming at
areas, where public investments are the provision of public services, regional
distributed as evenly as possible on the transport, energy, engineering and other
territory of Lithuania and all necessary public synergies in the utilisation of system nodes,
services are concentrated in each region T.
resources and investments T.
The objective of each region is to remain a
centre of attraction for both citizens and Regional development and planning processes
businesses, thereby justifying its administrative should be based on specialisation, the clearing of
competitive advantages, the pooling of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
autonomy. competences and the search for interregional
synergies. The identification of synergies and
The main benefits of the first alternative for the partnerships at national or regional level
economic environment are highlighted: contributes to more efficient use of public financial,
● the development of an international administrative and human resources.
structure of industrial clusters and transport
corridors and nodes; Advantages of the second alternative in terms of
● an evenly developed network of urban, the economic environment:
● the development of an international
infrastructure, communication and economic
structure of industrial clusters and transport
centres, creating as much territorial as possible
corridors and nodes;
equal conditions for residents and commercial ● both vertical and horizontal partnerships
activities. between urban centres create opportunities for
more significant economic development potential
The potential negative factors of the first and more efficient use of public resources
alternative for the economic environment: (including administrative ones);
● maintaining such a network of urban ● territorial planning based on such principles
centres can become complicated and would reduce competition between regions for
economically inefficient due to urbanisation public financial resources;
trends, changes in economic structure, ● such a model would help to share
technological revolution and its impact on functions, resources and infrastructure and avoid
duplication in adjacent territories;
agriculture;
● such a model allows for greater flexibility in
● uneven starting positions in individual
responding to changing demographics realities and
regions due to too limited or too similar
the challenges of urbanisation.
competitive advantages or disadvantages;
regions that lack competitive advantage are The potential negative factors of the second
eventually programmed to become economically alternative for the economic environment:
dependent and sustainable; ● more complex implementation, challenges
● the need for areas to concentrate the and the need for political will to restructure
full range of public services and competition for regional funding and administration;
public financial resources impedes specialisation ● The Rail Baltica railway will not reach
and economies of scale, and remains a threat of Klaipėda port but will feed the ports of
duplication of functions or infrastructure in neighbouring countries in transit of goods. For this
adjacent areas; reason, the importance of Klaipėda port and
● The Rail Baltica railway will not reach added value may be undermined.
Klaipėda port but will feed the ports of
neighbouring countries in transit of goods. For
this reason, the importance of Klaipėda port and
added value may be undermined.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Economic systems
Alternative
I
Alternative
II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
ALTERNATIVE I ALTERNATIVE II
Sea and coastline spatial structures
Alternative I reflect the status quo – retaining the Alternative II is more conservative than the first
existing strategic approaches to the development one, more in line with domestic needs, does not
of maritime areas and responding to the concrete envisage more comprehensive development of the
solutions currently in place, intends to create renewable energy sector (both domestically and
favourable conditions for maximum with neighbouring countries), and does not
development: exploitation of marine mineral consider establishing a transit shipping corridor.
and energy resources, maximization of the Other provisions remain identical to Alternative I,
development of the underwater energy network i.e. ensure the preservation of natural values,
(providing for energy transfer both to land and reserve sufficient areas for the needs of state
to export to neighbouring countries by sea); to security, emphasise the need to legalise the
promote renewable energy production in all exploration and use of mineral and energy
possible sea heights and to ensure the safety of resources at sea, and promote the protection of
navigation through the Lithuanian EEZ by underwater cultural heritage.
providing a new transit route.
Ecosystem (an ecological compensation system)
The system of natural frameworks and protected areas is territorially reflective of the current
situation, maintains existing strategic provisions for the development of these areas, and the
directions are set out in this document and the National Landscape Management Plan.
Resource system
Extensification of the existing land use in the Taking into account the location of the individual
areas of intensive bio-production (active natural and cultural values located in the territory
conversion of arable land to grasslands and and the landscape complexes of natural, cultural
pastures and reduction of forest use). The and visual value that unite them, this alternative
potential for additional income-generating involves the centres of recreational service of
recreation is being abandoned as part of a low- national and regional importance and the
viable economic activity in intensively agrarian
interconnected corridors of European and
areas.
complementary linear recreational infrastructure
Compared to Alternative II, a smaller part of the
marine waters is intended for the protection of of cross-border importance, which consistently
ecosystems. enable better representation of natural and
Only the system of recreational connections of cultural heritage values, characteristic and
international importance in the eastern and distinctive landscape complexes in the territory of
western part of the Republic of Lithuania is Lithuania:
maintained and created. ● Corridors of recreational infrastructure of
Only the system of existing recreational centres international and cross-border importance are
of national and regional importance is envisaged, together creating significant Europe-
maintained and further developed. wide recreational links including the neighbouring
countries, which ensure the integration of areas of
natural and cultural value into one system and at
the same time create opportunities for the
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
demonstration and awareness of the most
important natural and cultural values in the
territory of Lithuania and intensified development
of various recreational activities. These Europe-
wide recreational corridors are distinguished: 1.
EuroVelo route in the western part of Lithuania,
covering the Curonian Spit and the mainland
coast; 2. EuroVelo route in the eastern part of
Lithuania, including the area rich in lakes and
forests;
● The system of international importance is
supplemented with recreational links of cross-
border importance, which link natural and cultural
values (recreational resources) localised on the
territory of Lithuania with the resources located in
the neighbouring countries: 1. Samogitian
recreational connection connecting the most
valuable natural and cultural objects and
landscape complexes of Samogitian highlands; 2.
Recreational link of Central Lithuania linking
natural – cultural objects and landscape
complexes located in Sudovian Plain, Central
Lithuanian Plain, Eastern Samogitian Upland and
Semigallian Plain; 3. East-West recreational link
encompassing natural and cultural objects with
exceptionally high recreational potential and
landscaping complexes connecting them.
● Considering the importance of recreation
centres, the significance of the natural and cultural
heritage values they contain in the context of
other recreational centres and the State as a
whole, and their potential for development, the
development of the system of recreation centres
of national and regional importance is planned, by
changing their importance or adding new
recreational centres of local influence: the group
of the recreation service centres of national
importance (Vilnius, Trakai, Kaunas, Klaipėda,
Palanga, Druskininkai) is supplemented by
Birštonas and Neringa; the group of the recreation
service centres of regional importance is
completed by Kėdainiai and Molėtai.
Summary of the conceptual solutions of the
second alternative:
The current usage rate of bio-production areas is
maintained by intensifying the Natural Carcass in
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
their most geo-ecologically sensitive areas. These
activities are combined with measures of good
agricultural practice. Various recreational
activities are being developed in areas of intensive
agrarian business that provide additional income.
Compared to Alternative I, a more significant part
of the marine waters is intended for the
protection of ecosystems.
The system of recreational connections of
international importance adds three additional
recreational links of cross-border importance.
The system of recreation centres is supplemented
by two recreational centres of national and two
regional importance.
Spatial development directions of territories
Preliminary solutions of the spatial development concept of territories are focused on:
1. Preservation and enhancement of the ecological-compensatory potential of the area by forming
a coherent and functional GC system;
2. Ensuring biodiversity expression and enrichment;
3. Development and representation of the natural and cultural values and identities of the country
representing the system of protected territories;
4. Protection of valuable natural and cultural landscape complexes;
5. Formation of the geo-ecologically optimal structure of the relatively natural, agrarian,
urbanised and marine landscape.
Expected conceptual directions of development of parts of the territory (sustainable, supportive and
developmental type)T are closely related to the existing and planned protection and utilization regime
of the territory, which is mainly determined by the natural conditions of individual parts of the area, as
grafted or targeted because of the nature and intensity of planned use and protection. Based on these
assumptions, the south-eastern region and the western part of the territory of the Republic of
Lithuania (Samogitian highlands) are expected to be of a sustainable type, where, in view of the
predominantly vivid landscape that is attractive both naturally and culturally, the decrease in the
intensity of use of land is planned, converting it to the extensive farming and the increase in the
recreation and conservation importance. Supportive type habitats are localised in parts of the area
between hilly highlands and plains that focus on sustainable economic activities while preserving the
ecological stability of the regions, combining them with recreation and conservation where possible.
Developmental type habitats include the most spatially active part of the territory (Northern, Central
and South-western Lithuania), which is developed in the perspective of intensive use, restoring and
maintaining ecological stability, increasing the geo-ecological potential of the system parts of the
natural carcass and optimal conditions for the expression and restoration of biodiversity.
Functional priorities of use of territories
Based on the first alternative of functional Based on the second alternative on the functional
priorities for land use, it is presumed that in the priorities of the territory use, it is presumed that
current intensive bio-productive areas (North- the current intensity of use of bio-productive
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Central and South-Western Lithuania and other areas (northern-central and south-west Lithuania
agronomically intense parts of the territory), in and other agronomically intensive parts of the
order to maintain the natural production territory) is maintained, and in order to maintain
capacity, satisfactory environmental components their production potential, good ecological
and minimum biodiversity possibilities, the condition of environmental components and
extensification of land use is required (active formation of favourable conditions for the
conversion of arable land to grasslands and expression of biological diversity, it is necessary to
pastures, and reduction in intensity of forest use), develop the intensive ecological compensation
which, without the implementation of proactive systems (Natural Carcass) networking in the most
and intensive measures to improve the ecological geo-ecologically sensitive areas of agrarian
status of the agricultural landscape, becomes the ecosystems, combining the latter with good
only way to stabilize the unsatisfactory agricultural practices. According to this
environmental condition of the areas. Under this alternative, various recreational activities are
alternative, areas with intensive agricultural being developed in areas of intensive agricultural
activities are abandoned as potentially secondary activity that would possibly provide additional
economic activities with little potential for income.
additional income. Assumptions made under this Assumptions made under this alternative:
alternative: A. The realisation of the latter option will
A. The realisation of the latter alternative not have a significant positive or
will not have a significant positive or negative impact on the viability of urban
negative impact on the viability of urban areas. Only the abandonment of
areas. Only by promoting and developing recreational activities complementary to
various types of recreational activities the main economic activities is a possible
complementary to the main economic precondition for the decline of the rural
activities would the preconditions be population and the overall viability of
created for the increase of the rural agricultural areas.
population and the vitality of the B. According to this alternative, in areas
agricultural areas in general, or at least to with high agricultural use, conversion of
stabilise the negative changes. arable land (arable land – grassland
B. According to this alternative, providing pasture) would create preconditions for
the intensive formation of natural carcass maintaining the productivity and
components in the most ecologically productivity of agricultural land, but at
sensitive areas of the agrarian landscape the same time potentially decreasing the
in heavily cultivated fields would create economic benefit from these activities.
realistic preconditions for restoring and C. The positive side of this is the increased
maintaining the productivity of ecological stability of agricultural areas
agricultural land and ecological stability and the real prerequisites for the
of the agricultural landscape while emergence and increase of biodiversity
potentially increasing the economic of agrarian territories in a significant
benefits of these activities. way.
C. The positive side of this is the increased D. The development of Lithuania and all the
ecological stability of agricultural areas countries of the Baltic Sea region is
and the real prerequisite for the closely linked to the sea, which has a
emergence and increase of biodiversity of particularly significant influence on the
agrarian territories in a targeted and formation of economic, social and
intensive way. political environment. Favourable
D. The development of Lithuania and all the growth drivers for the Baltic Sea Region
countries of the Baltic Sea region is closely can make this region one of the critical
linked to the sea, which has a particularly macro-regions for growth in the 21st
significant influence on the formation of century in the EU.
economic, social and political The functional zone of the territory, which is
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
environment. Favourable growth drivers related to maritime shipping and fishing, consists
for the Baltic Sea Region can make this of the following subzones T:
region one of the critical macro-regions (1) The priority groups for deconcentrated
for growth in the 21st century in the EU. offshore development in the functional area are
The functional zone of the territory, which is commercial fishing, aquaculture, sea lanes, power
related to maritime shipping and fishing, transmission and telecommunication lines, and
T
consists of the following subzones : other economic activities. These activities may
(1) The priority groups for deconcentrated include the development of mineral resources, the
offshore development in the functional area are installation of renewable energy (wind, waves,
commercial fishing, aquaculture, sea lanes, power currents, etc.) parks and their accessories, and the
transmission and telecommunication lines, and reservation of marine space for other, currently
other economic activities. These activities may unknown, activities.
include the development of mineral resources, (2) The priority groups of businesses in the
the installation of renewable energy (wind, functional area of renewable energy production
waves, currents, etc.) parks and their accessories, are installation of renewable energy (wind, wave,
and the preservation of marine space for other, currents, etc.) parks and their accessories,
currently unknown, activities. engineering systems of power supply structures
(2) The priority groups of activities in the (transformer, etc.) and other purpose engineering
functional area of renewable energy production equipment. Construction, power and
are installation of renewable energy (wind, wave, telecommunication lines. Other activities may also
currents, etc.) parks and their accessories, be developed in the background: commercial
engineering systems of power supply structures fishing, aquaculture and other economic activities
(transformers, etc.) and other engineering that do not interfere with priority activities, and
equipment. Construction, power and the extraction of minerals.
telecommunication lines. Other activities may (3) The priority groups of activities in the
also be developed in the background: commercial functional area of fast shipping are sea lanes,
fishing, aquaculture and other economic activities pipelines, energy and telecommunication lines
that do not interfere with priority activities, and that are eco-friendly in nature. Other activities
the extraction of minerals. developed in the area include commercial fishing,
(3) The priority groups of businesses in the extraction of minerals, marine space reserved for
functional area of fast shipping are sea lanes, port other economic activities not known today,
raids and anchorages, pipelines, energy and without interfering with the priority activities.
telecommunication lines that are eco-friendly in (4) The priority groups of activities in the
nature. Other activities developed in the area functional area for military exercises and the
include commercial fishing, extraction of protection of ecosystems are eco-friendly
minerals, removal of excavated soil, marine space activities, national defence activities, shipping,
reserved for other economic activities not known commercial fishing. These activities may be
today, without interfering with priority activities. accompanied by other activities such as mining
(4) The priority groups of activities in the and recreational activities.
functional area for military exercises and the (5) Within the mixed-use functional area, priority
protection of offshore ecosystems are eco- shall be given to the following groups of activities:
friendly activities, national defence activities, renewable energy production (from waves and
commercial fishing. These activities may be currents), pipelines, power and
accompanied by other activities such as mining telecommunication lines, and other engineering
and recreational activities. applications. Other activities are being developed
(5) Within the mixed-use functional area, priority in this area: excavated soil removal, recreational
shall be given to the following groups of activities: activities, development of aquaculture.
renewable energy production, pipelines, power (6) Within the port development functional area,
and telecommunication lines, and other priority shall be given to the following groups of
engineering applications. Other activities are activities: installation of seaports, small craft
being developed in this area: excavated soil ports, marinas, navigation facilities, other
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
removal, recreational activities. engineering and hydro-technical structures, sea
(6) Within the port development functional area, lanes, port raids and anchorages, pipelines, water
priority shall be given to the following groups of supply, sewage disposal, energy, and
activities: installation of seaports, small craft telecommunication lines. Other activities with
ports, marinas, navigation facilities, other ecosystems-friendly nature are developed in this
engineering and hydro-technical structures, sea area, as well as recreational activities, commercial
lanes, port raids and anchorages, pipelines, water fishing, water abstraction for drinking or
supply, sewage disposal, energy, and production water, wastewater discharge, and
telecommunication lines. Other activities with other economic activities.
ecosystems-friendly nature are developed in this (7) The priority groups of activities in the
area, as well as recreational activities, commercial functional area for the protection of coastline
fishing, water abstraction for drinking or ecosystems are eco-friendly activities, commercial
production water, wastewater discharge, and fishing, recreational fishing, water sports,
other economic activities. recreation, tourism, and other recreational
(7) The priority groups of activities in the activities. In assessing and fostering the
functional area for the protection of coastline conservative nature of the area, small harbours
ecosystems are eco-friendly activities, and marinas associated with priority activities,
commercial fishing, recreational fishing, water energy transmission lines and military exercises
sports, recreation, tourism, and other may be established in the area.
recreational activities. In assessing and fostering
the conservative nature of the area, small
harbours and marinas associated with priority
activities, energy transmission lines and military
exercises may be established in the area.
Strategic objects
Alternative solutions in respect of strategic objects are similar.
The relevant resolutions of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania and the Government of the Republic
of Lithuania to recognise the economic projects of national importance projects are partially listed
below (an extensive list is provided in the report):
● Plans for the modernisation of the district heating sector in Vilnius and Kaunas by installing
cogeneration power plants using local and renewable energy sources;
● Installation of industrial parks (in Šiauliai, Kėdainiai, Visaginas, Marijampolė, Panevėžys, Alytus,
Naujoji Akmenė and elsewhere);
● Creation of industrial park in Kruonis PSHP;
● Development of free economic zones (in Kaunas and Klaipėda);
● A project of the public logistics centre of Vilnius and Kaunas.
● Part of the project ‘Gas interconnection Poland-Lithuania’ in the territory of the Republic of
Lithuania;
● Part of the plan of the East-West transport corridor in Lithuania (Klaipėda State Seaport, roads
and railway infrastructure complex);
● Development of broadband electronic communication networks in Lithuanian rural areas;
● Project ‘Rail Baltica’;
● Plan for the preparation of communication on roads of national and local importance for the
transport of heavy and bulky cargo for the construction of a new nuclear power plant on the
route Klaipėda–Telšiai–Šiauliai–Panevėžys–Visaginas;
● Project for optimisation and preparation of electricity transmission network of North-east
Lithuania for the connection of the power system of the Republic of Lithuania to the grids of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
Continental Europe for synchronous operation.
The relevant resolutions of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania to recognise the projects of
exceptional national importance:
● Project ‘Via Baltica’;
● Project ‘Rail Baltica’;
● Part of the plan of the East-West transport corridor in Lithuania (Klaipėda State Seaport, roads
and railway infrastructure complex);
● A project of expanding military training areas and military training territories of the Lithuanian
Armed Forces in Jonava district municipality, Rukla eldership and Švenčionys district
municipality, Pabradė eldership.
Below the new planned objects are proposed for which it is expedient to grant the status particular
national importance.
● Project ‘Connection of the power system of the Republic of Lithuania to the grids of
Continental Europe for synchronous operation’ (recognized as the project of exceptional
national importance by the Law on Connection of the power system of the Republic of
Lithuania to the grids of Continental Europe for synchronous operation, approved by the
Resolution No XI-2052 of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of 12 June 2012);
● The project of connection of offshore wind farms to the mainland;
● About 12 000 ha reserve territory for the national defence system in the western part of the
area of Lithuania (preference is given to the municipalities of Šilalė, Kelmė, Telšiai or Rietavas
region);
● Up to 900 ha reserve territory for the national defence system in Klaipėda County, Kairiai;
● Planned airport;
● External deep-sea port.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS
A preliminary plan for the implementation of the conceptual solutions is proposed for the
development and implementation of the conceptual visions of the Comprehensive Plan of the
Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the ‘CPRL’) for 2050 (to be
specified during the solutions stage), including potential synergies between Lithuanian
strategies, and coalitions in the partnership and national level. The legal and practical are
measures for assurance of the integrity of the conceptual solutions, and urban development is
proposed to implement the theoretical solutions of the CPRL. Alternatives to the spatial
development of the country have been prepared and discussed in detail (in the third report).
Their concepts are different, and so are how they are implemented.
The first alternative is based on the steady development of the entire country with ten regional
centres. Its implementation would require the improved systemic and legal environment, and
one of the biggest challenges – the allocation of financial resources to local development and
maintenance of equal quality of life.
As opposed to the steady development, the second alternative proposes partnership principles
that are active within the current structure of the country by creating conditions for a more
flexible adaptation to the changing demographic situation, optimising resources and financial
resources required to achieve a high quality of life in the whole territory of the country. In case
of this alternative, a targeted systematic concentration of the country's investment should be
focused on the partner entities in areas and territories which, considering their strengths and
specificities, can bring the most significant benefits and returns not only to the specific location
but also to the region and the State. The implementation of the second alternative would
require greater involvement of all groups (state, municipal institutions, business, society) than
the former, but would, in the long run, bring more significant benefits to the State and
significantly contribute to the stability and prosperity of the country.
One thing is clear: whatever option we choose, the State policy needs to be updated, aimed at
strengthening national identity, increasing competitiveness, regional partnerships and
promoting national coalitions, mitigating climate change and adaptation to climate change,
strengthening the national security.
The fourth report lays down the implementation principles of the conceptual framework of the
CPRL, including the planned measures and actions, the necessary legal developments to be
considered, and the proposal of legal and practical integrity plan of the conceptual framework of
the CPRL. The creation and realisation of the legal and practical plan are of particular
importance because the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania is
prepared in parallel with the National Development Plan (NDP), which combines the national
development strategies. Recommendations on the specification of the conceptual solutions of
the CPRL are prepared for the solution-specification stage. The theoretical solutions that are
subject to proposals for specification at the solution-specification stage are distinguished. Part
IV of the report is of particular importance – recommendations for improving the indicator
system. In the next step of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
(solution-specification), it is necessary to use the method of indicators developed at the current
stage and developed at the conception stage, which will be valuable in the future, particularly in
the context of the monitoring of the Comprehensive Plan.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
The proposed legal and practical integrity plan of the conceptual framework of the CPRL
(proposals for strategies)
Recommendations for the implementation of the conceptual framework of the CPRL by 2050 to
ensure the smooth operation of the internal functioning of the systems and elements, preserve
and highlight the country’s identity in the European context, and to develop the foundations of
a competitive State. The actions and tools needed to realise the vision of the conceptual
framework are noted, as well as the partnerships needed to implement the solutions. There is
also a discussion on possible amendments of the national strategy documents and other
legislation or the need for a new law. The principles of implementing the tasks are delivered,
without elaboration to specific legal clauses.
Recommendations on the specification of the conceptual solutions of the CPRL for the
solution-specification stage
The conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of
Lithuania for 2050 contains the directions of spatial development, lists the principal elements
and structures of the urban system and identifies measures and actions to achieve the goals of
the conceptual framework, based on the conceptual (generic) solutions. The conceptual
framework of the CPRL assesses the long-term spatial development of the territory of the
Republic of Lithuania. The evaluation is inherently conceptual. Whereas the general solutions-
specification stage covers a period of 10 years; therefore, the conceptual solutions elaborated in
the solution-specification stage can be arranged more precisely and more clearly, including the
spatial location of some of them. It should be noted that for the integrity and logical analysis
sequence of the CPRL, it is essential to ensure the transfer and elaboration of the conceptual
solutions formulated in the theoretical framework at the solution-specification stage of the
CPRL.
This chapter includes the recommendations on the specification of the conceptual solutions of
the CPRL drafted for the solution-specification stage. Some of the overall solutions of the
theoretical framework referred to in Alternative I and Alternative II are different, so further
elaboration will depend on which alternative is accepted. The global conceptual solutions
include the essential elements of the spatial system of the Lithuanian territory considered in the
CPRL: polycentric hierarchical urban structure, compact city principles, public service provision
principles, regional development directions, transport infrastructure system, mobility service
efficiency zones, deep water port infrastructure, energy and engineering infrastructure, agrarian
ecosystems with the geo-ecological potential, relatively natural ecosystems, etc.
Recommendations for improving the indicator system
The developed conceptual solutions, detailed at the solution-specification stage, must be
measured to evaluate the positive and negative changes in the implementation/non-
implementation of the solutions and to decide whether to develop or change the chosen
principles and/or ways of their implementation. Analysing the values of indicators can be of help
in identifying the emerging problem situations, as well as synergies that can be useful in finding
best governance practices, monitoring the success and impact of sustainability and investment.
The indicative indicators presented in this chapter have been selected by the authors of the
conceptual framework as initial information for the design and development of the system
indicators for monitoring the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. It
is noted that the signs have to cover both quantitative and qualitative parameters. Taking into
account the problem of data scarcity and the need for new data identified at the stage of
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
analysis of the current state of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of
Lithuania, completely new indicators are submitted, which are not currently collected. The
author also highlights the level of detail of the data, depending on its statistical level (state
(national), regional, municipal, residential or smallest mathematical field) to identify not only
general trends but also the locations of the country with positive or negative changes.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
CONCLUSIONS
1. The territorial planning document of the highest level – the conceptual framework
of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (CPRL)
has been prepared, based on which the spatial functional development solutions
of the State territory will be drafted. All parts of this document form the foundation
of the entire regional policy of the Republic of Lithuania, the national planning
system and the output data for the lower-level territorial planning documents.
2. The planned territory is the land and sea territories of the Republic of Lithuania,
including the territorial sea of the Republic of Lithuania, as well as territories
where Lithuania exercises exclusive sovereign rights, i.e., the contiguous zone
and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), including the continental shelf.
3. The planning document of the State territory is synchronised with the strategic
documents system of the Republic of Lithuania, which is arranged by the
National Development Plan (NDP), and its realisation is linked with the long-term
development plans of the State.
4. The long-term conceptual solutions are planned for the outlook until 2050 on the
basis of values: sustainable development principles, the Constitution of the
Republic of Lithuania and other overarching objectives of the State and its people
to strengthen statehood, maintain and develop the country’s identity, increase
competitiveness in the European and global context, and broaden and deepen
planning traditions.
5. The prepared territorial planning document is especially vital for the regional
development of Lithuania as a progressive European state, determining the
mandatory priority provisions of the territory use and security requirements.
6. Two alternatives of the spatial development of the national territory are prepared,
having the common objective to create the best perspective spatial model of the
State, to provide for optimal performance of mechanisms.
7. The basis of both alternatives is the urban structure of the polycentric territory of
the country, which is being developed and improved by maintaining and fostering
the value system of natural and cultural heritage. The country’s spatial structure
is designed in the alternatives applying two different principles: individual
equivalent centres and centre partnerships groups.
8. Solutions at the international level of the urban structure remain the same as in
both alternatives: three metropolitan centres Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda; two
regional development centres – Šiauliai and Panevėžys. In both cases, the urban
centre partnerships are proposed in the provision of international-level services.
9. The first alternative is based on the continuity of the CPRL with the ten critical
regional centres (regions); the spatial model of the State is based on,
supplemented and adjusted to the State development trends that were identified
during the preparation of the current stage.
10. In the first alternative:
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
10.1. the existing spatial structure of the country is developed with ten regions
(centres) – Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Panevėžys, Alytus, Marijampolė,
Utena, Telšiai, and Tauragė.
10.2. Solutions are implemented by consistently maintaining the continuity of
the planning of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania.
10.3. A priority is given to the principle of autonomy of equitable regions,
whereby public investment in the territory of Lithuania is distributed, and services
provide as evenly as possible, and a wide range of essential services is
concentrated in each region.
10.4. The most evolutionary development of the Lithuanian territory is planned.
11. The spatial development of the State referred to in the second alternative is
based on the partnerships between the territorial components and subjects of the
country and their synergy. Cooperation of regions and municipalities (synergy)
must create preconditions for the implementation of the principles of sustainable
development, ensure the smooth functioning of the country’s internal systems
and elements, preserve and emphasise the country’s identity, develop the
foundations of a competitive state.
12. In the second alternative:
12.1.Five clusters of territorial partnerships are modelled, creating new synergies
and ensuring stability in the country: Vilnius-Utena-Ukmergė; Kaunas-
Marijampolė-Alytus; Klaipėda-Tauragė-Telšiai; Šiauliai-Mažeikiai; Panevėžys-
Biržai-Rokiškis. These five partnership groups can serve as a basis for the
formation of the regions and the creation of shared activities.
12.2. The solutions upgrade the established practice of the planning system of
the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, and systemic partnerships are
implemented.
12.3. A targeted concentration of the country's investment is applied, focusing
on the partner entities in areas and territories which, considering their strengths
and specificities, can bring the most considerable benefits and returns not only to
the specific location but also to the region and the State.
12.4. The solutions are implemented in stages, by restructuring the standard
and legal relations of the state institutions, self-governing bodies and public to
create community systems.
13. To achieve the formulated vision (viable urban structures, sustainable
ecosystems, efficient bio-productive territories), two different alternatives for the
development of the region of the country are proposed for the perspective of 30
years:
13.1. Evolutionary replacement, by maintaining the continuity of the planning
of the area of the Republic of Lithuania;
13.2. Restructuring alternative, by upgrading the existing planning system of
the country’s territory through systematic partnerships.
14. The implementation of the conceptual framework of the CPRL is a long-term
aspiration of the State to create a state of prosperity in this challenging period of
geopolitical processes, climate change, 4th industrial revolution, demographic
changes and other challenges that the country is facing.
15. The implementation of the conceptual framework of the CPRL is inseparable
from the establishment of a clear, accurate and methodologically sound system
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
for monitoring the implementation of the Comprehensive Plan, and the creation
of legal principles for the modification, adjustment and improvement thereof.
16. The conceptual framework of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the
Republic of Lithuania is the basis for the development of actual solutions, the
specificity and viability of which for the perspective of 2030, as well as their
interface with the country’s strategic documents and budgeting principles can
ensure the sustainable development of the country’s territory in the short term.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK /
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania: The preparation phase of the conceptual
framework
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 1
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. 6
ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 7
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 8
BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 9
1. EVOLUTION IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CPRL ............................................................................................ 18
1.1. Problems and their accumulations……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
1.1.1. Negative migration and lack of human resources……………………………………………………………………. 18
1.1.2. Lack of economic activity and unsustainable development…………………………………………………….. 18
1.1.3. Environmental pollution ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….19
1.1.4. Cohesion of different interests ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
1.2. Natural environment, protected areas and listed sites ………………………………………………………………… 19
1.2.1. Natural resources .........................................................................................................................19
1.2.2. Protection of natural values and ecosystems …………………………………………………………………………. 20
1.2.3. Landscape .....................................................................................................................................21
2. DESCRIPTION OF GENERAL PROVISIONS AND ALTERNATIVES OF THE CPRL CONCEPT......................................... 22
3. NATURAL AREAS AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED ................. 23
4. ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT..................................... 27
4.1. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for the urban system and its structure…………………………… 27
4.2. assessment of the conceptual solutions for service distribution within the urban structure …………29
4.3. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for the transport system and mobility…………………………….32
4.4. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for the engineering system …………………………………………….35
4.5. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for spatial economic structures…………………………………….. 38
4.6. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for ecosystems (ecological compensation system)………… 42
4.7. Assessment of the conceptual solutions for the resources system ……………………………………………… 45
4.8. SEA for newly planned facilities that are appropriate to have the status of a project of national
importance …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….49
4.8.1. Connection of Lithuanian electricity system to the synchronous grid of Continental Europe….. 49
4.8.2. Project of the off-shore wind connection to the mainland ..........................................................51
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 3
4.8.3. Reserve area of up to 12,000 ha for the national defence system purposes in the western part
of Lithuania (with priority given to Šilalė, Kelmė, Telšiai or Rietavas District Municipality areas)………… 53
4.8.4. Reserve area of up to 900 ha for the national defence system purposes in Kairiai, Klaipėda
County ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54
4.8.5. Planned airport ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
4.8.6. EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT …………………………………………………………………………………………. 60
5. COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................................................................. 65
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHOSEN CPRL ALTERNATIVE, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
THE PLANNING ORGANISER ............................................................................................................... 73
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 4
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: GOALS OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE URBAN SYSTEM BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
......................................................................................................................................................................29
Table 2: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION
WITHIN THE URBAN SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATIVE I .........................................................................................30
Table 3: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION
WITHIN THE URBAN SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATIVE II ........................................................................................31
Table 4: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO SERVICE DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICES WITHIN THE URBAN
STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................................31
Table 5: GOALS OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND MOBILITY BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS ...................32
Table 6: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
AND MOBILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE I ...............................................................................................................33
Table 7: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM
AND MOBILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE II .............................................................................................................33
Table 8: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND MOBILITY ...................................34
Table 9: GOALS OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS ..............................................35
Table 10: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
FOR ALTERNATIVE I .......................................................................................................................................36
Table 11: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
FOR ALTERNATIVE II ......................................................................................................................................36
Table 12: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO ENGINEERING SYSTEMS ............................................................37
Table 13: GOALS OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS .................................38
Table 14: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS FOR ALTERNATIVE I .......................................................................................................................39
Table 15: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC
SYSTEMS FOR ALTERNATIVE II ......................................................................................................................40
Table 16: GOALS OF ECOSYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS ............................................................42
Table 17: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR
ALTERNATIVE I ..............................................................................................................................................42
Table 18: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR
ALTERNATIVE II .............................................................................................................................................43
Table 19: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO ECOSYSTEMS (ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION SYSTEM)............43
Table 20: GOALS OF RESOURCES BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS ..............................................................45
Table 21: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF RESOURCES FOR
ALTERNATIVE I ..............................................................................................................................................46
Table 22: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF RESOURCES FOR
ALTERNATIVE II .............................................................................................................................................46
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 5
Table 23: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO THE RESOURCES SYSTEM ..........................................................47
Table 24: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONNECTION OF THE
LITHUANIAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM TO THE SYNCHRONOUS GRID OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE ....................50
Table 25: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROJECT OF THE OFF-
SHORE WIND CONNECTION TO THE MAINLAND ..........................................................................................52
Table 26: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 12,000 HA RESERVE
AREA ..............................................................................................................................................................53
Table 27: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 900 HA FIRING
GROUND........................................................................................................................................................56
Table 28: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW AIRPORT .......58
Table 29: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP
WATER PORT IN MELNRAGĖ .........................................................................................................................62
Table 30: ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP WATER PORT
IN BŪTINGĖ ...................................................................................................................................................62
Table 31: TABLE OF THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE SCORE OF THE ASSESSMENT CONSEQUENCES .......65
Table 32: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE I FOR THE CPRL CONCEPT ...........................................................66
Table 33: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE II FOR THE CPRL CONCEPT ..........................................................66
Table 34: COMPARISON BETWEEN ASSESSMENT OF THE ALTERNATIVES (II – I) .........................................67
Table 35: INDEXES OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT BY ASPECT ..................................69
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: ENERGY INTEGRATION OF THE BALTIC STATES IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE ..................................49
Figure 2: POTENTIAL AREAS FOR WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ................................................................51
Figure 3: DRAWING OF AREA RESERVATION FOR PUBLIC NEEDS, 2016.......................................................55
FIGURE 4: LOCATION OF THE EXTERNAL PORT IN KLAIPĖDA-MELNRAGĖ ....................................................60
FIGURE 5: LOCATION OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT IN BŪTINGĖ ............................................61
FIGURE 6: IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES ON THE COUNTRY’S
ECONOMIC AND MACROECONOMIC AS WELL AS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT........................69
FIGURE 7: COMPARISON OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ...........................................................................................71
FIGURE 8: COMPARISON OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES BY TERRITORIAL ELEMENT .....................72
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 7
ABBREVIATIONS
AQ Air quality
CC Climate change
CPRL Comprehensive plan of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania
DM District municipality
EE Engineering environment
EIA Environmental impact assessment
ETA Economic transport activity
EU European Union
FEZ Free economic zone
FDI Foreign direct investment
FR/EP Financial resources and economic prosperity
GHG Greenhouse gas
HHW Human health and wellbeing
ICH Immovable cultural heritage
ITS Intelligent transport systems
NF Nature frame
LH Landscape and heritage
LM Labour market
MMW Minimum monthly wage
MOB Mobility
NHB Natural habitats and biodiversity
NRNS Natural renewable and non-renewable sources
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
RES Renewable energy sources
S Soil
SEA Strategic environmental assessment
SEZ Special economic zone
UE Urban environment
UNO United Nations Organisation
WQ Water quality
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 8
INTRODUCTION
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) is made in line with the Procedure for the Strategic
Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programmes as approved by Resolution No 967 of the
Government of the Republic of Lithuania of 18 August 2004 at the concept stage of drawing up of
comprehensive territorial plans. The subject of the assessment is a long-term strategic document –
conceptual provisions and alternatives of the comprehensive plan of the territory of the Republic of
Lithuania (The Plan) brought forward to SEA developer. Assessment methods, aspects and environment
components are chosen in relation to the strategic level of the document in question and also indicated
in the technical specification of the tender documentation.
SEA procedures are carried out domestically, also at the cross-border level by delivering necessary SEA
materials to EU member states and other countries specified in the abovementioned Procedure.
SEA PROCESS STAKEHOLDERS:
Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania as the organiser of the comprehensive plan.
Consultative working group comprised of representatives of a number of public authorities
(Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, Ministry of Health of the Republic of
Lithuania, State Service for Protected Areas, State Forest Service, Ministry of Culture of the
Republic of Lithuania, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Cultural Heritage under
the Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Lithuania,
Ministry of National Defence, Ministry of Social Security and Labour, Ministry of Energy, Ministry
of Economy and Innovation, Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Agriculture).
The Plan Coordination Commission (‘Coordination Commission’) comprised of ministerial
representatives.
The public.
SEA stakeholders should produce their conclusions on The Plan concept solutions and the quality of SEA
documents in accordance with the provisions of the Procedure. The consultative working group and the
public get engaged in the process by the right of non-SEA stakeholders. Members of the consultative
working group should provide information and advice to the Plan organiser and developers. The public
may make comments and proposals with regard to the SEA report and draft plan. The Coordination
Commission will accept completed the Plan solutions in the form of spatial development strands of the
national territory and functional priorities of territorial use. Solutions should be selected and adopted on
the basis of the conclusions of the SEA report.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 9
BACKGROUND
PLANNING ORGANISER | Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania.
CPRL DEVELOPER | UAB TAEM URBANISTAI.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT DEVELOPER | UAB CIVITTA and UAB PLENTPROJEKTAS.
Proper SEA contributes to the achievement of a high environmental protection level, improves the
quality of the CPRL being developed, increases the effectiveness of decision-making, helps to identify
new development alternatives and prevents wrong decisions.
One of the key principles of SEA, as a preventive environmental protection instrument, is as early as
possible in the planning process to ensure the availability to the planning document preparation
organiser of comprehensive and reliable information about significant implementation consequences on
the environment of planned territory. The main requirement while integrating SEA into the process of
preparation of territorial planning documents is to make sure that the assessment will be carried out
prior to the adoption and/or approval of the CPRL concept, where it is still not too late to consider and
choose the most suitable solution alternative. This will allow to offer necessary preventive and
compensatory measures to prevent and/or mitigate potential adverse effects and opt for the best
solutions for their development and implementation.
Assessment
In the case of both Alternative I and Alternative II, the CPRL concept provides for common functional
priorities / strands of Lithuania’s territory and assesses the principle of territorial development rather
than its quantification. There is no information about the development solutions for Lithuania’s territory,
their scope, technological or local alternatives and such uncertainty objectively makes it impossible to
base SEA on quantitative assessment criteria, while one of the main assessment methods will be related
to expert assessment. In order to eliminate the subjectivity of such assessment associated with personal
opinions, views and competences of SEA experts, expert assessment will also include other assessment
techniques, such as multi-criteria analysis, consequences matrices (tables) and a scenario approach.
SEA is performed in line with the Procedure for the Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and
Programmes, EBPO guidance for SEA preparation and European Observation Network for Territorial
Development and Cohesion (ESPON) guidelines, taking into account necessary procedures for carrying
out, coordination and publication of such assessment.
CONTENT OF THE ASSESSMENT | The assessment takes account of the topics. With regard to both
Alternative I and Alternative II, SEA is carried out by the topics of spatial structures (7 chapters) and
strategic objects.
Strategic objects in respect of which environmental assessment is planned refer to sites and facilities
proposed by the CPRL concept developers to be included as newly planned objects that are appropriate
to be given the status of a project of national importance.
ASPECTS OF THE ASSESSMENT | Each of the abovementioned topics is considered in terms and
environmental protection and sustainable development. Sustainable development covers the aspects of
economic and macroeconomic development, social and cultural development and natural environment
development.
COMPLEXITY OF THE ASSESSMENT | In the process of drawing up of the CPRL SEA report, the complexity
of assessment will be ensured through the analysis of synergies between structures in relation to
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 10
interaction between environment components and consequences affecting them, through identification
of new challenges (both sectoral and cross-sectoral), general proposals and recommendations. The
assessment of each topic in terms of chosen aspects takes addresses such territorial elements as intense
urbanisation nuclei, agricultural areas, sea, coastline and natural areas (relatively).
ASSESSMENT PROCESS | The assessment will entail breakdown by assessment components of the
environment that is likely to be affected. With the assistance of an expert team and in consultation with
the main assessment stakeholders, totally 14 environment components to be assessed were
distinguished (see below). The components are evaluated by territorial elements, which are reflected by
basic targets specified in the concept.
Goals reflecting territorial elements (basic targets) were identified with a view to evaluating effects of
alternatives on components in question. For some topics of spatial structures to be assessed goals were
defined in relation to the whole territory of the country rather than any specific territorial element.
Those are certain general provisions (goals) classified as ‘0’.
Identification of consequences
ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS TO BE ASSESSED | Considering the scope and character of the envisaged
CPRL conceptual alternatives and their possibly significant effect on the environment in environmental,
social, economic, macroeconomic and cultural terms, also taking account of the areas of competence of
SEA stakeholders, with the help of an expert team and in consultation with the main assessment
stakeholders, totally 14 environment components to be assessed were distinguished as relevant to the
development assessment in a variety of aspects.
FIGURE 1: ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE
Source: compiled by authors
CHARACTER AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONSEQUENCES | While considering the above components, the
assessment was made with regard to the likely significant environmental effects of the implementation
of alternatives (positive and negative), taking into account their character:
Probable significant positive consequences (++).
Probable minor positive consequences (+).
No significant consequences or probable minor positive consequences (0/+).
Consequences are insignificant or both positive and negative consequences are likely (0 or +/-).
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 11
No significant consequences or minor negative consequences are likely (0/-).
Probable minor negative consequences (-).
Probable significant negative consequences (--).
Significance of consequences (++ or --) is determined through expert assessment on the basis of the
characteristics, duration, likelihood of occurrence and possible scope of consequences.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CATEGORIES OF CONSEQUENCES | The consequences under discussion may be
direct, indirect, cumulative, synergetic, of different duration (long-term (permanent), mid-term, short-
term (temporary)), reversible and irreversible, with different likelihood of occurrence (high, medium,
low), of different spatial scope (given the territory to be affected: national or regional level), of a cross-
border level (likely to have a significant effect on the environment of another country). The above
characteristics of consequences are only referred to in assessments in which they are clearly identifiable.
EXPERT ASSESSMENT | This is a summarised opinion of an expert team derived from specialist expertise,
experience and intuition. The expert assessment technique represents a procedure that allows aligning
opinions of individual experts and arriving at a common decision. This method is particularly appropriate
for CPRL SEA, as in this case it is extremely difficult or practically impossible to apply objective
computational or empirical research methods. Expert assessment techniques are based on intuitive and
logical problem analysis methods and are used to distinguish and analyse the significance and character
of major consequences. Expert assessment is subject to qualitative and quantitative assessment
indicators and may rely on equivalents, research, scientific articles, legal acts, rules or strategic
instruments. Expert assessment involves such group assessment methods as a panel discussion,
brainstorming or Delphi methods.
CONSEQUENCES MATRICES (TABLES) | This method is based on breakdown of alternatives stipulated in
the CPRL concept by components / topics and assessment of each of them in terms of environmental
protection and sustainable development, taking into account the significance and character of
consequences. This approach is used for summarising and visualising the effects of other techniques,
expert or public discussions and comparison of alternatives (see Error! Reference source not found.).
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 12
FIGURE 2: CONSEQUENCES MATRIX SAMPLE TABLE
Source: compiled by authors
MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS | This method is used to compare among different CPRL concept alternatives
and choose the best option on the basis of numerical results of the expert assessment. Further
information about this method is given
Description of SEA components and goals to be achieved
While assessing the consequences under separate topics, it is important to identify components that
define development in relation to each aspect, i.e. to determine how consequences on economic
transport activity, labour market or engineering environment and other development components will be
assessed. Having understood how each component is defined and which aspects and indicators are
considered to assess consequences on each of them, it is possible to make a general assessment of the
overall impact of components with regard to each aspect of development.
Environment components to be assessed are further described in Table 1: COMPONENTS OF
ASSESSMENT ASPECTS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION.
TABLE 1: COMPONENTS OF ASSESSMENT ASPECTS AND THEIR DESCRIPTION
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC AND MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Economic transport Given its geopolitical position, Lithuania is seen as a bridge between East and West, it
activity (ETA) also has access to sea. As a result, logistics account for nearly 10% of Lithuania’s GDP1.
Transport, as a part of the economic activity associated with meeting people’s needs,
ensures personal and business trips (work and rest conditions) and international
commodity exchange and is a necessary link in the production chain. This component is
defined by carriage of passengers, goods and cargo by road, rail, through airports or
seaports, volume of logistics and passenger transport activities, etc. The assessment is
made with regard to the impact of implementation of each goal on the change in ETA.
1
Enterprise Lithuania, Overview of the Entrepreneurship Trend in Lithuania 2018
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 13
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Labour market (LM) This component and its constituent indicators are often the key tools for measuring the
economy. With economic growth, Lithuania’s labour market indicators have recently
improved. The employment rate in Q1 2018 reached 70.6%, while the unemployment
rate was 7.4%2. The proportion of the employed and active job-seekers in the total
population, employment rate, percentage of employees in a specific sector as compared
out of the total number of the employed, the number of active entities per one hundred
working persons, average net wage, demand for a specific occupation, profession or
specialisation are the key indicators defining the labour market. The assessment is made
with regard to the impact of implementation of each goal on the offer of jobs in a certain
area, i.e. the influence of the implementation of goals to be assessed on the creation of
new jobs.
Engineering The component of engineering environment addresses social and engineering
environment (EE) infrastructure, its condition and quality, including motor roads and their condition,
energy systems and grids (electricity, heating and gas), drinking water supply and waste
water treatment, waste handling, renewable sources of energy, improvement of energy
efficiency, transition to circular economy, electronic communications infrastructure,
tourism and recreation infrastructure (paths, fences, sightseeing towers, etc.), structures
of different purpose, etc. The assessment of the consequences of implementation of
goals on EE takes account of not only the quantity of the current / newly developed
infrastructure, but also its quality and management efficiency (e.g. the way the excess
infrastructure is used).
Engineering environment is significant not only nationally, but is also considered
internationally, having evaluated the goals set for the development of engineering
systems in a wider EU context (e.g. international electricity system connections, gas
pipeline, Klaipėda LNG terminal, RES).
Financial This component helps to determine the financial and/or economic situation of a city,
resources/economic region or state. Financial resources are defined by the character, volume and potential
prosperity (FR/EP) return of investment. Economic prosperity is measured by a number of different
indicators and definitions, however generally those include such macroeconomic
indicators as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, labour
productivity, income distribution, tax burden and the rate of social benefit. Economic
prosperity is a wider measure of economic prosperity than GDP. Net economic
prosperity adjusts GDP by deducting ‘bad’ indicators (e.g. pollution) and adding useful
indicators, which are not part of the single economic market, for example, leisure and
the value it brings to an individual3. This means that the assessment takes account of not
only the direct financial translation of the implementation of the goals to be assessed,
but also the indirect economic benefit / damage (e.g. with regard to decreased air
pollution or saving people’s lives).
COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Mobility (MOB) This component defines characteristics of individuals and access to vehicles and other
forms of transport. Mobility is measured by travel structure, dissemination, frequency,
length, duration and costs. More sustainable mobility is characterised by a better travel
structure (a greater portion of travels involves walking, non-motorised transport, public
transport, green transport, etc.), lesser dissemination, duration and length. Priority is to
be given to car or fossil fuel-powered vehicle alternatives and alternative means of
transport. The assessment should be based on the understanding that more sustainable
travel structure, wider use of green transport, more frequent circulation of public
2
Lithuanian labour Exchange, Lithuanian Labour Market Trends in 1st half of 2018
3
Nordhaus, W. D. and J. Tobin (1972). Is Growth Obsolete?
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 14
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
transport, greater possibilities for a passenger to choose a direction and time, shorter
travels in terms of length and duration result in positive consequences on the mobility
component.
Human health and This component refers to overall quality of living, which encompasses the state of
wellbeing (HHW) absolute physical, mental and social human wellbeing. The assessment addresses the
accessibility of social, cultural and other services, the quality of living environment and
its components, possibility to meet the basic human needs – physiological, safety, social,
self-esteem (respect) and self-realisation – as well as financial needs.
Urban environment Urban environment as one of the components defining territorial development, is
(UE) perceived as built-up urban areas in towns and cities, rural areas built-up in a compact
manner with engineering systems corridors and undeveloped plantations, public areas
and national forests in cities accommodated for common use. Urbanised environment is
identified by a territorial expression and values of certain indicators, such as
undeveloped areas, number of permanent residents, etc. The assessment of
consequences on urban environment addresses the impact on viability, spatial structure,
visual expression, environmental quality and functionality of a residential location.
COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (LANDSCAPE)
Landscape and heritage Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the
(LH) action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (European Landscape
Convention). Cultural landscape refers to a man-made landscape that reflects the co-
existence of people and environment. Natural landscape means a natural or sub-natural
landscape, which has evolved and is developing under the influence of natural processes
and whose development is substantially affected by natural processes and minimally
affected by human activities.
Cultural and natural heritage means a precious value for a nation (and the humanity as a
whole) defining its identity.
Natural habitats and Biodiversity means the entirety of living organisms and their living environment
biodiversity (NHB) (habitats) and the variety of processes that take place in that environment (the variety of
all forms of life) on our planet and/or in the area in question. Natural habitat refers to
areas of land or water with characteristic geographical, abiotic and biotic, fully natural or
semi-natural properties.
Natural renewable and Natural resources, natural values include all that a human being obtains from natural
non-renewable sources environment for his existence and economy and uses to provide for future development
(NRNS) of material production. Natural resources are employed not only for the development of
production or household applications, but also for recreation. Natural resources may be
either renewable or non-renewable. Renewable sources cover solar, wind energy,
hydropower, thermal / geothermal energy, fresh water, fertile soil horizon, biosphere
resources. Non-renewable sources include mineral resources.
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Water quality (WQ) Good ecological status of surface water is characterised by biological, physical and
chemical, hydromorphological indicators and their values typical of indicators for quality
elements under natural, i.e. reference conditions, where the impact of man’s economic
activities is at a minimum level.
Soil (S) Soil is the top loose layer of the Earth’s crust formed in rocks impacted by paedogenetic
factors (living organisms, water, air temperature) and able to yield a crop. Soil is the
main production tool in agriculture and forestry. Its formation is determined by
paedogenetic factors. The main factors defining soil condition are the quantity of organic
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 15
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
matter in soil, compaction, acidification, erosion, pollution and biodiversity decline.
Air quality (AQ) Outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding work places (Law on Ambient Air Protection).
Not all substances in air are considered to be pollutants. Air pollution is generally defined
as a certain concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere negatively affecting human
health, environment and cultural heritage (buildings, monuments and materials). The
clear sky and good visibility not necessarily signal clean air. Not always air pollution
comes from man-made sources. A number of natural phenomena, including volcanic
eruptions, forest fires and sand storms, emit pollutants into the atmosphere.
To secure good status of the ambient air, it is sought to keep emissions to the ambient
air in Lithuania below non-hazardous air pollution levels and reduce ambient air
pollution by sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, solid particles, non-methane volatile organic
compounds, also by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Climate change (CC) Climate means a set of statistical characteristics of the system consisting of interacting
elements (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, land surfaces and biosphere) with
long, but complete periods of change. The result of interaction between these system
elements is climate conditions on Earth or in any of its regions.
A series of research and measurement confirm that climate is already now rapidly going
through change, which is proved by increasing global temperature and rising sea level,
warming and acidification of oceans, continental and mountain glaciers, shrinking areas
covered by Arctic ice and snow and more frequent recurrence of extreme weather
conditions. The anthropogenic impact leads to current climate changes and is the main
cause of global warming that started in the middle of the 20th century.
Greenhouse gases (GHG) refer to carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases.
The impact of economic activities on climate change can be usefully translated into CO2
equivalent. CO2 equivalent means a non-dimensional value defining the impact of
different GHG on global warming as compared to CO2. Lithuania has committed itself to
ensure the implementation of short-term climate change mitigation goals and contribute
to the achievement of indicative medium-term and long-term climate change mitigation
goals by reducing GHG emissions.
Each topic is analysed by the above components; however, the implementation consequences of
alternatives are measured by their influence on Lithuania’s strategic objectives. These objectives are set
out in approved strategic documents, such as Lithuanian Regional Policy – White Paper, 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development and SDGs, National Progress Strategy ‘Lithuania 2030’, National Energy
Independence Strategy, CPRL goals, EU Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, etc.
TABLE 2: OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT BY COMPONENT
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENTS
Components of economic Economic sustainability / prosperity – competitive state (CPRL concept)
and macroeconomic
development:
Economic transport To ensure the creation of a competitive and resource efficient transport system by
activity building up a multimodal transport network, securing interaction and consolidation
process in freight and passenger logistics (White Paper)
Labour market Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 16
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENTS
employment and decent work for all (2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)
Engineering environment Make cities and human settlements inclusive, resilient and sustainable and ensure
sustainable consumption and production patterns (SDGs)
Financial resources / By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of
economic prosperity the population at a rate higher than the national average (2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development)
Components of social and Social sustainability / identity – high-quality living environment and viable urban
cultural development: structures (CPRL concept)
Mobility Meeting mobility needs of the population through the creation of an effective
integrated public transport system, modern infrastructure of suitable quality and
promotion of sustainable mobility initiatives (National Progress Strategy ‘Lithuania
2030’)
Human health and Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages (SDGs)
wellbeing
Urban environment Optimising the national urban structure, which would offer the best opportunity for
social, economic and ecological development of the country and create conditions for
high quality of living (CPRL goals)
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (SDGs)
Components of natural Environmental sustainability / responsible consumption – viable ecosystems and
environment efficient bio-productive areas (CPRL concept)
(landscape):
Landscape and heritage Ensuring preservation of environmental sustainability of economic activity and
landscape and maintaining the current cultural landscape and its benchmark areas as
part of our country’s identity (White Paper of Lithuanian Rural Development and
Agricultural Policy)
Natural habitats and Preserve and increase biodiversity through its rational use and reduce the degradation
biodiversity of natural habitats (CPRL goals)
Natural renewable and By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
non-renewable sources (SDGs)
Common goals for use of energy from RES in 2050 – it is intended to obtain 80 per cent
of the total consumption of electricity, heat and cooling energy and energy in the
transport sector from renewable energy sources (National Energy Independence
Strategy)
Components of Environmental sustainability / responsible consumption – viable ecosystems and
environmental efficient bio-productive areas (CPRL concept)
protection:
Water quality Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation (SDGs)
Soil Reduce soil degradation, as well as sustain and increase the current soil fertility, ensure
long-term sustainability of soil productivity (White Paper of Lithuanian Rural
Development and Agricultural Policy)
Protection and sustainable use of soil and restoring degraded soils to a level of
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 17
ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES OF THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
COMPONENTS
functionality consistent at least with current and intended use, thus also considering
the cost implications of the restoration of soil (EU Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection)
Air quality With regard to protection of air quality, to make sure that emissions to the ambient air
in Lithuania are kept below the levels set in international and EU legal acts and that
concentration of air pollutants in the ambient air is within the limits of ambient air
pollution that do not pose any hazard to human health and the environment (National
Environmental Protection Strategy 2030)
Climate change The strategic goal of Lithuania’s climate change mitigation policy is to ensure that the
growth of the country’s economy is more rapid than the increase in GHG emissions. For
the purpose of monitoring the implementation of this strategic goal, an assessment
criterion – GHG emissions per GDP unit (t CO2e/EUR 1 million GDP) (National Strategy
for the National Climate Change Management Policy) – has been set.
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (SDGs)
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 18
1. EVOLUTION IN THE ABSENCE OF THE CPRL
1.1. PROBLEMS AND THEIR ACCUMULATIONS
The CPRL current state analysis identifies problem situations and associated challenges. The most
important groups of challenges are related to negative migration and lack of human resources, lack
economic activity and unsustainable development, environmental pollution and cohesion of different
interests.
1.1.1. NEGATIVE MIGRATION AND LACK OF HUMAN RESOURCES
The overall demographic situation in Lithuania is impaired due to large-scale migration, low birth rates
and high mortality. This leads to depopulation, decrease in the number of children and people of working
age and increase of dependent population of an older age within the total age structure of the
population. The society is ageing throughout the EU and immigration from third countries does not offset
this trend. Cross-border migration might be a key to certain challenges of the labour market, but it
cannot reverse common trends. Challenges which we see today as problems will not be solved, but their
character is going to change before 2030. In the current structure of the Lithuanian population,
generations of young people and children are not numerous, i.e. there is no demographic potential for
the growth of the population. Tension in the labour market might be alleviated by immigration flows
from Ukraine or other third countries, which sooner or later is likely to cause social tensions in Lithuanian
cities. Rural areas will continue to lose population (possibly, to a large extent, due to demographic
renewal and internal migration processes). With stricter environmental requirements, in rural areas the
investment burden will have to be borne by low-income earners within the rural population. Cost of
living in rural areas will grow. Poverty and exclusion problems are likely to confront small towns. In peri-
urban areas and higher mobility service zones the structure of the rural population will vary. There will be
a greater number of mobile, educated (with professional qualification or higher education) middle-aged
and older individuals able to handle new technologies. Accordingly, it will cause higher demand for
service quality and transport, as well as a change in cultural life and values. According to Statistics
Lithuania, population numbers are changing, but their proportion in rural areas and cities remains at the
same level since 1989: approximately 67.5% in cities and 32.5% in rural areas. Therefore, Lithuania’s rural
areas are expected to have 600,000-800,000 permanent residents in 2050. With the efforts of the state
or the population, quality of life will improve both in urban and rural areas, however, urban residents will
continue to suffer from climate change and social tensions.
1.1.2. LACK OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND UNSUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The gap between cities and regions will inevitable enlarge. Cities will enjoy the accumulation of local and
foreign investments and the expansion of high-tech and high added value production and skilled labour
force. On the initiative of local communities, local business will develop in rural areas, and the local
market will build on short food chains and services. This will give a basis for sustaining viability of local
communities. With increasing pressure from EU structures with regard to environmental protection, area
of territories subject to strict environmental requirements will expand and compulsory deployment of
environmental measures in agriculture will reduce profitability. On the other hand, it will gradually drop
with the impairment of soil quality. In cities, economic activity will continuously improve, at the same
time environmental and social problems will consistently accumulate and require more and more funds
for their solution. Energy consumption will be increasing both in households and business, while the
production of energy from renewable sources will not reach the desirable level. This will lead to greater
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 19
energy import from the EU or third countries. Continuously promoted consumption of services and goods
will steadily grow, just as amounts of waste, especially in urban areas. Waste management costs will be
rising. This suggests that the problem of economic activity and associated issues will worsen and
accumulate regardless of great efforts on the part of the Government, whether on its own initiative or
urged by EU authorities, to cope with the situation.
1.1.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Development of technology as well as robotization and digitalisation of production should cause
decrease in emissions from stationary sources to air. However, due to growing costs, the progress will
not be as rapid as desired. The level of automobilising is rising in the country and public transport fails to
meet the needs either in urban or rural areas. Therefore, it is likely that even the introduction of a
pollution tax will not reverse the tendency to use motor vehicles. Given that logistics centres are
constructed, highways are built and planned in order to provide the best possible conditions for freight
carriers, the volume of freight carriages, and at the same time air pollution by nitrogen oxides, is unlikely
to decrease. As for agriculture, environmental measures are expected to be applied, but as long as the
market for agricultural products remains favourable, the scale of intense cultivation of cereal crops in
central regions of Lithuania will not decrease. As a result, diffuse pollution will compromise the state of
surface water bodies and soil. Intensive use of chemical fertilisers for fertility purposes will contribute to
climate change (with high emissions of nitrous oxide). It is expected that forest cover increasing through
the national efforts will minimise pollution effects. Hence, regardless of efforts taken and application of
measures, environmental pollution will be getting worse, the quality of resources will deteriorate and
other related environmental problems will intensify.
1.1.4. COHESION OF DIFFERENT INTERESTS
Conflicts of interest with regard to conservation, recreation, economic development followed by
urbanisation, national defence within the 100 km coastline will be getting worse and hard to handle.
Development priorities of national importance promoted by foreign investment possibilities and the
haste to take decisions will lead to compromises that result in impairment of quality and decrease in the
number of recreational resources, diminishing welfare of the local population and access to small
business, hastily conserved or even lost natural / cultural heritage. Fragmented sectoral planning
decisions will have a unilateral effect of economic prosperity, while sustainable or sustained seaside and
coastline development targets will remain to be declaratory.
1.2. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, PROTECTED AREAS AND LISTED SITES
1.2.1. NATURAL RESOURCES
Lithuania’s main sustainable development objective is to attain the EU’s average in terms of economic
and social development and resource efficiency, keep environmental pollution indicators within the
permitted EU rates, comply with requirements of international conventions that restrict environmental
pollution and impact on global climate. One of the priorities of sustainable development is more efficient
use of natural resources.
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | Currently, the established legal framework encourages the
increase of forest cover in the country. Therefore, is it likely to grow. Nevertheless, sectoral decisions are
only rational from a certain perspective. In implementing comprehensive plan solutions, forest cover will
be further extended where forest is necessary for sustainability, environmental balance, landscape
variety and other purposes. Accordingly, the enlargement of forest cover in the country without
consideration of CPRL solutions will not allow to achieve sustainable development goals or properly
develop an ecological compensation system.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 20
Utilised agricultural areas
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | Intensive use of agro-ecosystems will impair soil fertility and
increase its compaction. Zones so affected will gradually expand and at the end of the planning period
will prevail in the overall structure of utilised agricultural areas. With the degradation of drainage
systems, some of the utilised agricultural areas will turn into mires. In the overall structure of holdings,
10-50 ha (average size) farms with mixed economic activities will be prevalent. While the quality of
utilised agricultural areas worsens, it is easier for mixed farms to survive in the changing agricultural
market. Only small farms which refocus on high quality of production or services and join the business of
short food or services chain will be able to subsist.
Recreational resources
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | Trends in the use of recreational resources and tourism potential
will remain unchanged. A narrow sectoral approach, lack of partnership traditions and institutional
division do not allow for generating additional benefits and development of adjacent sectors. Under such
conditions, cities and resorts (Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Palanga, Neringa, Druskininkai, Birštonas) will
benefit most from tourism. Tendencies of regional cooperation are observed in the Aukštaitija
(Highlands) region. It is likely that by the end of the planning period the Aukštaitija region will succeed in
bringing municipalities together for a joint activity and properly position the region on the international
tourism market.
Underground resources
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | The growth of economic activity will cause higher demand,
prospecting and extraction of mineral resources used in building. Volumes of oil recovery are unlikely to
rise, as explored resources will be exhausted. Further prospecting will depend on common political
decisions. The country is not ready for prospecting and extraction of other mineral resources. There is a
lack of specialists, the public is not ready for larger-scale extraction projects. There are no political
decisions, expertise or negotiating positions in the relevant global market. Without complex solutions
stagnation should be expected with regard to the use of other underground deposits until the end of the
planning period.
1.2.2. PROTECTION OF NATURAL VALUES AND ECOSYSTEMS
Geo-ecological compensation system
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | As a result of human activities, the number of natural and semi-
natural territories will gradually decline, i.e. the geo-ecological potential of natural areas will continue to
weaken. There are less and less territories that maintain overall ecological stability of animate nature and
a man’s living environment, safeguard further existence and steady development of biodiversity, ensure
absorption, neutralisation and clean-up of residues from anthropogenic activities, as well as continuity of
the cycle of natural materials circulation. The process of diminishing is slow, restricted by environmental
legal acts and institutional protection. It is likely that by the end of the planning period the degradation
and transformation processes of the natural environment will not become irreversible.
Protected areas system
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | At present, no protection encouraging natural processes is assured
with regard to naturally valuable territories. The state of those territories gradually worsens. The
expansion of protected areas would eliminate the problem only partially. It is likely that in the nearest
future the percentage of protected areas will increase up to 18%. The public opposes the establishment
of new national parks, therefore full attention will probably be given to the protection of sustained
landscape in the existing protected areas.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 21
1.2.3. LANDSCAPE
CHANGES IN THE ABSENCE OF CPRL | The evolution of the landscape condition is reflected by the
developments in the landscape farmland structure that take place in the territories. Among the present
trends, special mention should be made of renaturalization, change in the forest species composition and
utilised agricultural areas. The area of built new agricultural land and forest cover is expanding.
Tendencies in the change of landscape condition are closely related to intensive change in economic and
social conditions, this is why it is not sought to necessarily preserve the landscape as it is. Given
moderate development of new agricultural areas and expansion of the total forest cover, the overall
tendency in the change of the country’s landscape is good, yet unstable. All efforts to protect the
landscape are channelled towards safeguarding the sustainability of change.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 22
2. DESCRIPTION OF GENERAL PROVISIONS AND
ALTERNATIVES OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
The vision suggested in the CPRL concept is set until 2050. The concept has been developed on the basis
of the current state analysis and findings, which show the strands, trends and challenges of the spatial
development of the national territory. Also, active discussions involving the public, specialists and
representatives of various scientific circles were held in order to create a vision of the country’s
development.
The vision of the comprehensive plan of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania, as possible the best
prospective spatial model of the country, has been developed in relation to three basic objectives of the
spatial formation of the country’s territory: viable urban structures; viable ecosystems; efficient
bioproduction areas.
The concept highlights six main spatial systems, including urban, economic, transport (mobility),
engineering, ecosystems and use of resources. From the territorial perspective, it identifies four
territorial elements: intense urbanisation nuclei (cities and suburbs), agricultural areas, sea and coastline
and (relatively) natural areas.
While formulating conceptual solutions, principles were set for the development of spatial systems,
territorial elements and special topics, descriptions were provided for two solutions concerning spatial
development and functional priorities alternatives, and a list of sites / projects of strategic importance to
be developed was prepared.
A detailed description of the CPRL concept alternatives to be assessed is provided in the executive
summary of the concept.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 23
3. NATURAL AREAS AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED
PROTECTED AREAS | The Lithuanian system of protected areas includes the following:
Protected areas of conservational priority: strict reserves (natural and cultural) (5), national
reserves (402), municipal reserves (112), objects of natural heritage (684, including 156 natural
monuments), objects of natural heritage protected at a municipal level (217)4 and immovable
cultural heritage sites and monuments (25,420).
Protected areas of ecological protection priority: protected areas under ecological protection.
Recuperational protected areas: recuperational (3) and genetic plots (156).
Integrated protected areas: state parks (national (5) and regional (30)) and biosphere monitoring
areas (biosphere reserves (1) and biosphere polygons (28)).
Natura 2000 areas were and are integrated into the national system of protected areas. Lithuania has
established areas important for the protection of birds (84) and habitats (475).
As Lithuania consistently implements EU strategies for sustainable development and biodiversity, the
minimum coverage of protected areas should reach 18%. An important objective is to preserve the
sustained landscape condition in protected areas.
TABLE 3: PROTECTED AREAS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE IN LITHUANIA
WORLD HERITAGE SITES WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL THE SYSTEM OF THE BALTIC SEA
(UNESCO, 1972) IMPORTANCE (RAMSAR, 1971) PROTECTED AREAS (HELCOM, 1974)
Vilnius Old Town (1994) State Čepkelių reserve (1993 m.) The Curonian Spit national park (1994)
The Curonian Spit national park State Kamanų reserve (1993) Coastal cliff (Pajūris) regional park
(2000) (1994)
State Kernavė cultural reserve State Viešvilė reserve (1993) Nemunas delta regional park (1994)
(2004)
Trakai historical national park Žuvintas biosphere reserve (1993)
(application submitted)
Žuvintas biosphere reserve Nemunas delta regional park (1993)
(2011)
Adutiškio-Svylos-Birvėtos wetland
complex (2011)
Girutiškio swamp (2011)
Source: State Service for Protected Areas
Established areas that are of importance in terms of bird protection and identified locations that meet
the criteria set for areas significant to the protection of habitats overlap to a considerable extent. The
overlapping area approximates to 392,000 ha.
4
According to the data of 1 May 2018, State Cadastre of Protected Areas of the Republic of Lithuania.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 24
NATURE FRAME | The nature frame connects all protected areas into a single network but is not
regarded as a protected area. In the areas of the natural frame, protection is ensured for the spatial and
territorial structure and natural character of the landscape, ecological stability, aesthetic value of the
landscape.
FORESTS | According to the data of the State Land Fund of the Republic of Lithuania of 1 January 2019,
forests cover 2,158,949.7 ha, or 33.5% of the country’s territory. Lithuania’s forest habitats are of high
importance in terms of European phytogeographic distribution: one of the most important lines of plant
natural ranges crosses Lithuania’ territory, which delineates the natural range of hornbeams in the
northeast. The country’s territory extends in the transition zone of coniferous and broad-leaved woods,
hence a rich variety of forest habitats formed here is complex and often has an irregular internal
structure. There are 14 types of habitats of importance to the European Community identified in
Lithuanian forests, including 6 types of habitats seen as a priority.
CULTURAL HERITAGE | The greatest part of Lithuania’s immovable heritage is constituted of
archaeological, urban and architectural values. Archaeological and mythological heritage sites are noted
for their huge diversity: hillforts, old ramparts, defence walls and fortifications, ruins and remains of
buildings, places of religious cult, etc. Urban values include historic old towns and towns, historical parts
of cities, old villages and similar places or locations. Architectural sites embrace buildings, their parts,
appurtenances, building complexes and ensembles. The register of cultural values lists over 2,000
archaeological sites, 90 historic cities and towns, around 580 manor estates, approximately 300 identified
parks, still existing 43 ethnographic villages. The heritage of wooden manors and ethnographic villages is
unique and remarkable. A substantial portion of the cultural heritage consists of movable cultural values
such as monumental art works, wayside shrines, crosses and other art values (easel painting, mural
painting, stained glass, metal plastics, ceramics, modelling, sculpture, carving, altars, pulpits,
confessionals, organs, artistic furniture or equipment, other works of visual or applied arts). The majority
of those are found in Lithuanian churches and monasteries.
The world heritage sites on the World Heritage List are the most outstanding examples of the world
cultural and natural heritage. Lithuania boasts four (4) sites included in the World Heritage List, namely
Vilnius Historic Centre, Curonian Spit, Kernavė archaeological site and Struvė Geodetic Arc points.
TERRITORIAL SEA OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA AND EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE | The
territorial sea of the Republic of Lithuania (‘territorial sea’) refers to the 12 nautical miles strip of the
Baltic Sea waters along the coast of the Republic of Lithuania. The exclusive economic zone of the
Republic of Lithuania (‘exclusive economic zone’) (EEZ) takes in the Baltic Sea extending beyond the limits
of the territorial sea, in which the Republic of Lithuania has certain sovereignty rights, jurisdiction and
obligations. The border of the Lithuanian continental shelf in the Baltic Sea coincides with the EEZ
boundaries.
In the context of the Baltic Sea, Lithuania’s exclusive economic zone is relatively rich in fish variety and
resources. There are 21 freshwater species and 33 marine species registered here. The coast serves as a
nursery ground for a lot of marine and migratory fish species. This area also features a vast number of
freshwater fish species whose nursery grounds are in salt water (bream, zander, perch, roach, etc.). As
many as 19 cyclostomes and fish species are protected under the Habitats Directive, Bern Convention or
CITES Convention (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), 5
species are entered on the Lithuanian Red List and 18 species are regarded as very rare.
Within the Lithuanian waters, the major areas of commercial fishing are the seacoast, the area at the
Russian border and the area bordering the Swedish zone. Here fish is caught by trawl nets and set nets.
Commercial fishing of the main species is subject to quotas.
National protected areas established in Lithuania’s territorial sea and exclusive economic zone make part
of the European ecological network Natura 2000. Their purpose is the protection of birds and habitats.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 25
TABLE 4: NATIONAL PROTECTED AREAS ESTABLISHED IN THE LITHUANIAN TERRITORIAL SEA AND SPECIAL
ECONOMIC ZONE
ITEM NAME AREA (HA) VALUES FOR THE PROTECTION OF WHICH A PROTECTED AREA IS
ESTABLISHED (HABITAT CODE AND NAME)
1. Sambija plateau 25,041 ha 1170 – Reefs
biosphere polygon
2. Klaipėda-Ventspils 31,949 ha 1170 – Reefs
plateau biosphere
Area of accumulations of overwintering water birds (velvet
polygon
scoters, razorbills, long-tailed ducks)
3. Baltic Sea 31,959 ha Area of regular accumulations of migratory water birds of
biosphere polygon importance to the European Community: little gulls (Larus
minutus) and overwintering water birds (velvet scoters
(Melanitta fusca), razorbills (Alka torda)).
4. Baltic Sea 14,000 ha Protected valuable Baltic Sea coast ecosystem between Giruliai
thalasological strict and Manciškės established particularly to preserve populations
reserve of red-throated divers (Gavia stellata), Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta
stelleri), common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula), goosanders
(Mergus merganser) and little gulls (Larus minutus), areas of
their overwintering and migratory accumulations, areas of the
natural sea habitat of European importance – 1170 Reefs – and
ensure proper level of their protection.
5. Karklė 3,100 ha Protected unique sea complex characterised by a wide
thalasological strict biodiversity on the Lithuanian coast, sea rocky reef biotopes with
reserve, Pajūrio mussel communities, furcellaria colonies, fish spawning and
(coastal cliff) feeding grounds, 1170 Reefs habitat of importance to the
regional park European Community, protected areas of overwintering and
migratory accumulations of Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri),
common goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula), goosanders (Mergus
merganser) and little gulls (Larus minutus), European river
lamprey.
6. Neringa 12,516 ha Protected shallow seacoast underwater landscape ecosystem
thalasological strict with habitats of European importance, an area important to the
reserve, Curonian protection of birds and habitats, overwintering and feeding areas
Spit national park for long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis), red-throated divers
(Gavia stelata), goosanders (Mergus merganser), common
goldeneyes (Bucephala clangula), common pochards (Aythia
ferina), great crested grebes (Podiceps cristatus), Steller’s Eiders
(Polysticta stelleri).
Source: compiled by authors
SOIL | Soil cover of the Baltic and Žemaičių highlands is highly varied and contrasting, while that in the
plains of western Lithuania is homogeneous and even. The varied and contrasting soil cover makes it
impossible to form large crop rotation fields, as soils with different characteristics do not dry up or yield
crops at the same time, and agro-technical and agricultural drainage measures vary in terms of their
efficiency.
In comparison with some European countries, soils in Lithuania are well explored and mapped. Agro-
chemical and special soil analyses have been carried out since 1964. In 1999 a comprehensive modern
national soil classification of Lithuania (LTDK-99) was created in compliance with the revised, amended
and supplemented (1997) legend of the FAO-UNESCO Soil Map of the World (1990).
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 26
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY | The National Environmental Protection Strategy approved by Resolution
No XII-1626 of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of 16 April 2015 sets out the main principles of
environmental protection. The strategic goal is to achieve the environment in Lithuania that is healthy,
clean and safe and sustainably meets public, environmental and economic needs.
In the area of water protection, it is aimed at ensuring good state of ground water and surface water
bodies, the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea, suitability of surface water bodies for recreational needs
and access for the entire population of the country to drinking water that meets safety and quality
requirements. The condition of surface water bodies is most negatively affected by diffuse and point
source pollution, drainage and straightening of rivers, hydropower plants and international pollution
loads coming from the neighbouring countries. The pollution of the Baltic Sea is caused not only by
pollutants directly entering the Baltic Sea, but also by pollutants finding their way from river. Lithuania is
obligated by the EU by 2021 to increase the portion of water bodies in good status more than by one
third.
With regard to the protection of air quality the aim is to make sure that pollution emissions to ambient
air in Lithuania is kept with the limits set out in international and EU legal acts, the concentration of air
pollutants in ambient air does not exceed ambient air pollution levels innocuous for human health and
environment. Just as in other EU member states, in Lithuania pollution released to the ambient air is
decreasing. The greatest challenge is to minimise pollution by nitrogen oxides. This pollutant not only
indirectly affects human health, but also contributes to the formation of another pollutant hazardous to
health and ecosystems – ozone in ambient air – which does not directly come from pollution sources. The
major portion of nitrogen oxides (59% according to data of 2016) originates from the transport sector,
out of which 78% of the total emissions is released by the road transport. Another pollutant that raises
concerns in relation to air pollution, air quality and, at the same time, adverse effect on human health
(particularly relevant in Lithuanian cities during heating periods) is solid particles, the main sources of
which is the energy sector, including household (private homes) heating production installations and
solid fuels that are burned in them.
The strategic goal of Lithuania’s climate change mitigation policy is to secure that the growth rate of the
country’s economy surpasses the increase in GHG emission levels. In order to monitor the attainment of
this strategic goal, an assessment criterion was set in the form of GHG emissions per GDP unit
(t CO2e/EUR 1 million GDP). Lithuania successfully complies with the commitments of the Kyoto Protocol
to cut GHG emissions to the atmosphere. In comparison with the reference year 1996, in 2016 emissions
decreased by 58.3%, however, in such sectors as agriculture, transport, household, waste, etc. over the
three recent years the volumes of greenhouse gases rose by nearly 12%, the major portion of which is
due to the road transport.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 27
4. ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
4.1. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE URBAN
SYSTEM AND ITS STRUCTURE
TABLE 5: GOALS OF THE URBAN SYSTEM AND ITS STRUCTURE BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENT
GOAL DESCRIPTION
0. GENERAL STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
0a Full integration in EU urban environment through the optimisation of the urban structure and
boosting the country’s competitiveness. Creating preconditions for high quality of living by way of
developing the polycentric hierarchical network of residential areas and minimising regional
exclusion.
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a Integrated development of compact cities through the consolidation of peri-urban structures.
2. ORGANIC, COST-EFFECTIVE (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIABLE RURAL AREAS
2a Enhancing viability of rural residential areas by creating full living conditions and developing the
community, as well as protecting their uniqueness and authenticity.
4. RESPONSIBLY USED SEA AND COASTLINE
4a Exploiting the existing recognised recreation potential through the development of tourism
infrastructure, promoting marine recreation and the knowledge of marine culture and natural
heritage.
The following tables (see Error! Reference source not found., Error! Reference source not found.) show
the assessment results of the environmental consequences under this topic.
TABLE 6: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE URBAN SYSTEM AND ITS
STRUCTURE FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MACROECONOMIC CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (LANDSCAPE) COMPONENTS8
COMPONENTS5 COMPONENTS 6 COMPONENTS7
5
ETA – economic transport activity, LM – labour market, EE- engineering environment, FR/EP – financial resources/economic
prosperity
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 28
GOAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MACROECONOMIC CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (LANDSCAPE) COMPONENTS8
COMPONENTS5 COMPONENTS 6 COMPONENTS7
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a 0/+ + + +/- + + +/- 0 0 0 + + + +
1a 0/+ + 0/+ 0/- ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + +/- + ++
2a 0/- 0/- 0/- 0/- + +/- + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
4a 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ + + +/- +/- + + +/- 0 +/- +/-
TABLE 7: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE URBAN SYSTEM AND ITS
STRUCTURE FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MACROECONOMIC CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (LANDSCAPE) COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a + ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + 0 + + + + +
1a + ++ + 0/+ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + +/- + ++
2a +/- 0/+ 0 +/- ++ + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
4a 0/+ + + + + + +/- +/- +/- + +/- 0 +/- +/-
TABLE 8: SUMMARIES AND INSIGHTS INTO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN SYSTEM AND ITS STRUCTURE
SUMMARIES AND INSIGHTS
The polycentric urban structure creates good preconditions for rational use of resources characterised by
relatively even territorial distribution (development of agriculture and forestry as well as wilderness
tourism, extraction of mineral resources for local needs, etc.), steady provision of preconditions for quality
of life. The potential of individual cities in the polycentric system (ability to generate activities of high
added value) is insufficient to boost the country’s competitiveness (Goal 0a). Hence, the concept solutions
target at combining the economic / social development potentials of neighbouring cities – Vilnius and
Kaunas, as well as Šiauliai and Panevėžys, and promoting integrated actions of cooperating municipalities
directed towards common goals and enabling rapid expansion of activities with high added value. Cities
visible in the European context are conducive to local and foreign investments, which in turn supports
6
MOB – mobility, HHW – human health and wellbeing, UE – urban environment.
7
LH – landscape and heritage, NHB – natural habitats and biodiversity, NRNS – natural renewable and non-renewable sources.
8
WQ – water quality, S – soil, AQ – air quality, CC – climate change.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 29
SUMMARIES AND INSIGHTS
improvement of their quality of life and urban environment but tends to deepen regional exclusion. In the
vase of both alternatives, the Lithuanian urban structure developed according to the principle of
partnerships will remain polycentric with three more vividly expressed urban combinations – Vilnius-
Kaunas, Šiauliai-Panevėžys and Klaipėda. Subject to the extension of the principle of partnerships in the
network of urban centres of a regional level, Alternative II provides better conditions for addressing
regional divide (Goal 0a).
A realised idea of compact cities and integrated suburbs (Goal 1a) is likely to have more or less significant
positive effects on all environment components concerned. A compact city refers to a densely populated
city characterised by multifunctional urban structures, sustained and efficient use of resources, available
supply of quality services, developed and convenient public transport, reduced need for a private car and
environmentally sustainable system of green plantations. Increasing density of urban development leads to
more intense use of the existing infrastructure, however, there is still the risk of losing values, destroying
natural structures and severing established social relations. In order to prevent undesirable consequences,
the principles of complex planning and development should be followed. In the case of Alternative II,
integration of existing suburbs in common social and infrastructure structures of a compact city would be
easier with the application of the adjusted principle of partnerships, which allows to share resources and
flexibly accommodate the existing infrastructure at the same time saving public funds.
The concept solutions set the goal of ‘enhancing viability of rural residential areas by creating full living
conditions and developing the community, as well as protecting their uniqueness and authenticity’ (Goal
2a). In the case of both alternatives, urban system development solutions will not provide conditions for
the enhancement of the overall viability of rural areas or at least stabilisation of negative changes
(vanishing of villages). It is expected, that at the end of the planning period rural areas will count as many
as 600,000-800,000 residents. It is likely that full living conditions in a specific rural area will be created by
its residents gathered together in the form of communities. The availability of public services is intended to
be secured through the development of mobility packages. Once SMART mobility services are developed
on the initiative of local communities, the access to the top-level services by public transport will be
possible, but inconvenient due to the number of changes of transport on the route. As a result, the need
for the rural population to own a private car will remain.
Goal 4a of ‘exploiting the existing recognised recreation potential through the development of tourism
infrastructure, promoting marine recreation and the knowledge of marine culture and natural heritage’ is
likely to be associated with the renovation, conversion and humanisation of the urbanised environment on
the sea shore and coast, therefore, both alternatives consider low importance to the environment
components in question. Giving Neringa the status of a recreational centre of the national importance
(Alternative II) will make little difference, as Neringa makes part of the national park with tough activity
restrictions. On the other hand, the implementation of a strategic facility project – external seaport – (with
the planned installation of a public quay) could give a stronger impetus to tourism infrastructure
development, marine recreation and related activities.
4.2. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR SERVICE
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE URBAN STRUCTURE
TABLE 1: GOALS OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE URBAN SYSTEM BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL GOAL DESCRIPTION
NO
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To ensure a modern and accessible network of health care services infrastructure.
1b To form an accessible, affordable and result- and educational quality-oriented network of preschool sector
and education infrastructure.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 30
GOAL GOAL DESCRIPTION
NO
1c To expand the system of social services for older people, which is based on the effective model of
integrated social services, i.e., by meeting the social needs of older people through a coordinated team of
health care and social protection specialists, incorporating the available competences, skills and resources,
and using the general infrastructure.
1d To create a multi-tier infrastructure of cultural services and strive to employ cultural (heritage) objects by
involving the society in cultural activities.
1e To increase competitive advantage of public transport over personal vehicles in terms of trip time and
ensure accessibility of everyday locations by alternative means of transportation.
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To ensure that villages, towns and small settlements act as local centres of rural territories offering concise
accessible essential services (education, health, social) corresponding to the changed demographic
situation.
2b To concentrate the cultural services provided in the regions and integrate separate objects into complex
network rendering sociocultural services – the system of services. To adapt the cultural infrastructure of the
regional centres for promotion of high-quality content by engaging the alternative facilities, heritage sites
and public areas. To stimulate local communities to participate actively in the process of preservation and
enshrining of cultural heritage, carry on craftsmanship traditions and stimulate cultural tourism.
2c To enhance coherence between local centres of rural territories and higher level urban areas, accessibility
of special services by creating, optimising and ensuring availability of regional public transport and efficient
services, and increasing synergy of various means of transport, and private and public transport for daily
commute services.
The results of assessment of impact of this subject on the environment are presented in the Tables below
(see Table 2, Table 3).
TABLE 2: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
THE URBAN SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOALS COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
AND MACRO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (LANDSCAPE)
COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
1a 0 0 0 -- + + +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0/- 0/-
1b 0 0 0/+ - + + +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1c 0 ++ 0 -- + +/- + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1d 0 + 0 +/- 0 + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1e + 0/+ 0/+ +/- + + ++ 0 0 0 + + + +
2a +/- 0/+ 0/+ - + + +/- + 0 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
2b 0 + 0 - 0/- + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0
2c 0 0 0/+ +/- + + 0 0 0 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 31
TABLE 3: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN
THE URBAN SYSTEM FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
1a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- ++ ++ ++ 0 0 0 0 0 - -
1b 0 0/+ + +/- ++ +/- ++ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1c 0 ++ 0/+ - ++ +/- + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1d 0 + 0/+ +/- 0 ++ ++ + 0 0 0 0 0 0
1e ++ 0/+ + ++ ++ + ++ 0 0 0 ++ ++ ++ ++
2a +/- 0/+ + 0/- + + + + 0 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
2b 0 + 0/+ 0/- 0/- ++ 0/+ + 0 0 0 0 0 0
2c 0/+ 0 + +/- ++ ++ 0 0 0 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
TABLE 4: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO SERVICE DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICES WITHIN THE URBAN STRUCTURE
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The greatest impact of implementation of the services system reform will be exerted on the components
of economic and social environment in both alternatives. Any significant impact, particularly negative, on
the natural environment and environmental quality components is highly unlikely. Upon implementation
of conceptual solutions for distribution of services in the network of residential areas, the best results in
terms of quality of services and accessibility can be expected in the medium-sized towns and large cities,
where it is expected to develop service packages encompassing all the levels – from those satisfying
imperative needs to those of partially small or even small demand. It is expected that at the end of the
planned period, these areas will be populated by 1.5-2.0 mln (approx. 70%) of permanent Lithuanian
residents. The implemented aim ‘Competitive public transport and ensuring availability of daily services
through alternative means of transport’ (Goal 1e) will have a material effect on the economic and social
welfare and environmental indicators in the cities in respect of implementation of both alternatives. This
goal must be prioritised in the urban policy by development of compact cities (medium-sized and large in
particular). Significant positive benefits will be potentially manifested in the mobility, human health and
well-being, and built environmental components. During implementation of reformation of the social
protection system (Goal 1c) and when seeking to meet the cultural development targets (Goal 1d),
expansion of labour market in the cities of various sizes and significant positive impact on the
environmental components (air, climate change) due to reduced traffic flows and congestion, as a result of
use of alternative means of transport, are expected.
The reformation of the education and social institutions network will demand the greatest investments.
However, in case of Alternative II, the efficiency of investment will be considerably greater because it
would allow creating the possibility for municipalities and public services institutions to communicate on
the grounds of joint activities, sharing human and material resources, project-related activities and
creating a broader variety and better quality of services determined by common accord. Thus, due to the
common ‘partnership’ policy in all levels of urban system in Alternative II, the transformation of the public
services system is likely to be more flexible and dynamic, as it will be implemented with participation of
municipalities, public services institutions, public (NGO, trade unions, etc.) and local communities. This
allows expecting both, economic benefits offered by the effect of synergy of activities and fundamental
changes in political life of the public, i.e. slightly increased democratic and civic awareness of the society,
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 32
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
confidence in the state and public institutions, more active political participation and general public accord.
In the rural area, the reform of the structure of services will yield positive results in terms of social
environment components (in particular by planning cohesion of local centres and higher level urban
centres; connectivity of transport services is declared in Goal 2c); however, the significance of outcomes is
lower than in the cities. The population density in rural areas, particularly in those situated remotely from
the developed metropolitan centres, is very low with a trend towards reduction. In this situation, the
network of centres providing essential services is narrowing, while the available service infrastructure
become excessive, the maintenance costs of which become burdensome on the municipal budget. The
implementation of the conceptual solutions will include optimisation of the services infrastructure and
introduction of the principles of connectivity, multi-functionality (in Alternative I and II) and shared
management of infrastructure (in Alternative II). Implementation of these principles on the local level will
be challenging at best, because this concept does not provide for development of the centres’ synergy and
connectivity of transport services on this level. The standards of accessibility of services, based on the
model of territorial hierarchy of services without the qualitative resources and demand factor on the
regional and local level, disparage the possibility to ensure the quality of the services actually provided.
The conceptual solutions of both alternatives emphasise the ‘joint liability’ of urban centres (each centre
separately, on the level of the centre or network as a whole) for cohesion of operation of the network on
the basic public services infrastructure and quality standard of the services provided. All urban centres are
part of the municipal jurisdiction as an administrative unit or part thereof, therefore, the success of
implementation of this provision both in terms of the ‘competition’ and ‘partnership’ principles will be
determined by different targets to be achieved by the institutions and integrity degree of the approach.
The economic benefit in terms of public financial matters can be expected due to the operating synergy
effect, if the ‘competitiveness’ principle on the institutional level is replaced with the ‘partnership’
principle for the purposes of development of the infrastructure.
4.3. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE
TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND MOBILITY
TABLE 5: GOALS OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND MOBILITY BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL GOAL DESCRIPTION
NO
0. GENERAL STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
0a The main efficiency target of the transport system and its constituents is synergy and multimodality that
ensure uninterrupted connectivity between the cities, regions and countries via the rationally allocated
transport points (ports, stations, logistic centres and attraction sites) and effective connection between
them (including intelligent transport systems (hereinafter – the ITS) and other organisational /
managerial tools and services).
0b To maintain international significance of connections and ensure conformity with the standards in all
main international connections. To ensure connectivity of the centres providing transport services at
national level with the centres providing international transport services, as well as with the connections
to the neighbouring countries.
0c To enhance accessibility of the territories with recreational resources and increase the recreational
potential through implementation of transportation means in these territories.
0d To ensure implementation of road safety and security measures allowing to prevent traffic casualties in
the country. To ensure that the traffic system is adapted for people with special needs (hereinafter – the
PSN).
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 33
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To ensure that the transport system infrastructure facilitates formation of a sustainable travelling
structures and accessibility of the primary and everyday locations by alternative transport methods (on
foot, by bicycles, public transport, etc.). To promote development of digital infrastructure.
1b To adapt the travel system infrastructure to allow deeper integration of travel alternatives and freight
services through application of the principles of multimodality and intermodality. To ensure broader
application of the ITS solutions and smart technologies (‘digital infrastructure’).
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To enhance interoperability of all modes of transport, private and public transport.
4. RESPONSIBLE USE OF THE SEA AND COAST
4a To facilitate integration of the maritime and land transport connections and intermodality of freight
services through creation of seaport infrastructure and logistic centres with special focus on the railway
transport.
4b To ensure development of the network of small seaports and wharfs on the Baltic Sea coastline, which is
dedicated to development of marine recreation and other maritime activities.
The results of assessment of impact of this subject on the environment and description of the
environmental impact assessment are presented in the Tables below (see Table 6, Table 7 and Table 7).
TABLE 6: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND
MOBILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a + + + +/- + + + 0/- 0/- 0/- + + + +
0b + + + +/- + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0c 0 0 0/+ 0 + + 0/+ +/- - +/- 0 0 0 0
0d 0/- 0 + ++ + ++ + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1a 0/+ 0/+ + +/- + + + + + + + + + +
1b 0/+ 0/+ + +/- + + ++ 0 0 0 + + + +
2a 0/+ 0/+ + +/- + ++ + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4a + + + 0/+ 0 + 0 - - - 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
4b + 0/+ + + + + + + - + 0/- 0 0/- 0/-
TABLE 7: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND
MOBILITY FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 34
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a ++ + + 0/+ ++ + + 0/- 0/- 0/- + + + +
0b + + + 0/+ ++ 0 ++ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0c 0 + + 0/+ + + + +/- - +/- + + + +
0d 0/- 0 + ++ + ++ + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1a + 0/+ + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + +
1b + 0/+ + + ++ ++ ++ 0 0 0 + + + +
2a + 0/+ + 0/+ + ++ + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4a ++ + ++ + 0 + 0 - - - 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
4b + 0/+ + + + + + + - + 0/- 0 0/- 0/-
TABLE 8: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND MOBILITY
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The achievement of goals 0a, 0c and 4b could exert local low-significance or insignificant negative
consequences for natural environmental components, including the biodiversity in both the alternatives
offered. The arrangement of the transport connections during creation of new logistic centres, whereas 3
new objects of transport infrastructure are planned (Rail Baltica project, new airport and deep-sea outer
seaport), although only locally, could potentially affect the natural environment (landscape) components.
On the other hand, the goals (0a, 0b, 0c and 4a) are important for the country's integration into the global
EU and world transport structure and country's economic and social growth, therefore, they will be
implemented no matter what. Potential negative impact can be determined by preparation of the projects
and territory planning documents with measures provided for prevention or mitigation of the negative
effects. Therefore, it is expected that negative impact on the environmental components will be temporary
and will not be significant in the long run.
The greatest positive impact on human health and well-being, as well as on financial environment and
economic prosperity, will be exerted by implementation of road safety goals (0d) in both alternatives. The
integrated road safety measures will not have significant impact on the natural environment components.
Alternative II is able to facilitate more possibilities in terms of transport system effectiveness (0a) and
international and regional connectivity (0b), i.e. it can exert a greater positive effect on the economic and
social environmental components.
Implementation of sustainable travel model and multimodality/intermodality solutions can be better
facilitated by Alternative II. Particularly significant positive impact is expected in respect of the social
environmental components. The adaptation of the travel infrastructure in rural areas through creation of
interoperability of private and public transport (2a) could exert significant positive effect on human health
and wellbeing due to the conditions facilitated for the local residents allowing to meet their basic needs.
The impact of both alternatives in terms of this aspect would be equally significant.
The solutions in Alternative II for implementation of the integration of maritime and land transport
connections target will demonstrate a greater effect on the economic components than those provided in
Alternative I. The added benefit will be generated with the help of economic partnerships in the seas and
coastal areas, granting priority to mobility, provision of services and appropriation of economic potential in
Klaipėda-Tauragė-Telšiai partnership area. The high level of goods mobility can be achieved with the help
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 35
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
of organisational measures demanding less resources, therefore, return on investment can be expected,
while the economic benefits generated through partnerships will in the long run yield significant positive
effects. In both alternatives, the development of small seaports will offer low-significance positive impact
on the economic and social environment components.
MEASURES ALLOWING PREVENTION, MITIGATION OR COMPENSATION OF SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
The following indirect measures can be used to mitigate or prevent impact: environmental education and
introduction of the cognitive tourism information system. This can be particularly relevant for the protected
territories.
The direct measures mitigating impact of transport infrastructure on natural habitats and biodiversity are the
following:
Design, implementation and maintenance of environmental measures by reconstructing, laying and
maintaining the roads in accordance with the ‘Recommendation for design, implementation and
maintenance of environmental measures. Biodiversity protection APR-BĮA 10’.
Implementation of goals 4a and 4b, development and expansion of small seaports and wharfs on the Baltic
Sea coastline must be carried out with respect to the coast formation processes and in accordance with the
solutions provided for in the protected areas planning documents, coastline management plan and
complex planning documents.
To apply the new soil dumping principles, priority coastal erosion reducing measures; to minimise negative
impact on the environment and other economic activities, fishery in particular.
The specific measures allowing to mitigate environmental impact or prevent it altogether will be determined during
the environmental impact assessment, drafting of the planning documents or planning of economic activities.
4.4. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE
ENGINEERING SYSTEM
TABLE 9: GOALS OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL NO GOAL DESCRIPTION
0. GENERAL STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
0a To promote RES development while focusing on development of prosumers and wind energy, as well
as further use of renewable energy sources for district network heat generation through introduction
of efficient biofuel co-generation and household power generation. To intensify the use of renewable
underground thermal resources, i.e. employment of the possibilities offered by geothermal energy.
0b To introduce the circular economy model in order to stimulate reuse of products (allowing longer
preservation of product value and avoiding waste accumulation).
0c To ensure quality of electronic connection and its development throughout the country.
0d To expand the potential of the regional gas infrastructure and liquefied natural gas (LNG)
technologies, and the distribution and competence centre, with Lithuania potentially becoming the
LNG sector's distribution centre in the south-eastern Baltic Region.
0e To promote the use of electronic vehicles in the transport sector, maintain first generation biofuels
production and second generation biofuels production and consumption. In the long run, it is
expected that 50% of the transport sector's energy consumption will comprise the RES-generated
energy and use of vehicles running on conventional fuels (petrol and diesel) in the cities will drop by
100% before 2050.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 36
GOAL NO GOAL DESCRIPTION
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To stimulate availability of heat in the buildings, which is produced by district heat supply method,
while prioritising the urban territories.
1b To ensure efficient engineering infrastructure network in the densely populated territories and
suburban areas.
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To optimise the engineering infrastructure in less populated areas to ensure its compatibility with the
needs of local residents and economy.
4. RESPONSIBLE USE OF THE SEA AND COAST
4a To ensure and develop infrastructure required for implementation of strategic objects, as well as
development and enhancement of connections (energy, gas, integrated wind farm network, etc.) with
the neighbouring countries.
The results of assessment of impact of this subject on the environment and description of the
environmental impact assessment are presented in the Tables below (see Table 10, Table 11 and Table
12).
TABLE 10: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FOR
ALTERNATIVE I
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a 0 + + ++ + 0/+ + +/- +/- + + + ++ ++
0b 0 + + + 0 + + + + + + + + ++
0c 0 0 + 0/+ ++ +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0d + + + +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - -
0e 0 0 + +/- ++ + + 0 + + + + + +
1a 0 0 +/- +/- 0 + 0 0 + + + + + +
1b 0 0 +/- +/- + +/- +/- 0 + + + + + +
2a 0 0 +/- +/- 0/- + 0 0 0 0 + + + +
4a 0 + ++ ++ + 0 + - - + 0 - 0/+ +
TABLE 11: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENGINEERING SYSTEMS FOR
ALTERNATIVE II
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 37
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a 0 + + ++ + 0/+ + +/- +/- + + + ++ ++
0b 0 + + + 0 + + + + + + + + ++
0c 0 0 + 0/+ ++ +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0d + + + +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - -
0e 0 0 + +/- ++ + + 0 + + + + + +
1a 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 + + + + + +
1b 0 0 + + + + + 0 + + + + + +
2a 0 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/- + 0 + + + + + + +
4a 0 + ++ ++ + 0 + - - + 0 - 0/+ +
TABLE 12: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The development of RES (renewable energy sources) energy generation and consumption in the second
half of the planned period presupposes the most significant positive effects on the economic environment
components, in particular on financial resources and economic prosperity. The first decade's production
capacity of RES energy will be uncompetitive on the energy exchange market and demand public
investment, however, return on investment is expected in the long run. Implementation of the ambitious
energy independence targets (100% of energy from RES before 2050) will require convincing small energy
consumers to invest into RES production for own needs. This can become burdensome for residents of
rural areas and small towns living in poverty and exclusion, as well as to small-sized economic entities. On
the other hand, the transition to reduced pollution generation of power will also offer indirect economic
benefits due to reduction of the levels of gas emissions producing the greenhouse effect.
The goal of transformation of the country's economy through introduction of the circular economy model
is aimed at maximising the reduction of waste levels and use of resources through innovative design of
products and reuse, adjustment or repair, processing, and sustainable use thereof, as well as
implementation of the novel business models. This will offer the best benefits to soil (no additional
territories required for arrangement of dump sites), ambient air quality (no emissions-related air pollution
at the waste collection, temporary storage, sorting and utilisation sites) and climate change components
(reduction of CO2 levels and other gases responsible for climate change). The implementation of the
targets in the first decade could be challenging as it will require convincing small business subjects to
implement innovations at the cost of profit. However, in the long run, the development of the culture of
circular economy in the EU and Lithuania will pay off.
Ensuring quality and development of electronic communication services throughout the country's territory
(including development of broadband electronic communication networks in rural areas of Lithuania) in
respect to the downward population trends in separate regions, as well as creation of sharing economy will
be significant in terms of development of mobility of residents in both alternatives. The coordinated
measures for simultaneous implementation of both goals (0c and 0e) would yield an additional synergy
benefit for the transport, mobility and financial resources components. This will produce advantageous
conditions for the use of autonomous motor vehicles in the private and public transport sectors in the
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 38
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
urban and rural areas. The appropriate quality of electronic communications, additional investment into
development of alternative fuelling stations, public transport renewal and wider use of RES in the transport
sector will in the short run demand substantial investment and be expensive in terms of cost and benefit
ratio, however, in the long run, it will produce a significant effect in creating a competitive public transport
services system based on efficient use of resources, both in the cities and rural areas.
The development of infrastructure onshore and offshore required for implementation of the strategic
projects, creation and enhancement of connections (energy, gas, integrated wind farm network, etc.) with
the neighbour states will be significant for the labour market, engineering environment, financial resources
and economic prosperity components, however it will produce negative effects on the coastal natural
environment components. Seeking integration into the global economic, infrastructure and European
security architecture entails huge investments into the infrastructure of the Klaipėda State Seaport,
development of the main country's roads and railway paths and construction of the new deep-sea seaport,
which is the most brutal form of urbanisation able to produce radical in-depth transformation of natural,
urban and living environment and local identity while facilitating formation of landscape, biodiversity and
small business environment with novel qualities. In this case, preservation of natural qualities is crucial.
4.5. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR SPATIAL
ECONOMIC STRUCTURES
TABLE 13: GOALS OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL NO GOAL DESCRIPTION
0. GENERAL STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
0a Through employment of transport, energy and engineering system nodes, science and innovation
centres and other relative and absolute advantages, the key Lithuanian urban centres should be
absorbed into the added value chains, transport and logistics, cyberlaw, financial and other services
systems.
0b Through promotion of economic growth in the cities and creation of higher added value and
industrialisation in the regions, to offer infrastructure for economic activities (FEZ industrial and
services parks, public logistic centres).
0c To reduce regional economic exclusion, in particular in the lower-level urban centres by supporting
the economic development and strategic planning processes with specialisation, identification of
competitive advantages and promotion of creation of not only activities meeting the local demands,
but in particular export-oriented enterprises, as well as concentration of competences and
stimulation of synergy.
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To concentrate higher- and top-level technologies industry, knowledge-intensive services and export-
related economic activities in the main urban centres in the country. These activities should reduce
the weighting of shares of the low and average low value added economy.
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To resolve the unemployment and long-term unemployment in the regions by ensuring accessibility
of workplaces.
2b To stimulate the use of natural resources in the economically depressed municipalities through
reduction of resource extraction limitations and environmental restrictions. This could facilitate
improvement of economic indicators, especially in the challenging regions.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 39
GOAL NO GOAL DESCRIPTION
2c To form sustainable agriculture with cost-effective economic activities.
3. NATURAL AREAS AS THE FOUNDATION OF ECOLOGICAL STABILITY
3a To ensure the use of economically substantiated, local, renewable and non-renewable natural
resources and minerals in order to enhance consumption efficiency and increase the ratio of the
economy generated value and energy consumption.
3b To increase the potential of the wooded and other recreational territories for tourism and health
promotion purposes through development of a linear recreational infrastructure (overland
(pedestrian, bicycle, motor road routes) and sea or inland waterway) by linking it to the national,
regional and local identity.
4. RESPONSIBLE USE OF THE SEA AND COAST
4a To expand and develop the tourism sector by employing the available and recognised recreational
potential (where the Curonian Spit and continental coast, as well as the entire coastline are
characterised by significant recreational resources), promote introduction of marine recreation in
Lithuania and marine cultural and natural heritage.
The results of assessment of impact of this subject on the environment and description of the
environmental impact assessment are presented in the Tables below (see Table 14, Table 15 and Table
16).
TABLE 14: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + 0/- 0/- 0/- - 0/- +/- -
0b + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0c 0 0 0 0/- + +/- 0/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1a 0/+ + 0 +/- 0 + 0 0 0 0 0/- 0/- 0/- 0/-
2a 0/- 0/+ 0 0/- + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2b 0 + 0 + 0 +/- 0 -- -- -- - - - -
2c 0 0 +/- + 0 0/+ 0 + + + + + + +
3a 0 0 0/+ + 0 +/- 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3b 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ + + 0 + - 0 +/- +/- +/- +/-
4a 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ + + +/- + + + +/- +/- +/- +/-
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 40
TABLE 15: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + 0/- 0/- 0/- - 0/- +/- -
0b + + + + 0 0 0/+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0c 0 + + + + + 0/+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1a + ++ 0 + 0 + 0/+ 0 0 0 0/- 0/- 0/- 0/-
2a 0/+ + 0 0/+ + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2b 0 + 0 + 0 +/- 0 -- -- -- - - - -
2c 0 0 +/- + 0 0/+ 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3a 0 0 0/+ + 0 +/- 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3b 0 + + + + + 0 + - 0 +/- +/- +/- +/-
4a 0/+ + + + + + + +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
TABLE 16: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO SPATIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
More or less significant negative impact on the natural environment and environmental protection
components is expected during implementation of the solutions in the spatial economic system
development goals (2b and 0a). Stimulation of the efficient use of resources in the economically depressed
municipalities (2b) through reduction of resource extraction limitations and environmental restrictions is
likely to cause irreparable damages to the protected area, protected animal and plant species, habitats,
forestry resources and soil. This goal is prejudicial to the values, ambitions and visions declared in the
CPRL.
Entry into the global economic structures (0a) bears the risk of development of the key urban centres and
strategic objects of infrastructure at the cost of natural territories. Upon assessment of the country’s public
awareness and institutional protection of natural structures, it is expected that the negative consequences
will be of a low significance. The development of the seaport infrastructure will expand the coastal
capacities of shipping, while the boosted economic activities and resident mobility will increase the vehicle
flow on the Lithuanian roads, which will definitely degrade the quality of air and water and exacerbate the
climate change consequences. The implementation of the sustainable development targets and application
of the impact mitigation measures are likely to produce lower-significance effects on the environmental
components.
The development of economic and social components will be greatly affected by the implementation of
targets in the key urban centres and strategic objects of infrastructure development goal (0a). Although
the goals provide for huge investments into the infrastructure of the Klaipėda State Seaport, development
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 41
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
of the main country's roads and railway paths, and construction of the new deep-sea seaport, in the long
run, both alternatives will produce high-significance positive effects on the financial resources and
economic prosperity. The international visibility of the main urban centres will be enhanced through
partnerships in both alternatives. The partnerships will ensure connectivity and efficiency of these centres
and facilitate creation of high quality living and urban environment. The implementation of solutions for
creation of high added value in the regions and development of industrialisation and sustainable economy
in the cities will also bear a significant impact on the economic environmental components in both
alternatives.
The differences between the alternatives will be manifested during implementation of the targets in goals
0c, 1a and 2a. The reduction of regional economic exclusion, particularly in the lower-level urban centres
will be economically more cost-efficient in Goal 0c of Alternative II. Synergy identification and employment
of the benefits offered by partnerships will facilitate greater economic development potential and ensure
competitive advantage for export-oriented businesses. The principal model of the urban centre
partnerships and potentials merger system will allow both the efficient use of human resources and
facilitate creation of new businesses and workplaces in the higher- and top-level technologies industry,
knowledge-intensive services and export-related economic activities, therefore, high-significance positive
effects can be expected on the labour market. Ensuring availability of workplaces in terms of the concept in
both alternatives is deemed to exert long-term positive impact on the human welfare.
The increase of potential of forests and other recreational territories, development of the linear
recreational infrastructure (3b), as well as the expansion of the tourism sector onshore and offshore (4a)
will directly or indirectly enable development of small- and medium-sized businesses. In Alternative II,
granting the status of the centre of national importance to Neringa, improvement of accessibility of the
recreational resources and resident mobility are likely to exert greater positive effects on the economic
environment components than in Alternative I. The implementation of goals 3b and 4a in both alternatives
is likely to offer a low-significance impact on the labour market, infrastructure and its environment,
financial resources and economic prosperity.
MEASURES ALLOWING PREVENTION, MITIGATION OR COMPENSATION OF SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
It is appropriate to apply the principles of sustainable development and development of compact territories
(including the use of land), as well as the conversion and renovation measures in order to mitigate the negative
effects associated with excessive (short-term or non-remunerative in the long run) infrastructure, particularly
through construction of large logistic, industrial and other objects.
The implementation of Goal 2b promotes the use of resources while reducing the environmental restrictions. This
method of improvement of the economic indicators in the municipalities can damage the entire ecosystem,
especially as there is no clear need for the use of these resources. The improvement of economic indicators must be
solved through the increase of resources consumption efficiency, which is the foundation of preservation of the
social and economic progress and ensuring availability of limited resources and ecosystem capacity. The European
policy admits that the existing economic development model based on the increasing consumption of resources and
harmful emissions is not a lasting solution. The concept goals (Goal 3) are aimed at ensuring the use of economically
substantiated, local, renewable and non-renewable natural resources and minerals in order to enhance
consumption efficiency and increase the ratio of economy-generated value and energy consumption. The
implementation of this goal is associated with resource-efficient and climate change resistant economy, protection
of natural resources and ecosystems, and sustainable management and supply of raw materials.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 42
4.6. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR ECOSYSTEMS
(ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION SYSTEM)
TABLE 16: GOALS OF ECOSYSTEMS BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL GOAL DESCRIPTION
NO
0. GENERAL STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS
0a To ensure protection of the values of the protected territories and develop the protected territory
system.
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To concentrate higher- and highest-level technologies industry, knowledge-intensive services and export-
related economic activities in the main urban centres in the country. These activities should reduce
weighting of shares of the low and average low value added economy.
1b To integrate the natural frame into the urban structure, increase natural properties and connectivity of
the plantations system and links between separate components of the natural frame, facilitate
manifestation of natural processes and ensure better city microclimate regulation possibilities in the
urban territories.
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To integrate the natural frame into the urban structure, increase natural properties and connectivity of
the plantations system and links between separate components of the natural frame, facilitate
manifestation of natural processes and ensure better city microclimate regulation possibilities in the
urban territories.
3. NATURAL AREAS AS THE FOUNDATION OF ECOLOGICAL STABILITY
3a To facilitate possibilities and physical conditions for self-restoration or artificial restoration of the natural
frame constituents of the damaged, severely damaged and degraded agrarian territories through a
targeted increase of the geo-ecological potential of its constituents.
3b To form an ecologically sustainable and relatively natural (abundant in woods, marshes and lakes)
landscape, preserve its functionality and create conditions for manifestation of its biodiversity.
4. RESPONSIBLE USE OF THE SEA AND COAST
4a To preserve identity of the area, marine landscape diversity and historical memory.
The results of assessment of impact of this topic on the environment are presented in the Tables below
(see Table 17, Table 18).
TABLE 17: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 + 0 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 43
GOAL COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
1a 0 0/+ 0+ +/- 0 0/+ 0/+ ++ + + + + + +
1b 0 0/+ 0 +/- 0 ++ + + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++
2a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 0/+ 0/+ ++ + + + + + +
3a 0 0/+ +/- +/- 0 ++ 0 + + + + + + +
3b 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/- 0 + 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
4a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 + 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
TABLE 18: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF ECOSYSTEMS FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOAL COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
NO AND MACRO-ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
0a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 + 0 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1a 0 0/+ 0+ +/- 0 0/+ 0/+ ++ + + + + + +
1b 0 0/+ 0 +/- 0 ++ + + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++
2a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 0/+ 0/+ ++ + + + + + +
3a 0 0/+ +/- +/- 0 ++ 0 + + + + + + +
3b 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/- 0 + 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
4a 0 0/+ 0/+ +/- 0 + 0 +/- +/- +/- ++ ++ ++ ++
TABLE 19: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO ECOSYSTEMS (ECOLOGICAL COMPENSATION SYSTEM)
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The goals discussed and assessed from the point of view of the ecosystem and ecological compensation
system, as well as their solutions, are closely related to the goals, their implementation solutions and
effects on various environmental components scrutinised in other subjects. Upon implementation of all
this subject’s goals and their solutions at the end of the planned period, the natural environmental
components will be more of less affected both in the cities and rural and natural areas. The
improvement of the condition of landscape, natural areas and biodiversity of protected territories,
quality of water, air and soil is expected to improve with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The
integration of the natural frame (ecological compensation) structure into the urban territories (Goal 1b)
will strongly improve the living welfare in the cities. No negative impact on the natural and social
environment components is expected.
The assessment of impact on the economic environment components includes description of the
possible direct and indirect effects. It is expected to see emergence of demand in new professions (on
the coast) on the labour market or simply the demand in new workplaces, particularly relevant for the
rural areas. The development of the protected areas (Goal 0a) is likely to increase the demand in the
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 44
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
engineering or recreational infrastructures – new visitor centres, bicycle paths, etc., the display of
exclusive landscape (goals 1a and 2a) will require provision of observation platforms, the restoration of
degraded territories (Goal 3a) will possibly involve implementation of the modern reclamations systems
allowing to ensure proper land condition in agriculture, and preservation of the local identity along the
cost will create demand in renovation of the existing or arrangement of the new infrastructure. The
landscape preservation in the cities will potentially require additional investments in order to ensure the
quality of panoramas and other features of the landscape. The potential development of cognitive
tourism and cultural heritage activities could yield economic benefits. The implementation of the
presented goals will require larger or smaller investments of public funds. The investments are expected
to produce indirect economic benefits by means of the services offered by the ecosystems, improved
natural resources, human health, etc.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 45
4.7. ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE
RESOURCES SYSTEM
TABLE 20: GOALS OF RESOURCES BY ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS
GOAL GOAL DESCRIPTION
NO
1. SUCCESSFUL, SOCIAL AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES
1a To ensure preservation and abundance of the living nature components (plantations) and facilitate
natural processes in the urban territories.
1b To seek responsible approach to the geological framework properties through development of
compact cities, towns and villages.
1c Preservation of immovable cultural heritage, its involvement and integration into the modern urban
systems. Use of heritage as a resource and creation of social added values through facilitation of
conditions for development of the public cultural and creative competences.
2. ORGANIC, ECONOMICAL (SUSTAINABLE) AGRICULTURE AND VIBRANT RURAL AREAS
2a To enshrine the characteristic features of different ethnographic regions in the populated rural areas.
To stimulate local communities to participate actively in the process of preservation and enshrining of
cultural heritage.
2b To facilitate possibilities and physical conditions enabling to support the soil viability and restore
damaged territories.
2c To ensure protection of agricultural resources, create ecological and cost-efficient agricultural system,
form conditions for biodiversity restoration of heavily degraded agrarian territories, identification,
maintenance, preservation and display of agrarian territories with exclusive and valuable landscape.
3. NATURAL AREAS AS THE FOUNDATION OF ECOLOGICAL STABILITY
3a To increase the current bioproduct potential of natural territories.
3b To ensure the use and protection of underground natural resources while maintaining the
economically feasible and environmentally safe approach.
3c To preserve and expand biodiversity of the forest ecosystems and its ecological and compensation
potential.
3d Efficient use of recreational potential of natural areas while avoiding deterioration of their quality.
4. RESPONSIBLE USE OF THE SEA AND COAST
4a In order to ensure the quality of the available natural resources, to preserve the good condition of the
marine environment. To consume the energy, living marine and other natural resources efficiently,
responsibly and effectively in biological, environmental and economic terms.
4b To protect the underwater cultural heritage and promote understanding thereof and marine
recreational activities.
4c To expand the marine aquaculture possibilities in the Lithuanian territorial waters and exclusive
economic zone.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 46
The results of assessment of impact of this subject on the environment and description of the
environmental impact assessment are presented in the Tables below (see Table 21, Table 22 and Table
23).
TABLE 21: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF RESOURCES FOR ALTERNATIVE I
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HH UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
W
1a 0 0 0 0/+ 0 + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1b 0/+ 0/+ 0 0/+ 0 0 0/+ +/- +/- +/- + + + +
1c 0 0 0/+ +/- 0 + +/- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2a 0 0/+ 0 +/- 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 0
2b 0 0 +/- +/- 0 0 0 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
2c 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 + + + 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0/+
3a 0 0 0 +/- 0 0 0 + + + + + + +
3b 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3c 0 0 0 - 0 + 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3d 0 0 0 - 0 + 0 +/- - +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
4a 0 0 + ++ 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + + +
4b 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0 + 0 + + + + + + +
4c 0/+ 0/+ + + 0 0 0 + + + - - 0 0
TABLE 22: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF RESOURCES FOR ALTERNATIVE II
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRN WQ S AQ CC
S
1a 0 0 0 0/+ 0 + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
1b 0/+ 0/+ 0 0/+ 0 0 0/+ -/+ -/+ -/+ + + + +
1c 0 0 0/+ +/- 0 + +/- + 0 0 0 0 0 0
2a 0 0/+ 0 +/- 0 ++ 0 ++ 0 0 0 0 0 0
2b 0 0 +/- +/- 0 0 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 47
GOALS COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
2c 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3a 0 0 0 +/- 0 0 0 + + + + + + +
3b 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3c 0 0 0 - 0 + 0 + + + ++ ++ ++ ++
3d 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 +/- - +/- +/- +/- +/- +/-
4a 0 0 + ++ 0 + 0 0 0 0 + + + +
4b 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/+ 0 + 0 + + + + + + +
4c 0/+ 0/+ + + 0 0 0 + + + - - 0 0
TABLE 23: SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS INTO THE RESOURCES SYSTEM
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The implementation of the Goal 1a targets (ensuring preservation and abundance of the available living
nature components (plantations), facilitating natural processes in the urban territories) is likely to
produce significant impact on all the environmental components under consideration related to this
goal, in particular on the elements of natural environment. This is one of the goals of protection of the
resources, the implementation of which is expected to offer even low significance benefits in the
financial resources and economic prosperity area due to the reduced effect of pollution. The
preservation of the city’s elements of the living nature and facilitation of natural processes must
become the priority goals of the urban policy, especially in the large and medium-sized cities.
The promotion of variety of activities and proactiveness of local communities, cultural expression (Goal
2a) and involvement of the cultural heritage objects are likely to produce significant effects of human
health and wellbeing (social environment component), landscape (natural environment component),
and in certain cases, create new workplaces, which is important for development of viability of the
populated rural areas. The impact in Alternative II will be more significant due to the partnership
principle developed throughout all levels.
The most significant impact on the natural environment components in the rural areas are expected
upon facilitation of possibilities and physical conditions for enabling support and restoration of soil
viability (Goal 2b). Both alternatives provide for the solutions, which could enable creation of conditions
for protection of the soil productivity and reduction of pollution of the ground and surface waters. The
environmentally sound soil cultivation and reduction of its degradation processes will preserve its water
absorption properties and ability to accumulate and preserve high levels of organic materials, which can
facilitate better conditions for all environmental components. The extensification of intensive farming
activities provided for in Alternative I can create more advantageous conditions to stop land
degradation. The application of the good agricultural practices provided for in Alternative II could help
restoration and preservation of the soil viability. Moreover, the simultaneous implementation of the
Goal 2c targets (protection of agricultural resources through creation of ecological and cost-efficient
agricultural system and identification of exclusive-value agrarian landscapes) could yield additional
benefits due to a lower demand of investments and a better cost-benefit ratio.
The preservation and expansion of biodiversity of the forest ecosystems and ecological compensation
potential (Goal 3c), which is necessary in order to achieve the sustainable development targets, are
likely to produce low significance negative effects on economic prosperity. The health of forest
ecosystems and ecological potential are crucial for maintenance of developmental stability of all natural
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 48
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
environment components, as well as for human health and wellbeing. The economic prosperity targets
must be aimed at increasing the forest’s (wood yield) commercial value, which reduces its ecological
value. This will require a complex approach to benefits and consequences of implementation of other
goals set out in the concept requiring the use of the country’s natural resources. The concept also
provides for enhancement of the bioproduction potential of the natural areas (Goal 3a), efficient use of
the recreational protection of the natural territories (Goal 3d) and economically- and environmentally-
sound use of underground natural resources (Goal 3b). The intensified use of recreational potential is
likely to cause negative effect on the biodiversity, landscape and forest resources, whereas
enhancement of bioproduction potential will generally require more substantial investments. The
rational use of underground natural resources is likely to produce only significant positive impact on the
natural and economic environment components. Therefore, the implementation of the sustainable
development goal requires a complex resources consumption plan with differentiation of priorities in
separate territories.
A good marine environment condition allowing to preserve the quality of natural resources (Goal 4a)
presupposes significant positive effects on the economic environment components (due to RES
development offshore, expansion of engineering infrastructure, and direct and indirect return on
financial investments), human health and wellbeing (due to living environment of the coastal
population, as well as the quality of recreational resources), and natural environment components (due
to sustainable use of both marine and continental resources determining condition of the marine
environment). In this case, the marine condition monitoring system is important, as it will facilitate
adequate and timely response to any changes. The development of new marine activities (aquacultural
development – Goal 4c, protection of cultural heritage and underwater understanding, marine
recreation – Goal 4b) is likely to exert a low-significance impact on this region's social and economic
expansion, however, the aquacultural activities are expected to deteriorate the quality of sea water and
seabed covering. Special measures must be implemented in order to prevent the said consequences.
MEASURES ALLOWING PREVENTION, MITIGATION OR COMPENSATION OF SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
In Alternative I, taking into account the functional priorities, the agricultural activities in the northern and central
Lithuania are extensified as compared to the current situation, even though it is the most fertile soil in Lithuania.
This alternative also discards recreation, which could potentially ensure additional profit, as a low-prospect
economic activity type of the part of the territories with intensive agrarian application. Alternative I provides for
long-term low-significance negative effects (-) FR/EP. In order to mitigate the negative impact exerted through
enhancement of economic prosperity in the rural area, an activity of a different nature must be stimulated (farm
segregation, development of small-sized short food chain businesses and promotion of mixed farms, etc.).
Seeking mitigation of damages to the soil condition caused by the intensive farming activities (reduction of
organic materials, compaction, acidification, erosion, pollution and decrease of biodiversity demonstrates land
degradation) and creation of erosion-resistant soil, it is recommended to apply various agrotechnical measures,
i.e., planting of perennial plants on the slopes, application of anti-erosion crop rotation, stopping application of
autumn fallow, etc. Various agrotechnical measures should also be applied for reduction of other land
degradation processes, as well as the novel engineering solutions for the improvement of the land improvement
conditions. The Ministry of Agriculture prepared the Code of Good Agricultural Practices setting out the
measures, the application of which can mitigate the negative impact of farming on soil, water and climate.
Increasing woodland (Goal 3a and 3c) (the concept provides for a 38-42% increase of woodland), expanding
biodiversity of woods and other measures allowing enhancement of the ecological compensation potential, could
possibility reduce the impact of wood felling on the components of natural environment. This would be
compatible with one of the UN sustainable development goals – promotion of implementation of sustainable
management of all types of forests, halting deforestation, restoration of extinguished woodland and profuse
improvement of afforestation on the global level. The solutions provide for differentiation of increase of
woodland according to the natural foundation of the landscape's morphological regions, nature and intensity of
farming and ecological risk degree in order that the general result aimed at would produce feasible ecological
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 49
MEASURES ALLOWING PREVENTION, MITIGATION OR COMPENSATION OF SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT
benefits in the territories with intensive agrarian activities and no negative effects on the landscape's scenic
properties in the wooded hilly areas. This could improve the ecological stability of wooded regions, form natural
frame in the agrarian territories with unstable ecological system and expand the biodiversity.
4.8. SEA FOR NEWLY PLANNED FACILITIES THAT ARE APPROPRIATE TO
HAVE THE STATUS OF A PROJECT OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE
4.8.1. CONNECTION OF LITHUANIAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM TO THE SYNCHRONOUS GRID OF
CONTINENTAL EUROPE
FIGURE 1: ENERGY INTEGRATION OF THE BALTIC STATES IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE
The projects important for synchronisation are being implemented and planned in Lithuania: installation
of the synchronous grid, ensuring reliability of the city of Vilnius, reconstruction of the transmission
network in the North-Eastern Lithuania and preparation of the transmission network in the Western
Lithuania. The cutting-edge technological solutions – synchronous compensators – will be used for
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 50
autonomous power frequency stability regulation in the Baltic States. At least three synchronous
compensators will be installed in each of the Baltic countries9.
Upon agreement among the Baltic States, the synchronisation of the power system is expected to be
completed before 2025.
The assessment results of impact of this strategic object on the environment are presented in the Table
below.
TABLE 24: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONNECTION OF THE
LITHUANIAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM TO THE SYNCHRONOUS GRID OF CONTINENTAL EUROPE
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND MACRO- SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
Project: 0 0 ++ -- 0 0/- 0 0/- - + 0 0/- 0 +
Connection of
the Lithuanian
electricity
system to the
synchronous
grid of
Continental
Europe
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
In order to ensure energy independence, the operation of the power systems of the Baltic States
synchronised with the European grids will be ensured via the existing LitPol Link connection with
Poland, with additionally provided DC submarine connection between Lithuania and Poland, and
implementation of other required technical measures. A number of related projects will be
implemented parallel to this project, which are designed for construction of a new infrastructure
or reconstruction of the existing one, to ensure reliability of the grid operation, enhance
controllability of the system, grid restoration, and renovation and installation of the ICT
systems10. The power system synchronisation project is financed by the internal and/or external
funds of the transmission system operator and/or EU funds, subsidies and grants received or
equivalent types of funds. The costs of implementation of the power system synchronisation
project shall be included in the transmission services price in the procedure set forth by the
National Commission for Energy Control and Prices. In the coming decade, Lithuania will remain
an electricity importing country highly dependable on the changes occurring in the neighbouring
countries. The assessment of the price perspectives in the long term demonstrates the expected
increase in prices in all the surrounding markets. The assessment of different development
scenarios of the Lithuanian and neighbouring countries’ energy sector and fuel price constituents
demonstrates growth of electricity prices in Lithuania. The assessment of the investments
9
Litgrid, Network Expansion, last viewed on 01/08/2019, http://www.litgrid.eu/index.php/tinklo-pletra/strateginiai-
projektai/sinchronizacija/114#synchronization_visual
10
Litgrid AB, Lithuanian Power System 400-110 kV Grids Development Plan for 2018-2027, page 26, last viewed on
13 August 2019, http://www.regula.lt/SiteAssets/posedziai/2019-02-28/4_litgrid_priedas.pdf
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 51
required for the implementation of the project and growing power prices allows to expect high-
significance negative effects (--) FR/EP.
The impact of the power system synchronisation project on the natural environment and
environmental quality components will exert low-significance local effects. A somewhat more
substantial impact is expected in respect of biodiversity factor. The negative effect is expected
during construction and operation of the high voltage power lines, as well as a short-term
negative effect during submarine cable construction due to seabed disturbance, water turbidity
and other phenomena.
4.8.2. PROJECT OF THE OFF-SHORE WIND CONNECTION TO THE MAINLAND
The Sea Areas part of the Comprehensive Plant of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania was approved
by the Resolution No XII-1781 of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania of 11 June 2015. In respect to
the general rapid development of the offshore wind sector in Europe and the Baltic Sea, this
Comprehensive Plan is aimed at development of the potential areas designated for wind farming. The 20-
50 m deep zone located to the north of Klaipėda, including Klaipėda-Ventspils plateau and Klaipėda bank
constitute the priority area for wind farm construction. The development of the RES technologies could
allow planning construction of energy farms not only in the areas prioritised for wind farming, but also on
other territories reserved for development of marine activities in the presence of environmental
substantiation and taking into account assessment of the marine area demands for the needs of
development of other activities.
FIGURE 2: POTENTIAL AREAS FOR WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
Source: Drawing of technical infrastructure of the ‘Sea Areas’ part of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the
Republic of Lithuania
The sea territory comprehensive plan provides for the importance of initiation of creation of the
integrated wind farm network facilitating connection of the planned energy farms of Lithuania and other
Baltic States to the EU funded wind farm network of Denmark, Poland, Sweden and Germany.
The assessment results of impact of this strategic object on the environment are presented in the Table
below.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 52
TABLE 25: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE PROJECT OF THE OFF-SHORE
WIND CONNECTION TO THE MAINLAND
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
MACRO-ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
Project of 0 0 ++ + 0 0 0 - - +/- 0 - +/0 +
the off-
shore wind
connection
to the
mainland.
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
According to the data made available by Litgrid AB, construction of offshore wind farms is more
expensive and complex than onshore construction. In addition to expensive construction, there
are also operational costs. On the other hand, the offshore wind farms pay off quicker because at
sea the wind is more constant and stronger, therefore, the production volumes are higher than
those from onshore farms. Currently, the offshore power generation cost is higher than that
onshore, however, the return on investment is expected in the long run; moreover, the transition
to a less polluting energy production will also yield indirect economic benefits for FR/EP due to
the reduced emission levels of greenhouse gases.
The supplementation of the CPRL with the marine solutions part provides for potential territories
that are most appropriate for development of offshore energy, including wind farming projects.
The application of the complex planning principles allowed to select certain areas in the sea,
which produce the minimal impact on the natural environment and other economic activities and
are not prejudicial to the valuable protected habitats or territories important for birds. The sites
allocated for the wind farms are situated at a 34 km distance from the shore, therefore, they will
not be visible from the coast to the naked eye even at an excellent visibility. No objects of
cultural heritage have been identified in the potential area, however, the risk of damaging the
vulnerable marine and coastal ecosystems, pollution of the landscape with technological
structures, reduced aesthetic attractiveness and local recreational potential always remains. To
summarise, the assessment of biodiversity and habitats demonstrates that low-significance
negative (-) impact can be expected. The effects on other animals and birds is of a low
significance. Nonetheless, part of the potential effects has not been studied.
The use of wind energy plays an important role in combating climate change, while integration of
the RES into the market contributes to reducing the levels of greenhouse gas emissions from the
energy sector. The development of offshore renewable energy facilitates reduction of
consumption of natural resources and higher production of clean energy, therefore, a long-term
positive (+) effect on the climate change can be expected. The expected recurring impact will be
exerted on the seabed and sediments due to vibration during operation of the wind turbines, as
well as temporary effects occurring during installation of the foundation, which, however, will
not be significant.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 53
4.8.3. RESERVE AREA OF UP TO 12,000 HA FOR THE NATIONAL DEFENCE SYSTEM PURPOSES IN
THE WESTERN PART OF LITHUANIA (WITH PRIORITY GIVEN TO ŠILALĖ, KELMĖ, TELŠIAI OR
RIETAVAS DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY AREAS)
Reserve area of up to 12,000 ha for the national defence system purposes in the western part of
Lithuania (with priority given to Šilalė, Kelmė, Telšiai or Rietavas District Municipality areas)
The national woodlands for farming purposes are situated in the northern / western and/or western part
of Lithuania, which could be used to form the territory suitable for national defence purposes. In any
event, the infrastructure (railway, highway, power and communications networks) is located at a 5-12 km
distance from this area. The communication infrastructure must be adapted to the required workload:
roads – 12 tons/axis, bridges – up to 130 tons. The larger rural settlements are located at a 3 km distance,
cities – at a 10 km distance. There are some steadings and small villages between the forest areas, the
residents of which carry our farming activities on private land, as well as occasional abandoned
farmsteads or farming buildings are present.
The assessment results of impact of this strategic object on the environment are presented in the Table
below.
TABLE 26: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 12,000 HA RESERVE AREA
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
MACRO-ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
Reserve area of up to 0 + + - 0 0/- 0/- - - - - - - -
12,000 ha for the national
defence system purposes
in the western part of
Lithuania (with priority
given to Šilalė, Kelmė,
Telšiai or Rietavas District
Municipality areas)
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The expansion of the military training areas or provision of the news ones will not produce
significant effects on the development of economic and social environment. More workplaces
can be created on the local level, which is obviously very relevant. The development of military
activities on the training areas will exert significant impact on the natural environment
components and result in deterioration of the environmental properties (on the regional and
local levels).
The transformation of utility of woodland and performance of various military activities (training,
tactical exercises, etc.) will alter the condition of the existing natural habitats, disturb the
breeding grounds of animals and their migration. Even if the protected territories or Natura 2000
network areas are not included into the territories allocated for national defence, their
biodiversity, ecosystems and their functions, as well as the ecosystem services, are still expected
to be negatively affected.
Kairiai training area would be expanded (with an additional 900 ha of land) towards the southern
training area and exercise territory where the state protected area and Natura 2000 network
areas are located. The expansion of the training area territory would change the utilisation
purpose of the land and forests and their method of use. This means that the utilisation of the
wooded land on this territory could be changed, including construction of military objects,
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 54
performance of military training and other activities. The transformation of utilisation of the
wooded land would alter the natural environment, properties of natural habitats and landscape
of the existing territories, with the fate of cultural heritage remaining uncertain. The planned
military activities and construction of military objects would completely destroy the protected
natural habitats of Community importance in these areas and animal species would be
endangered.
It has been estimated that over 260 different types of chemical substances would be released
into the environment as a consequence of military activities. The military base territories are
commonly polluted with petroleum products, organic compounds and heavy metals. These
pollutants can spread beyond the pollution source by water and air11. Destruction of ecosystems
relationships and hydromorphological changes of natural water courses in this type of territories
may have a negative impact on the territory itself and the entire water catchment area, and the
quality of seawater. The military base territories are commonly polluted with petroleum
products, organic compounds and heavy metals. The military areas contain plenty of military
machinery driving and training tracks and tactical training fields. Due to the intensive military
activities, such territories are commonly characterised by extensive relief and soil damage with
considerable impact exerted on flora and fauna.
The intensive use of heavy and unstable vehicles during training increases fuel consumption
volumes and negatively affects the quality of ambient air. The military aviation, as well as, marine
transport contributes to the negative effects on the environment. The military activities exert a
substantive negative impact on air pollution and ozone layer degradation. For example, the
environmental pollution caused by the air forces in the Western Germany amount to 58% of the
total country's pollution by air transport. The development of military areas will produce the
most significant effect on the climate change due to forest felling and destruction of the natural
soil layer. The decomposition of the organic matters in the soil causes release of carbon dioxide
(CO2) into the atmosphere; on the other hand, formation of these substances removes CO2 from
the atmosphere.
4.8.4. RESERVE AREA OF UP TO 900 HA FOR THE NATIONAL DEFENCE SYSTEM PURPOSES IN
KAIRIAI, KLAIPĖDA COUNTY
The Brigadier General Povilas Plechavičius training area of the Lithuanian Armed Forces has been
operating since 1949. It comprises two land parcels. They are separated by the King Vilhelm Channel and
the state forest area. The area of the training polygon – 674.99 ha. At the moment, the training area and
its infrastructure are adapted for training of land forces (up to a size of a squad) units only. The expansion
of the Lithuanian Armed Forces and modernisation of the weapons systems will require more territories
for military training; therefore, the development of the training area is planned (required additional area
– 900 ha). The warehousing territory (land area – 24.21 ha) of the Lithuanian Armed Forces is situated
nearby this training area, which is also expected to be expanded due to the growing storage needs. The
additional warehousing area (approx. 50 ha) is required in the western part of Lithuania.
The unique property of this training area is that according to its geographical position, it is the only area
in Lithuania, which, if expanded, allows facilitation of training for the military air, marine and land forces,
organisation of joint military marine and land forces exercises and ensures support of the host nation to
the NATO allies, etc. The military polygon and training area, as well as the hazardous zone, are marked on
the Comprehensive Plan of Klaipėda County. The drawing presents the layout of the existing training area
and planned expansion thereof in respect to other urban and urbanised territories and objects.
11
Ministry of National Defence, Invisible Dangers of Training Areas, last viewed on 02/08/2019,
https://kam.lt/kam/download/1081/2006.karys.balandis.poligonai.pdf
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 55
FIGURE 3: DRAWING OF AREA RESERVATION FOR PUBLIC NEEDS, 2016
Source: Extract from the Comprehensive Plan of Klaipėda County, last viewed on 01/08/2019
https://map.tpdr.lt/tpdr-gis/index.jsp?action=tpdrPortal
Currently, part of the woodland on the territory of the training area is group II recreational forests and
the training area land parcels border the protected territories: Lužija botanical and zoological nature
reserve and Curonian Lagoon biosphere polygon in the west, Kliošiai landscape reserve in the south; in
addition, these protected areas are attributed to Natura 2000 ecological network identifying the habitats
of Community importance and territories important for conservation of birds.
Sites important for conservation of habitats:
LUŽIJA AND TYRAI SWAMPS (LTKLA0005) established by Resolution No 192 of the Government
of the Republic of Lithuania of 04/03/2009 Protected natural habitats of Community importance:
2320 Dry sand heath, 6120 Xeric sand calcareous grasslands, 6410 Molinia meadows, 6430
Eutrophic tall herb, 6450 Alluvial meadows, 6510 Mesophytic hay meadows, 7120 Degraded
raised bogs, 91D0 Bog woodland and scarce large blue, a species of butterfly listed in the
Lithuanian Red Data Book.
CURONIAN LAGOON (LTSIU0012) established by Order No D1-210 of the Minister of the Republic
of Lithuania of 22/04/2009. Protected natural habitats of Community importance: 1130
Estuaries, 1150 Lagoons; Baltic salmon, bitterling, ziege (Pelecus cultratus), spined loach, twaite
shad, asp and river lampre.
Sites important for conservation of birds:
TYRAI SWAMP (LTKLAB002) (established by Resolution No 399 of the Government of the
Republic of Lithuania and dedicated to protection of Dunlin (Calidris alpina), Wood sandpiper
(Acrocephalus paludicola).
CURONIAN LAGOON (LTKLAB010) established by Resolution No 313 of the Government of the
Republic of Lithuania of 24/03/2010 for protection of the breeding grounds of tundra swan
(Cygnus columbianus), pintail (Anas acuta), goosander (Mergus merganser), smew (Mergellus
albellus), little gull (Larus minutus) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla),
The activities in the protected territories are governed and their protection is ensured by the Law on
Protected Areas, Forestry Law, Law on Environmental Protection, Regulations on the Natural and
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 56
Complex Reserves, Special Conditions of Land and Forest Use, General Regulations for Sites Important for
Conservation of Habitats and Birds, as well as the regulations of these protected areas and other legal
acts.
The assessment results of impact of this strategic object on the environment are presented in the Table
below.
TABLE 27: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE 900 HA FIRING GROUND
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
MACRO-ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/ MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
EP
Reserve area 0 0/+ 0/+ 0/- 0 0/- 0/- -- -- -- - - - -
of up to 900
ha for the
national
defence
system
purposes in
Kairiai,
Klaipėda
County
MEASURES ALLOWING PREVENTION, MITIGATION OR COMPENSATION OF SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE IMPACT OF
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT:
The new plans, projects and programmes that could exert a significant negative impact on the Natura 2000 areas
and affect their protection objectives must be assessed in advance in order to determine the effects according to
Article 6 of the Habitat Directive or provisions of Article 7 of the Law on the Assessment of the Impact of
Proposed Economic Activities on the Environment.
The EIA procedures allow to analyse and evaluate the potential effects of the planned economic activities
according to the protection objectives of the areas, i.e. the aims of conservation of natural habitats and species
these specific protection areas are allocated for. It is important to ensure the scope of assessment of the impact
allowing to make an informed decision regarding existence or absence of impact. Where the implementation of
the activities is predetermined by the public needs, the opinion of the European Commission must be requested.
In all cases, the measures preventing negative impact on the Natura 2000 areas must be provided, as well as the
sufficient compensatory measures, if the effects are unavoidable. The State Service for Protected Areas must
inform the European Commission about the approved compensatory measures to be used to compensate the
negative impact12.
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The expansion of the military training areas or provision of the news one will not produce
significant effects on the development of economic and social environment. More workplaces
can be created on the local level, which is obviously very relevant. The development of military
activities on the training areas will exert significant impact on the natural environment
12
Government of the Republic of Lithuania, Natura 2000, last viewed on 01/08/2019, https://am.lrv.lt/lt/veiklos-
sritys-1/saugomos-teritorijos-ir-krastovaizdis/natura-2000
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 57
components and result in deterioration of the environmental properties (on the regional and
local levels).
The transformation of utility of woodland and performance of various military activities (training,
tactical exercises, etc.) will alter the condition of the existing natural habitats, disturb the
breeding grounds of animals and their migration. Even if the protected territories or Natura 2000
network areas are not included into the territories allocated for national defence, their
biodiversity, ecosystems and their functions, as well as the ecosystem services, are still expected
to be negatively affected.
Kairiai training area would be expanded (with additional 900 ha) towards the southern training
area and exercise territory where the state protected area and Natura 2000 network areas are
located. The expansion of the training area territory would change the utilisation purpose of the
land and forests and their method of use. This means that the utilisation of the wooded land on
this territory could be changed, including construction of military objects, performance of
military training and other activities. The transformation of utilisation of the wooded land would
alter the natural environment, properties of natural habitats and landscape of the existing
territories, with the fate of cultural heritage remaining uncertain. The planned military activities
and construction of military objects would completely destroy the protected natural habitats of
EC importance in these areas and animal species would be endangered.
It has been estimated that over 260 different types of chemical substances would be released
into the environment as a consequence of military activities. The military base territories are
commonly polluted with petroleum products, organic compounds and heavy metals. These
pollutants can spread beyond the pollution source by water and air13. Destruction of ecosystems
relationships and hydromorphological changes of natural water courses in this type of territories
may have a negative impact on the territory itself and the entire water catchment area, and the
quality of seawater. The military base territories are commonly polluted with petroleum
products, organic compounds and heavy metals. The military areas contain plenty of military
machinery driving and training tracks and tactical training fields. Due to the intensive military
activities, such territories are commonly characterised by extensive relief and soil damages with
considerable impact exerted on flora and fauna.
The intensive use of heavy and unstable vehicles during training increases fuel consumption
levels and negatively affects the quality of ambient air. The military aviation, as well as, marine
transport contributes to the negative effects on the environment. The military activities exert a
substantive negative impact on air pollution and ozone layer degradation. For example, the
environmental pollution caused by the air forces in the Western Germany amounted to 58% of
the total country's pollution by air transport. The development of military areas will produce the
most significant effect on the climate change due to forest felling and destruction of the natural
soil layer. The decomposition of the soil organic matters releases carbon dioxide (CO 2) into the
atmosphere; on the other hand, formation of these substances removes CO2 from the
atmosphere.
4.8.5. PLANNED AIRPORT
The National Programme on the Development of Transport and Communications for 2014-2022 provides
for the necessity of coordinated renewal of the infrastructure required for the airport activities of the
international Trans-European Transport Network (hereinafter – the TEN-T), to ensure efficient and
13
Ministry of National Defence, Invisible Dangers of Training Areas, last viewed on 02/08/2019,
https://kam.lt/kam/download/1081/2006.karys.balandis.poligonai.pdf
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 58
sustainable use thereof, improve environmental protection, flight safety and aviation security, and
continue expansion of capacities14.
The CPRL concept emphasises the importance of the international level airport infrastructure involving
investment into development of airports providing international services (Vilnius and Kaunas airports)
and/or construction of a new airport in a place situated remotely from the urban centre (between the
cities of Vilnius and Kaunas). The new airport would not only take over part of the airline operation
services, but also enable the country to offer new international air transport services, while providing a
solution for the noise and pollution issues in Vilnius and Kaunas and their surroundings. Implementation
of this measure must be carried out parallel to focusing on solutions for the public transport services
(e.g., transportation service of passenger to the airports by rail)15.
The construction of the airport will facilitate development of two types of services: aviation and non-
aviation. The aviation services will include air traffic expansion, general and business aviation projects,
analysis of the aviation market – new routes, possibilities of attracting new air carries, communication
with the state authorities and associated business organisations for the purposes of development of the
tourism promotion projects. The non-aviation services will include development and expansion of various
services (e.g., parking areas and car parking services, quick security check systems, catering,
entertainment and other services), creation of new services, quality improvement and investment
projects oriented towards increasing passenger comfort and general level of satisfaction.
The decision on whether the airport is necessary can be adopted in 2022 with construction commencing
in 2030-2035.
The assessment results of impact of this strategic object on the environment are presented in the Table
below.
TABLE 28: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW AIRPORT
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENT COMPONENTS
MACRO-ECONOMIC CULTURAL (LANDSCAPE)
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMPONENTS
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
Planned new ++ + ++ - ++ +/- +/- -- -- - 0/- - -- --
airport
SUMMARY AND INSIGHTS
The construction of the new airport will exert significant positive effects on the country's
economic / macroeconomic development. First of all, this object will allow expansion on the
labour market: the airports facilitate direct or indirect employment of residents working for the
airlines, and in the maintenance and catering services, retail trade and air traffic control fields.
The airport operation is compared to Rail Baltika, while the expansion of the public transport
means will facilitate creation of integrated and multimodal passenger transportation solutions.
This will produce high-significance positive impact on development of economic activities in the
transport industry. Nonetheless, the return on investment will not be received by 2050 (it has
been estimated that such airport will pay off in 50 years’ time, with preliminary start of
construction in 2030-2035). On the other hand, the availability of a new airport could improve
14
Ministry of Transport and Communications, National Programme on the Development of Transport and
Communications for 2014-2022, Section II, last viewed on 19 August 2019.
15
TAEM URBANISTAI UAB, Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Concept Preparation
Stage, page 39, published on 10 July 2019.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 59
the country's international accessibility and connectivity by air transport and increase its visibility
in the international context. The true significance of this object is displayed in the context of the
general strategic goal of the country ‘Integration into global economic and transport structures’.
In a broad sense, nationwide, the development of new airports between the largest cities and
urban centres of the countries, i.e. Vilnius and Kaunas, would greatly enhance the provided city
partnership in the global context, facilitate preconditions for domination of the country's two
urban centres and their visibility in the European context. On the regional and local level, the
construction of this type of object is linked to more than development of urban territory,
extending to activity restrictions, temporary real estate market turmoil, etc. Therefore, both
positive and negative effects on the social environment components can be expected.
The aviation activities, meaning not only flights, but also the airports, exert significant negative
impact on the environment, including high levels of greenhouse gas emissions, air and noise
pollution, water demand and waste accumulation16. By the year 2050, the impact of the aviation
sector on the climate is expected to increase by up to 5-15%. The natural environment and
environmental quality components will experience significant effects on both the regional and
local levels. The are no 3.5 km long straight forest free fields in Lithuania (in particular between
Vilnius and Kaunas), where it would be possible to build the runways for larger aircrafts,
therefore, relief levelling, forest felling, straitening or reclamation of the crook beds can be
expected. This will produce significant negative effects on the landscape, all biodiversity and
animal migration routes.
16
European Environment Agency, Aviation and Shipping Emissions in Focus, 2018, last viewed on 8
August 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/lt/articles/daugiausia-demesio-2013-aviacijos-ir
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 60
4.8.6. EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT
Location: Klaipėda-Melnragė
EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT NEAR KLAIPĖDA-MELNRAGĖ17| It is located in the open sea, near
Klaipėda-Melnragė. The approximate length of the coastal area is 4,875 m. The coastal area is not
included into the NATURA 2000 area, and the span is therefore absolutely sufficient for expansion of the
external port in the future, if necessary.
FIGURE 4: LOCATION OF THE EXTERNAL PORT IN KLAIPĖDA-MELNRAGĖ
Source: Revised Feasibility Study of Klaipėda Port Development by Construction of the External Port
PORT DEVELOPMENT COSTS18 |Total Klaipėda/Melnragė port construction costs: EUR 619,094,681.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION COSTS19 | Based on the analysis by Smart Continent, there are 6
fishing companies which may be subject to impact in this port development location (Melnragė), and
approximately EUR 620,000 may be needed for the compensations.
Location: Būtingė
EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT IN BŪTINGĖ20 | Over the recent decades, the area to the north of
Šventoji ending at the Lithuania-Latvia border (site 3) has been considered as a potential location for the
external port.
Due to the acceptable water depth, the location in Būtingė is already used for liquid cargo unloading
through the SPM (Single Point Mooring) buoy located about 7 km from the coastline. The related fuel
storage tanks of AB Orlen Lietuva are located about 2.5 km from the coastline, fairly close to the A13
highway. Certain limitations in relation to the potential location of the external port apply due to the
pipeline laid at sea to the SPM buoy and respective easement area of the highway. On the other hand,
after the port is set up, it will be easy to include liquid cargo handling into the operations of the new port.
17
Smart Continent, Revised Feasibility Study of Klaipėda Port Development by Construction of the External Port,
2018, p. 188, online: 19 August 2019
https://www.portofklaipeda.lt/uploads/DOKUMENTAI/2018/KVJUD%20isorinis%20uostas%2020180928.pdf.
18
Ibid, p. 209
19
Ibid, p. 209
20
Ibid, p. 209
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 61
Nevertheless, the Būtingė alternative is located just 550 metres from the Lithuania-Latvia border and is
part of the Būtingė Geomorphological Reserve area, which may also be a significant hindrance to
development of the area.
FIGURE 5: LOCATION OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP WATER SEAPORT IN BŪTINGĖ
Source: Revised Feasibility Study of Klaipėda Port Development by Construction of the External Port
PORT DEVELOPMENT COSTS21 | According to Annex B Section C of the Study Report by Lackner,
implementation costs for development stage 1 (2020-2030) are estimated at EUR 991,447,366; for stage
2 (2030-2040) – EUR 172,359,152 (the total of EUR 1,163,806,518).
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MITIGATION COSTS22 | 11 fishing companies may be subject to impact in this
port development location (Būtingė), and about EUR 1.2 mln may therefore be needed for the
compensations.
21
Ibid, p. 212
22
Ibid, p. 212
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 62
The results of the environmental impact assessment of the consequences of this strategic object are provided in the tables below (see Table 29, Table 30).
TABLE 29: ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP WATER PORT IN MELNRAGĖ
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC AND COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL AND COMPONENTS OF NATURAL COMPONENTS OF
MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (LANDSCAPE) ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
External deep ++ ++ ++ ++ + - - - - - -- 0/- -- --
water seaport
TABLE 30: ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE EXTERNAL DEEP WATER PORT IN BŪTINGĖ
OBJECT COMPONENTS OF ECONOMIC AND COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL AND COMPONENTS OF NATURAL COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MACROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT (LANDSCAPE) PROTECTION
ETA LM EE FR/EP MOB HHW UE LH NHB NRNS WQ S AQ CC
External deep ++ ++ ++ + - 0/- 0/- -- -- -- -- - -- --
water seaport
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 63
SUMMARIES AND INSIGHTS
Construction of a deep water seaport either in Melnragė or Būtingė is very significant for the
economic and macroeconomic development components. The market, economic transport activity,
and economic prosperity are likely to grow significantly. The main social and economic benefit
would be gained by terminal operators, as they would be handling more loads as a result of the
new external port. Practice of the external port of Gdansk shows that development of an external
port creates more than 370 direct jobs23. Moreover, 1 direct job creates 5-7 indirect jobs. A new
external port in Klaipėda region would give rise to a new centre of economic development, creating
new jobs, leading to development of the transport infrastructure, logistic services, and new
activities related to port servicing, etc.
Although development of the port would lead to creation of new jobs, the majority of the staff is
likely to be commuting from Klaipėda24. The main social and economic benefit would be gained by
terminal operators, as they would be handling more loads as a result of the new external port.
Revenue of the terminals generated by stevedoring operations would be used for the payroll,
operational expenses, capital investments, taxes, and other expenses which would bring benefit to
the economy of Lithuania and other indirect beneficiaries. The state-owned railway carrier and
infrastructure manager would also receive additional revenue. After the external port is set up, the
company will be able to carry more cargo to the Port of Klaipėda and receive additional revenue
from it for additional services. Moreover, development of the seaport would attract new shipments
from Belarus or Russia to be carried by the railway carrier. As a result of the increased freight
traffic, the road carriers will have the same benefit as Lithuanian Railways. After the external port is
set up, more ships will be attracted (shipping companies generate about EUR 5,400 from a single
ship), and the shipping companies will receive additional revenue from servicing of the ships25.
After the objects are set up, the environment and environmental quality components will be
subject to significant impact. Shipping operations also produce considerable greenhouse gas
emissions and air pollutants, increase the noise and water pollution. According to Lindstad and
Eskeland (2016), marine transport accounts for 10-15% of the total global anthropogenic SOx and
NOx emissions26. The shipping operations and processes related to the port activity which have
been proven to have the maximum possible impact on the marine environment and water are
ballast water discharge, waste and blackwater disposal, deepening and extracted waste disposal, oil
spills caused by normal operations or accidents, spills of hazardous substances, including chemical
and radioactive substances, physical damage to marine habitats caused by hulls (e.g., deepening),
etc. Environmental pollution increases during the port construction and, in particular, during the
operations, worsening the condition of the marine natural resources.
Būtingė
The estimated scope of the dredging works is considerably larger in case of construction of the port
in Būtingė, on the seaward side, causing negative effect on the aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, the
port of Būtingė would be surrounded in the sea by the state-protected areas and, on Latvian side,
by Pape Nature Park. All the territories are included into the European ecological network Natura
2000. The nearest railway section necessary for servicing the port is Kretinga-Skuodas. The
connecting section to the port of Būtingė is planned to be started at Darbėnai station. Length of the
23
Ibid, p. 187
24
Smart Continent, Revised Feasibility Study of Klaipėda Port Development by Construction of the External Port, 2018,
p. 224, online: 19 August 2019.
https://www.portofklaipeda.lt/uploads/DOKUMENTAI/2018/KVJUD%20isorinis%20uostas%2020180928.pdf.
25
ibid, p. 211
26
Tony Robert Walker, Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation, online: 1 August 2019,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322992301_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Transportation.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 64
connecting section: 9,750 m (5,333 m for the single-track and 4,117 m for the double-track
section). The connecting span would be constructed across the coastal plain forests, including
construction of a bridge across the river Šventoji. The river Šventoji is one of the Natura 2000
protected areas in the Baltics (LTKRE0006).
Development of a port in a non-urban, natural environment would alter the coastal and marine
landscape substantially, defacing it with the engineering, transport and other structures necessary
for development of the port. The natural landscape becomes technologized. The resident
population of the town of Šventoji is about 2 thousand people; it is characterised by the prevalence
of recreational function and significant seasonality. The new major strategic object in the fairly
immediate proximity (at the distance of 3 km) would be likely to have negative effect on
development of Šventoji according to the recreational functional priority due to deterioration of
the quality of environment and reduction of the recreational potential.
To sum up, despite the EUR 3.64 EUR in benefit for each EUR 1 invested, constructing a port in
Būtingė would require considerable investments in the short term.
Melnragė
Development of a port in Melnragė is planned near the urbanized areas, and the possibilities for
development of urbanization as well as attractiveness of the environment for development of
residential areas are likely to be limited considerably. Quality of the urbanized environment is also
reduced considerably due to more complicated implementation of the multifunctionality and
complexity principles. A port is a relatively closed territory in an urbanized location. Major spatial
and functional changes are likely to occur due to development of additional transport and
engineering infrastructure as well as specifics of the port infrastructure. Although globally,
development of the port would strengthen the position of Klaipėda city in the European context, it
is estimated to cause negative consequences to the UE.
In the course of development of the port in Melnragė, the possibilities for recreation, which are
highly relevant and favoured by people in the anticipated area, would be limited due to the altered
functional priorities. Development of the port territory also leads to limitations of the residential
development of the city. Negative impact on the environment components, the condition of which
has direct influence on human health (high noise and pollution level), is also probable.
Construction of a port acts on the nearshore lithodynamics and natural coast formation processes.
The marine and coastal landscape will be altered significantly. In all the assessment works related
to selection of the construction location for the external deep water seaport, it is noted that the
impact on the environment, landscape, biodiversity, coast formation processes will be possible to
determine only by detailed assessment during the environmental impact assessment (EIA). The
impact caused by increase of the port depths and hydrotechnical structures alters the influx of salt
water into the Curonian Lagoon and distribution of the outflowing lagoon water in the sea. The
impact on the salt and fresh water distribution in the Curonian Lagoon would be reinforced by the
structures at sea constructed as part of the development of the external deep water seaport.
Based on the cost-benefit analysis, in case the external port was constructed in Melnragė, the
economic benefit-cost ratio (EBCR) showing how many times the benefit created by the project
exceeds its implementation costs, would be 6.9327, i.e. EUR 6.93 in benefits would be expected for
each EUR 1 invested.
27
Ibid, p. 224
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 65
5. COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CPRL
CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES
MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS RESULTS
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY | The multi-criteria analysis method involves summarisation of the assessment
results from four individual aspects: macroeconomic and economic development, social and cultural
development, natural environment (landscape), and environmental protection. Significant consequences of
the concept alternatives, the environment components affected the most, and synergy between the
consequences are determined.
The method has been applied to compare different CPLR concept alternatives to each other and select the
best alternative on the basis of the analogue analysis and numerical results generated by the expert
assessment. The multi-criteria analysis enables comparing the both concept alternatives by expressing their
appropriateness using numerical values, although the goals and aspects subject to assessment are very
different. First of all, the assessment criteria for the alternatives are determined in order to reflect the
consequences of implementation of the alternatives. The nature and significance of the consequences (-- to
++) are assessed by scores on the basis of the chosen assessment scale from -2 to +2 (see Table Table 31).
TABLE 31: TABLE OF THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE SCORE OF THE ASSESSMENT CONSEQUENCES
ASSESSMENT DESCRIPTION NUMERICAL
VALUE
++ Significant positive consequences are expected 2
+ Positive consequences of low significance are expected 1
0/+ No significant consequences or positive consequences of low significance are expected 0.5
+/- or 0 Insignificant consequences, or both positive and negative consequences are expected 0
0/- No significant consequences or negative consequences of low significance are expected -0.5
- Negative consequences of low significance are expected -1
-- Significant negative consequences are expected -2
Source: compiled by authors
ANALYSIS RESULTS | The total assessment score for each alternative is produced by summing up the
significance sums of the topics for the respective alternative (see TableTable 32 and Table Table 33). The
darker the blue colour used in the tables to mark the assessment score, the greater the positive
consequences for the assessed component. The darker the red colour, the greater the negative
consequences for the assessed component.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 66
TABLE 32: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE I FOR THE CPRL CONCEPT
Alternative I Economic and Macroeconomic development Social-cultural development Natural environment (landscape) Environmental protection
Transport Labour Engineering Financial Mobility Human Urban Landscape Natural habitats Natural Water Soil Air Climate
economic market environment resources / health and environment and heritage and biodiversity renewable quality quality change Total:
activity economic wellbeing resources
Topics prosperity
Urban environment structures 2 7 5 -2 22 13 13 17 17 17 13 10 13 16 163
Service distribution 2 8 3 -11 12 15 9 4 0 0 3 3 2 2 53
Transport system 7 7 12 5 15 19 16 1 -5 1 4 5 4 4 98
Engineering systems 1 6 10 8 13 9 8 0 4 12 7 6 9 12 104
Spatial economic structures 4 7 6 8 10 10 1 3 -1 1 1 1 2 1 53
Ecological compensation systems 0 7 4 -1 0 20 5 25 22 20 20 20 20 20 183
Resource systems 1 2 3 3 0 9 2 15 12 13 12 12 13 13 108
Strategic objects 6 7 12 -1 2 -3 -3 -10 -10 -6 -6 -6 -7 -6 -29
Power grid 0 0 2 -2 0 -1 0 -1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
Wind power plants 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 1 1 2
National defence system territory (12,000 ha) 0 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -7
National defence system territory (900 ha) 0 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -11
Planned airport 2 1 2 -1 2 0 0 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 -3
2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2
External deep-water seaport in Būtingė -8
2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2
External deep-water seaport in Melnragė -3
TOTAL by components: 23 50 55 9 74 92 51 55 40 58 54 52 58 62 732
TOTAL by aspects: 136 217 153 226
TABLE 33: ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE II FOR THE CPRL CONCEPT
Alternative II Economic and Macroeconomic development Social-cultural development Natural environment (landscape) Environmental protection
Transport Labour Engineering Financial Mobility Human Urban Landscape Natural habitats Natural Water Soil Air Climate
economic market environment resources / health and environment and heritage and biodiversity renewable quality quality change Total:
activity economic wellbeing resources
prosperity
Topics
Urban environment structures 8 18 13 8 30 22 17 17 17 17 13 10 13 16 220
Service distribution 4 10 10 0 23 22 23 7 0 0 5 5 3 3 113
Transport system 12 9 14 12 23 23 21 3 -3 3 6 7 6 6 141
Engineering systems 1 6 14 12 13 11 10 2 8 13 7 6 9 12 122
Spatial economic structures 7 12 8 14 10 11 6 1 -3 -1 2 3 3 2 75
Ecological compensation systems 0 7 4 -1 0 20 5 22 20 17 20 20 20 20 175
Resource systems 1 2 3 7 0 11 2 16 11 12 13 13 14 14 118
Strategic objects 6 7 12 -1 2 -3 -3 -10 -10 -6 -6 -6 -7 -6 -29
Power grid 0 0 2 -2 0 -1 0 -1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1
Wind power plants 0 0 2 1 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 1 1 2
National defence system territory (12,000 ha) 0 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -7
National defence system territory (900 ha) 0 1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -11
Planned airport 2 1 2 -1 2 0 0 -2 -2 -1 0 -1 -1 -2 -3
External deep-water seaport in Būtingė 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 -2 -8
External deep-water seaport in Melnragė 2 2 2 2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -3
TOTAL by components: 39 69 78 50 101 116 81 58 40 56 60 57 63 67 937
TOTAL by aspects: 236 299 154 247
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 67
According to the assessment results, Alternative II (937 points) received more points than Alternative I (732 points). For the natural environment (landscape)
and environmental protection, the both alternatives received similar number of points: 153 points (Alternative I) and 154 points (Alternative II-a) and 226
points (Alternative I) and 247 points (Alternative II). The largest differences have been registered in the assessment from the economic and macroeconomic
as well as social and cultural development aspects. In the assessment from the social and cultural development aspect, Alternative II received 1.4 times
more points than Alternative I (Alternative I – 217 points, Alternative II – 299 points). In the assessment from the economic and macroeconomic
development aspect, the difference between the alternatives is even greater: Alternative I received 136 points, Alternative II – 236 points. Hence,
Alternative II brings 1.7 times more benefit than Alternative I from the economic and macroeconomic aspects.
Implementation of either of the two alternatives would lead to similar consequences in terms of natural environment (landscape) and environmental
protection, but Alternative II would be more favourable in terms of social and cultural development and bring greater economic benefit.
If compared by the assessment topics (urban structures, service distribution, etc.), Alternative II is more beneficial, except for the topic of ecological
compensation systems, where greater positive consequences for the landscape and heritage, natural habitats and biodiversity, and natural renewable
sources components are expected of Alternative I. Nonetheless, the difference is very insignificant (-7 points (175.2-182.6) and emerges only in
implementation of Goal 4a ‘To preserve the local identity, marine landscape diversity, and historical memory’ (see Error! Reference source not found.).
TABLE 34: COMPARISON BETWEEN ASSESSMENT OF THE ALTERNATIVES (II – I)
Alternative II - I Economic and Macroeconomic development Social-cultural development Natural environment (landscape) Environmental protection
Transport Labour Engineering Financial Mobility Human Urban Landscape Natural habitats Natural Water Soil Air Climate
economic market environment resources / health and environment and heritage and biodiversity renewable quality quality change Total:
activity economic wellbeing resources
Topics prosperity
Urban environment structures 7 11 8 10 9 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 57
Service distribution 2 2 7 11 11 7 14 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 60
Transport system 5 1 2 7 8 4 5 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 43
Engineering systems 0 0 4 4 0 2 2 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 19
Spatial economic structures 3 5 3 6 0 2 5 -2 -2 -2 1 1 1 1 23
Ecological compensation systems 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 -7
Resource systems 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 -1 -1 2 2 2 2 10
TOTAL by components: 17 19 23 41 27 24 30 3 0 -2 6 6 5 5 205
TOTAL by aspects: 100 82 2 22
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 68
SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY | To compare the both CPRL concept alternatives from the sustainable
development aspects, the Min-Max method enabling aggregation of different indicators into a single
common index and used in Section IV ‘Complex problem areas’ Part III ‘Intersectoral analysis’ of the
analysis of current state under the CPRL is employed28. In this case, to compare different alternatives, the
assessment values for the consequences of the both alternatives are subject to standardization in
relation to all the aspects.
In standardization of the consequence assessment values, higher values mean a better result. The
standardized consequence assessment value is calculated on the basis of the consequence assessment
value for one aspect (e.g., for Alternative I, the consequences of the social and cultural development
aspect have been assessed at 217 points), less the lowest consequence assessment value among all the
aspects (for Alternative I, this is the assessment value of the economic and macroeconomic development
aspect equal to 136 points), and the obtained difference is then divided by the difference between the
highest and lowest values among the assessment points of all the aspects (in this case, it is the
assessment score of the environmental protection aspect (226) less the assessment score of the
economic and macroeconomic development aspect (136). The highest value in the calculations is subject
to a set ceiling: the same sum of points – 299 points – is applied to Alternative I and Alternative II. This is
the highest calculated sum of points (for Alternative II, this sum of points has been generated for the
social and cultural development aspect) among the both alternatives and it refers to the maximum
assessment potential. This means that the more points below this sum are generated for the assessed
aspect, the greater the positive effect on the sustainable development progress (their effect on each
other must be assessed as well).
The consequence assessment values for the both alternatives standardized under the above technique
are analysed from each aspect of development. The values of standardized indicators are multiplied by
10, thereby turning the results into the ten-point system for clarity. The resulting indicators are grouped
into 4 scales by the standardized value:
If the standardized value is < 2.5, the index equals to 1.
If the standardized value is ≥ 2.5 and < 5, the index equals to 2.
If the standardized value is ≥ 5 and < 7.5, the index equals to 3.
If the standardized value is ≥7.5 and ≤ 10, the index equals to 4.
Thus, the highest possible index value is 4, and the lowest – 1. Based on this assessment methodology,
the consequence assessment values of the both alternatives have been attributed with the respective
indices, comparable from the economic and macroeconomic as well as social and cultural development
aspects. The natural environment (landscape) and environmental protection aspects are excluded from
the sensitivity assessment of the sustainable development indicators for the both concept alternatives, as
the both alternatives have generated a very similar score and show virtually no differences. This means
that implementation of either of the alternatives would have the same consequences for the natural
environment (landscape) and environmental protection, but their effect on the economic and
macroeconomic as well as social and cultural development of the country would be different.
In the sensitivity assessment of the sustainable development indicators for the both alternatives,
negative values of the index (-2 to 0) mean decline of the both areas, index values from 0 to <2 show the
balance, while index values from ≥2 to 4 mark their growth.
ASSESSMENT RESULTS | Assessment index of the economic and macroeconomic development for
Alternative I is 1, for Alternative II – 3; assessment index of the social and cultural development for
Alternative I is 2, for Alternative II – 4. Assessment indices of natural environment (landscape) and
28
TAEM URBANISTAI UAB, Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania, analysis of current
state. Part III ‘Intersectoral analysis”. Section IV ‘Complex problem areas”, p. 816, published on 25 July 2018.
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 69
environmental protection are the same for the both alternatives – 1 and 3 respectively (see Table Table
35). Implementation of Alternative I would lead to the balance of the country’s economic and
macroeconomic, social and cultural development, and natural environment, while growth is anticipated
in environmental protection only. In case of implementation of Alternative II, growth is anticipated in all
the areas, except for the natural environment, where balance is anticipated same as in the case of
Alternative I.
TABLE 35: INDEXES OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES ASSESSMENT BY ASPECT
ALTERNATIVES ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MACROECONOMIC CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT (LANDSCAPE)
ALTERNATIVE I 1 2 1 3
ALTERNATIVE II 3 4 1 3
Source: compiled by authors
Thus, assessment results do not differ for the alternatives in terms of the natural environment
(landscape) and environmental protection aspects. The only difference lies in that, if Alternative I was
chosen for implementation, this would provide balance of the economic and macroeconomic as well as
social and cultural development of the country, while Alternative II would likely lead to the growth of the
both areas (see Fig. FIGURE 6).
FIGURE 6: IMPACT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES ON THE COUNTRY’S
ECONOMIC AND MACROECONOMIC AS WELL AS SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Source: compiled by authors
In the case of Alternative II, utilisation of the partnership between the cities and interregional synergies
would contribute to more efficient management of the sources and cohesive, sustainable and
competitive development of the economy. The public investments are concentrated in the economic
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 70
donors, i.e. in the economic activity nuclei, where they would bring the largest economic benefit to the
state. The benefit would be allocated, by means of the redistribution mechanisms, to funding of the
public commitments, including economic functions of the recipients, infrastructure, and other projects.
The regional development and planning processes are based on the specialization, filtering out of the
competitive advantages, mobilization of competences, and exploration of the interregional synergies. In
formation of partnerships between the urban centres, the principles of service complementarity and
infrastructure sharing are used, human resources are utilised better, and possibilities for implementation
of new initiatives and development of private business are created to promote creation of new jobs.
High-efficiency mobility services would provide better multimodality and enable easier and faster
commute to even more remote workplaces. This would lead to higher activity on the labour market, in
particular, in the north, northeast parts of the country, where new partnership zones between Šiauliai
and Mažeikiai as well as between Panevėžys, Biržai and Rokiškis, would be formed. Higher economic
activity in the partnership zones would lead to greater attractiveness of the territorial medium for
economic activity. In the case of Alternative II, the principal model of the partnerships of urban centres
and potential interconnection system would create the prerequisites for creation of new businesses and
jobs, open more opportunities for the labour market participants.
In the current status analysis under the CPRL, assessment of sustainable development of the economy
and social domain in different areas of the country was performed by applying such indicators as direct
foreign and material investments per capita, created added value, number of operating economic
entities, share of the working-age population, average net wage, net migration, unemployment rate,
share of the population earning more than MMW, and so on.
The indicator of the number of operating economic entities per 100 residents correlates strongly with
most economic, transport and engineering infrastructure, urbanisation process indicators. Strong
correlation with direct foreign investments per capita (0.6), material investments per capita (0.62), added
value per capita (0.77), share of the employed population (0.7), net migration change (0.72), and so on,
has been registered29.
This shows that the economic viability processes have considerable effect on the country’s social
development. For example, the share of the residents earning more than MMW positively correlates with
the average wage (0.56), material investments (0.54), added value (0.61). The areas with lower economic
indicators are also characterised by lower social indicators. With FDI being one of the key economic
indicators, increase of the FDI also helps address social issues30.
CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY | In the case of Alternative II, growth of the economic and
macroeconomic development would have direct positive effect on the country’s social and cultural
development as well (growth is anticipated). Implementation of Alternative I would enable achieving the
balance of the country’s macroeconomic and economic as well as social and cultural development.
Implementation of either of the alternatives would contribute to solution of the environmental
protection issues and continued balanced development, would not worsen and would preserve the
country’s natural environment (landscape). In the case of Alternative II, however, more sustainable
coherence between the spatial economic, social and environmental infrastructure would be provided, as
greater economic progress and more active social development of the country are possible to achieve by
preserving the quality of the natural environment (landscape) and environmental sustainability (see Fig.
FIGURE 7).
29
Correlation conveys the strength of the statistical relationship between the two indicators. Absolute correlation
coefficient value for significant statistical relationship is 0.5 to 0.7, for very significant statistical relationship – over
0.7.
TAEM URBANISTAI UAB, Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania, analysis of current state.
Part III ‘Intersectoral analysis”. Section I ‘Correlation between the indicators”, p. 744, published on 25 July 2018.
30
Ibid, p. 749
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 71
FIGURE 7: COMPARISON OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Source: compiled by authors
In terms of assessment of implementation of the CPRL concept alternatives by territorial element and
comparison to the current state, the consequences of implementation of either alternative on the marine
and coastal as well as natural territories would be similar; however, implementation of Alternative II
would bring greater positive consequences on sustainable development of the intensive urbanisation
nuclei (cities) and agrarian territories (see FIGURE 8). In implementation of the conceptual solutions
under either alternative, balance is anticipated for the agrarian territories, and intensive growth – for the
cities, but implementation of the solutions under Alternative II would have greater positive effect on
development of the territories and general development of the whole country (state level).
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 72
FIGURE 8: COMPARISON OF THE CPRL CONCEPT ALTERNATIVES BY TERRITORIAL ELEMENT
Source: compiled by authors
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 73
6. DESCRIPTION OF THE CHOSEN CPRL ALTERNATIVE,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE
PLANNING ORGANISER
The Report on the Strategic Environmental Assessment under the framework of the top (state) level
territorial planning document – Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania (CPRL).
The Report may be used as the basis for selection of the conceptual solutions alternatives and decision-
making regarding approval of the CPRL concept. Following the comprehensive assessment of the
conceptual solutions and alternatives thereof (Alternative I and Alternative II) and summarisation of its
results, it is proposed that the CPRL concept is formed on the basis of the conceptual solutions under
Alternative II.
MULTICRITERIA ASSESSMENT RESULTS | The multicriteria assessment results have shown that the
consequences of implementation of either alternative have little differences from the natural
environment (landscape) and environmental protection aspects, but Alternative II has generated 1.4
times higher score than Alternative I from the social and cultural development aspect, and Alternative II
brings 1.7 times more benefit than Alternative I from the economic and macroeconomic development
aspect. Assessment of the sustainable development indicators of the both alternatives has shown that
implementation of the conceptual solutions under Alternative I would result in the balance of the
country’s macroeconomic and economic as well as social and cultural development, while in the case of
Alternative II, the economic progress and more active social development of the country would be
reached. Hence, the conceptual solutions under Alternative II of the CPRL concept would provide active
social/economic development of the country while preserving the quality and sustainability of natural
environment.
INTEGRATION INTO GLOBAL STRUCTURES | To implement the goals of integration of the country into
the global economic, infrastructure, and European security structures, the planned substantial
investments into development of the country’s roads and railways, infrastructure of the State Klaipėda
Seaport, construction of a new deep water port, electricity and gas connections create the best
preconditions for the country’s economic and social growth. The major transformations of the economic
environment are likely to be experienced by the sea and coast. The port infrastructure subject to
development would result in higher nearshore boat traffic, the increasing economic activity and mobility
of the population would lead to higher road vehicle traffic, construction in the city and its sphere of
influence, higher load on natural sources and environment.
URBAN STRUCTURE | The polycentric hierarchical urban structure has created good preconditions for
rational use of the sources characterised by a relative uniform territorial distribution (in the context of
the country), and consistent creation of life quality for the people. The potential of individual cities in a
polycentric system is too low to increase the country’s competitiveness; therefore, the concept solutions
contain the declared aspiration to join the economic/social development potentials of Vilnius and
Kaunas, Šiauliai and Panevėžys, which are located fairly close to each other; promote integrated activity
of the cooperating municipalities with the view towards common goals, creating the preconditions for
rapid development of high value-added activities. Visibility of the cities in the European area enables
creating the medium favourable for local and foreign investments, which, in turn, promotes the growth
of quality of life and urban environment in the cities, although it also has a tendency to increase the
regional exclusion. The consequences of the tendency would be mitigated considerably by the
‘partnership’ principle provided for in the solutions under Alternative II, which would be implemented in
the regional-level network of urban centres, by the developed connectivity of the urban centres, and high
mobility services. Hence, in the case of Alternative II, the urban structure of Lithuania developed under
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 74
the ‘partnership’ principle would remain polycentric, maintaining the viability of regions, and would
include three better manifested urban constructs: Vilnius-Kaunas, Šiauliai-Panevėžys, and Klaipėda, all
integrated into the European higher-profile city network and generating the overall social and economic
activity of the country.
SERVICE DISTRIBUTION AND URBAN POLICY | After the conceptual solutions of service distribution
across the residential area network are implemented, the best results in terms of service quality and
availability could be expected of the medium and major cities (in the case of Alternative II and in certain
towns), where development of the service packages of all levels – from the basic services to partially rare
or even rare – is anticipated. Their estimated population at the end of the planned period is 1.5-2.0 mln.
(about 70%) of Lithuania’s permanent residents. Two objectives declared in the CPRL concept solutions
should become the priority of the urban policy: the objective to develop competitive public transport
systems and secure accessibility of the services by alternative transport, and the objective to protect the
natural elements of the cities and create the conditions for manifestation of natural processes. The both
objectives may be successfully implemented in the city management practice by implementation of the
principles of compactness and complex planning of urban development. The concept solutions
emphasize the ‘collective responsibility’ of urban centres of different levels (of each centre individually,
centre level or the overall network) for operational coherence of the basic public service infrastructure
network and quality standard for the services provided. All the urban centres fall under the jurisdiction of
the respective municipalities as administrative units or parts thereof; therefore, in implementation of the
provision both under the principle of ‘competition’ (in the case of Alternative I) and under the
‘partnership’ principle (in the case of Alternative II), success would be determined by the ability of the
centre managers to cooperate and by the degree of integration of the goals sought by and approach of
different institutions.
VIABILITY OF RURAL AREAS | The concept solutions for development of urban and economic structures
do not create any conditions for improving the overall viability of rural areas or at least stabilizing the
negative changes (vanishing of villages). The argumentation is that the local level (local and locality level)
falls under the jurisdiction of the respective municipalities, where the activity is governed by the common
plans of the municipalities. Pursuant to the concept solutions, the fully-fledged living conditions in a
specific rural area would be created by the residents organised in the communities. 600-800 thousand
residents are estimated to live in rural areas at the end of the planned period. Availability of public
services and accessibility of workplaces are planned to be secured by development of the mobility
packages, which would operate less efficiently compared to the city packages due to the low population
density and large distances. In creation of fully-fledged living conditions in rural areas, optimization of
service infrastructure should be established as a priority of the urban policy and should include
implementation of the principles of integration of functions, multifunctionality, joint management and
sharing of infrastructure (in the case of Alternative II) and development of interconnectivity between
local urban centres and connectivity of transport services.
RESOURCES SYSTEMS | The conceptual solutions show the institutional approach towards the utilisation
of natural sources. Although the nature of sources and methods of utilisation differ significantly, complex
planning of utilisation of natural sources is necessary with the view towards the sustainable development
goals, by differentiating the priorities by territories at the regional and local levels. The concept provides
for parallel creation of the preconditions and physical conditions for maintenance and recovery of soil
viability (Goal 2b under the ‘Resources system’ topic), improvement of the existing bio-production
potential of natural territories (Goal 3a under the ‘Resources system’ topic), effective utilisation of the
recreational potential of natural territories (Goal 3d under the ‘Resources system’ topic), economic and
environmentally rational utilisation of underground depths (Goal 3b under the ‘Resources system’ topic).
Intensive utilisation of the recreational potential is likely to have negative consequences on biodiversity,
landscape, forest resources. In general, improvement of the bio-production potential is likely to lead to
greater investments with indirect returns. Rational utilisation of the underground depth resources is
likely to have only significant positive consequences for the natural and economic environment
components. ‘Health’ and ecological potential of forests and soil are very significant in terms of
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA 75
preservation of stability of development of all the components of natural environment as well as human
health and wellbeing. With the view towards economic prosperity, it would be rational to improve the
commercial value of the forest (of the timber extracted from it), which reduces its ecological value.
Hence, for further specification of the solutions, complex approach towards the benefit and
consequences of implementation of the goals established under the concept in relation to sustainable
utilisation of the resources of the country’s natural and agrarian territories is needed.
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE | The goals and solutions of protection of cultural heritage
integrated in the ‘Resources system’, ‘Service distribution within the urban structure’, ‘Urban systems
and structures’, have positive consequences of low significance on the environment components (except
for the financial resources). Analysis of the solutions, associated with utilisation and engagement of the
cultural heritage, from various aspects, the consequences of the solutions have been noticed to have an
accumulative nature and synergy effect in relation to the landscape, human health and wellbeing, urban
environment components. As increasingly more cultural heritage sites will have been engaged, analysed,
learnt gradually, consistently at the end of the planned period, significant consequences on the
understanding and representation of the identity of the locality, region or country are likely to emerge. In
the case of Alternative II, as the ‘partnership’ principle is implemented, the local communities at all levels
of the spatial structure will have more incentives for creative and cultural expression, and the effect is
likely to be even more significant.
DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL STRUCTURE | For better representation and display of the natural
and cultural values, concept topic ‘Resources systems’ provides for the development solutions for the
linear recreational structures: the recreation service centres of national and regional importance and the
interconnected corridors of European and complementary linear recreational infrastructure of cross-
border importance. The terminology used in the solutions is not linked to the concepts and definitions
used in the legal acts governing the development of tourism, and it is therefore difficult to understand
their implementation principles. After the goals and solutions declared in the concept are implemented,
positive consequences of low significance for the labour market, engineering environment, financial
resources, and economic prosperity are likely. A more significant effect is likely to take place at the local
level, rural areas, towns. Better results of implementation of the conceptual development solutions for
the linear recreational structures could be achieved by their integration into the development goals and
solutions for the urban systems, resources system, service distribution, transport systems.
PROCESS PUBLICITY | It should be noted that the publicity process was launched since the very first steps
of preparation of the CPRL were taken. During implementation of conceptual and specified solutions in
the first decade, a great deal of confusion, dissatisfaction of individual layers of society, interest groups is
to be expected. In order to implement the CPRL ambitions, visions and goals, for instance, the energy
independence goals (100% of energy from the RES in 2050), or instil the culture of ‘circular economy’, it
will be necessary to convince small energy consumers to invest into the RES production for own
purposes. This can become a burden for the residents and small economic entities in rural areas and
towns. With the view to implement the set goals, the efforts of the institutions to engage the society,
explain the aspired goals, introduce to the results, etc., must be made. It is likely that publicity of the
solutions, public relations, discussions with the interest groups will contribute considerably to
development and implementation of the conceptual solutions, as well as joint creation of the welfare
state.
Saatja: <
[email protected]>
Saadetud: 28.10.2019 08:50
Adressaat: <
[email protected]>; Sihtasutus Eestimaa Looduse Fond
<
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>; Eesti Keskkonnaühenduste Koda
<
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>; <
[email protected]>;
<
[email protected]>; VA_eva <
[email protected]>
Teema: Leedu üleriigilise planeeringu piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine
Manused: Leedu üleriigilise planeeringu piiriülene keskkonnamõju
hindamine.asice
Tere
Teile on saadetud Keskkonnaministeeriumi dokumendihaldussüsteemi kaudu
dokument pealkirjaga
"Leedu üleriigilise planeeringu piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine", mis
on
registreeritud 25.10.2019 numbriga 7-12/19/2208-6.
Lugupidamisega
Keskkonnaministeerium
Narva mnt 7a, 15172 Tallinn
telefon 626 2802
[email protected]
www.envir.ee