-1538605 -9214485 0 0 -1297876 -9785985 0 0 -495300 -19050 0 0 0 9778687 0 0 This is the descriptiv -81280 -82257 0 0 e for any additional info for the front co ver -8211185 4367530 0 0 3739368 5088890 An initiative of the European Union An initiative of the European Union 5339178 4985873 282575 5536565 0 0 467833 7974419 Estonia 0 0 Estonia 463550 6961491 Country factsheet 0 0 Country factsheet LEGAL NOTICE The information and views set out in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of EISMEA or the European Commission. Neither, EISMEA, nor the Commission can guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this document. Neither EISMEA, nor the Commission or any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1. Introduction and economic policy context PAGEREF _Toc167349508 \h 5 2. Industrial ecosystems and cluster landscape PAGEREF _Toc167349509 \h 7 2.1 Employment in the 14 industrial ecosystems PAGEREF _Toc167349510 \h 7 2.2 Regional agglomerations PAGEREF _Toc167349511 \h 8 2.3 Cluster organisations & interregional cooperation PAGEREF _Toc167349512 \h 9 3. National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives PAGEREF _Toc167349513 \h 11 4. State of cluster policy and its role in broader economic policy challenges PAGEREF _Toc167349514 \h 17 4.1 The state of cluster policy PAGEREF _Toc167349515 \h 17 4.2 Cluster policy’s potential impact on challenges identified in the European Semester Report PAGEREF _Toc167349516 \h 19 References PAGEREF _Toc167349517 \h 23 Annex PAGEREF _Toc167349518 \h 25 -6983662 -3897630 1021080 9715500 0 0 4202430 9675495 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 0 0 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 800100 6774815 0 1 0 0 0 1 808990 7679690 Introduction and economic policy context 0 0 Introduction and economic policy context Introduction and economic policy context left 4021 This document presents an overview of the cluster policy in Estonia. Given the importance to contextualise the cluster policies (and related) analysed in the factsheets, a comprehensive outlook of the country in socioeconomic terms can be consulted in the European Semester Country Report for Estoni a 2023 . The European Semester is an instrument introduced to coordinate the EU Member States economic policies and address the economic challenges faced by the EU. Its goals are “to ensure sound public finances, to prevent excessive macroeconomic imbalances in the EU, to support structural reforms to create more jobs and growth, and to boost investment”. Thus, it focuses on the following areas: business environment; financial and fiscal stability; green economy; public administration; labour market and skills; and social protection and cohesion. Chapter 4.2 provides an overview on how Estonia ’s cluster policy c ould help to tackle the economic policy challenges identified in the European Semester country recommendations. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, European as well as global economies have been subject to severe output losses. In response, policymakers at EU and national level have acted decisively and made very significant financial resources available to tackle the threat of a prolonged downturn. This was carried out through the Recovery and Resilience Facility, National recovery and resilience plans that have been drafted in each Member State to ensure a recovery that addresses the challenges identified in the European Semester . The Estonian National recovery and resilience plan is structured around six pillars: the digital transition of businesses, the green transition in enterprises, digital Estonia, sustainable energy and energy efficiency, sustainable transport, and healthcare and social protection. Estonian clusters are a key tool for the successful and quick implementation of the plan. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing Russian military aggression against Ukraine has also taken its toll on EU companies and industrial ecosystems, highlighting the significance of policy efforts in supporting SMEs and clusters. The ERDF partnership agreement 2021-2027 between the EU and Estonia does not mention cluster s or cluster-related issues. S upport for the existing Estonian clusters is not evident in the Estonia’s Operational Programme (OP) for Cohesion Policy Funds 2021-2027 (EU investment 3 , 369 m illion EUR ). In the following, a succinct overview of the cluster policy in Estonia will be provided. The structure of this factsheet generally encompasses: an overview of the industrial ecosystems and cluster landscape in Estonia an overview of the national cluster policy, 3) an assessment of the state of Estonian cluster policy and its role in broader economic policy challenges mentioned in the European Semester Report s -6983662 -3897630 1021080 9715500 0 0 4202430 9675495 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 0 0 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 800100 6774815 0 2 0 0 0 2 808990 7679690 Industrial ecosystems and cluster landscape 0 0 Industrial ecosystems and cluster landscape Industrial ecosystems and cluster landscape 2.1 Employment in the 14 industrial ecosystems As part of its Industrial Strategy (March 2020), the European Commission has identified 14 industrial ecosystems that encompass all players operating in a value chain. The classification of the 14 industrial ecosystems have been calculated by aggregating NACE 2 -digit activities, following the methodology established in the European Commission. This means that the data provided below can differ from other publications by the European Commission that do not consider the industrial ecosystem classification. REF _Ref124260721 \h Figure 1 shows the share (in %) of employ ed persons in each industrial ecosystem in the country in comparison to the EU27. T he industrial ecosystem that employs the most people in Estonia is R etail, accounting for approximately 16% of employment . Construction is the second largest e cosystem in terms of employment in Estonia. It is around 2% higher th a n the EU27 , indicating its relative strength. S everal other ecosystems show a high relative strength, including Energy Intensive Industries, Digital, Cultural and Creative Industries, and Textile . This strength is evident in the sectoral and ecosystem agglomerations that are regionally relevant in the country, as demonstrated in the section below. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 : Employment across the ecosystems Source: ECCP (2023) , own elaboration based on data from Eurostat . 2.2 Regional agglomerations Economic activity is not equally distributed across regions in the EU but tends to agglomerate in certain places. In this context, an Agglomeration is defined as the concentration of a certain industry, sector or ecosystem in a certain geographical area. The following section provides an analysis of, first, the sectoral agglomerations and, second, the ecosystem agglomerations in the regions. Agglomerations are operationalised through the employment-based Location Quotients (LQ), measuring the relative specialisation of one region compared to the EU level, as well as the employment size. If the LQ for a given activity-region combination is above 1.5, it is considered a n agglomeration , and if the activity accounts for at least 1 % of total employment in the region, it is considered a regionally relevant agglomeration . The following tables shows the total number of relevant agglomerations in the country and identifies the top five most specialise d. REF _Ref156911642 \h Table 1 focuses on the 88 NACE 2-digit activities or sectors, totalling 7 in the country, while REF _Ref167349800 \h Table 2 is based on the 14 ecosystems, which total s 4 in the country. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1 : Number of relevant sectoral agglomerations and Top 5 agglomerations (NACE) Region # of agglom . Agglomeration 1 Agglomeration 2 Agglomeration 3 Agglomeration 4 Agglomeration 5 EE: Estonia 7 C16 - Manuf. of wood products C31 - Manuf. of furniture C33 – Repair & installation of machinery & equipment F42 - Civil engineering F41 – Construction of buildings Source: ECCP (2023) , own elaboration based on data from Eurostat . As mentioned at the beginning of this Chapter , the NACE 2-digit activities have been aggregated to the 14 EU industrial ecosystems following the methodology established by the European Commission. Table 2 provides an overview of the regional distribution of industrial ecosystem agglomerations. Overall, there are fewer numbers of ecosystem agglomerations compared to the regionally relevant sectoral agglomerations by NACE sectors . This more concentrated agglomeration can at least partially be linked to the methodology of measurement of the 14 industrial ecosystems. The employment strength of Estonia in the industrial ecosystem Construction which emerges in REF _Ref124260721 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 1 is also reflected in a number of Top 5 regionally relevant sectoral agglomerations of the country (e.g., F41 – Construction of buildings and F42 – Civil engineering). Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2 : Relevant ecosystem agglomerations Region # of ecosystem agglomerations Agglomeration 1 Agglomeration 2 Agglomeration 3 Agglomeration 4 EE: Estonia 4 Textile Energy-intensive industries Digital Electronics Source: ECCP (2023), own elaboration based on data from Eurostat. However, this is not reflected in the regionally relevant ecosystem agglomerations which can also potentially be linked to the methodology behind the measurem ent of the industrial ecosystems. Nonetheless, Estonia has regionally relevant ecosystem agglomerations in the industrial ecosystems Textile, Energy- I ntensive I ndustries , Digital and Electronics which is also mirrored in the higher share (in %) of employment in Estonia in these industrial ecosystems compared to the EU27 (see REF _Ref124260721 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Figure 1 ) . 2.3 Cluster organisations & interregional cooperation Cluster organisations in the country There are 14 cluster organisations registered on the ECCP in the country. These cluster organisations are operating in the industrial ecosystems Construction (2 cluster organisation s ), Digital ( 3 cluster organisation s ), Aerospace & Defence (1 cluster organisation) , Renewable Energy (1 cluster organisation) , and Healt h (1 cluster organisation) . This distribution of cluster organisations by industrial ecosystems corresponds with the distribution of the share (in %) of employment in REF _Ref124260721 \h Figure 1 as well as with relevant sectoral agglomerations ( in REF _Ref156911642 \h Table 1 and REF _Ref167349800 \h Table 2 ) w here an agglomeration in the F41 – Construction of B uildings corresponds with 2 cluster organisations in industrial ecosystems Construction, and an agglomeration in Digital ecosystem corresponds with 3 cluster organisations in the same ecosystem. The majority of member organisations of Estonian cluster organisations with profiles on the ECCP are composed of SMEs (88%, EU: 8 3 %), followed by research organisations (6%, EU: 8 %), and large enterprises (6%, EU: 9%). Interregional cooperation In the 2014-2020 funding period , the European Cluster Partnerships and the INNOSUP-1 initiative have been launched by the European Commission to encourage clusters from Europe to intensify collaboration across regions and sectors. With a total of ten cluster cooperations Estonia participates in both the ESCP and INNOSUP. Four cluster organisations participated in the ESCP for Excellence, three in the ESCP for Going International and one in the ESCP for Smart Specialisation. Two Estonian cluster organisations participated in the INNOSUP-1 programme. In the 2021-2027 funding period, the Single Market Programme supports clusters as part of the Joint Cluster Initiatives (Euroclusters) for Europe’s recovery. From Estonia, one cluster organisations is part of the Eurocluster BioMan4R2 , with partners from six countries (BE, DE, ES, FR, NL, PL). This Eurocluster covers the industrial Health ecosystem. -4169410 -4823460 v 0 0 v 805218 7424382 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 0 0 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 743585 9431655 0 0 4335780 9511030 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 0 0 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 805180 6508115 0 3 0 0 0 3 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives In this section we provide an overview of the existing Estonian policies relevant for clusters on a national level . The breakdown is presented in the form of a table, with the first column showcasing information on the aspects which constitute the policy (beginning with ‘Policy Objectives’, following with ‘Policy Focus’, etc.). The second column represents the case of an Estonian policies relevant for clusters. Within the table the text presented in bold (black) depicts standardised categories across country factsheets (56 in total for 202 3 ), which are applied for comparative purposes. This is followed by a complementary descriptive text to provide more insights about the cluster -relevant policy in Estonia. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3 : Overview of Estonian cluster policy Policy type: Broad Policy Policy name: Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 901065 212090 POLICY OBJECTIVES Strengthening cooperation between companies or industry and RTDI actors Increasing competitiveness and boosting scale up of SMEs Supporting internationalisation activities Fostering R&D activities, technology development and implementation Fostering innovation and strengthening innovation ecosystems Promoting entrepreneurship, start-ups and spin-offs Promoting resilience and sustainable economy and other solidarity-based initiatives Promoting employment and upgrading skills and competences The policy aims to foster innovation, R&D, and skills development, which indirectly promotes high-skilled employment. It outlines support for start-ups and SMEs to boost competitiveness and scale. It also mentions sustainable business models and international cooperatio n. 775970 170180 POLICY FOCUS Cross-sectoral The main focus of the strategy is to increase productivity and added value by encouraging growth of private sector investments in R&D, addressing development needs formulated in Estonia’s long-term development strategy ‘Estonia 2035’, and encouraging the use of innovative technological solutions resulting from research already funded by enterprises. The Strategy contributes to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, as well as all five strategic objectives of Estonia’s long-term development strategy ‘Estonia 2035’. 938530 259715 RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITIES Provides funding In charge of implementation Oversees the implementation Responsibility for the management, implementation, and reporting on the results of the Strategy is shared equally between the MoER and the MoEAC and other ministries within their respective areas of responsibility. The planning and implementation of national R&D activities are coordinated through the RDI Coordination Council. 851535 250190 BENEFICIARIES Cluster Organisations Large firms SMEs Research organisations Academic institutions Start-ups The policy supports various cluster organisations in Estonia, such as ICT Cluster, Wooden Houses Cluster, Connected Health Cluster etc. These cluster organisations have a variety of members from SMEs, to start-ups and research associations. For example, the Connected Health Cluster members include start-ups, medtech , biotech and R&D partners. 330835 185420 INSTRUMENTS Financial Funding collaboration initiatives Support to R&D projects, SMEs becoming cluster members, etc. Subsidies to hire personnel Supporting market entry (e.g. testing, proof-of concept, prototyping, demonstration projects) Financing networking events Financing start-ups Technical assistance Support for hard skill development: knowledge transfer, intellectual property, entrepreneurship, export advice, market intelligence Support for networking and partnership building (at national and/or international level) Marketing activities: advertising, communication, events, fairs, and so on Infrastructure: coworking spaces, offices, incubation and accelerator spaces, research centres, technology parks etc. Explanation The financial instruments discussed in the strategy include the use of national budget resources and structural funding to support innovative technological solutions and research activities. The non-financial instruments discussed in the strategy include the establishment of a strategic steering group consisting of representatives from various government departments. 236855 194945 HISTORY Period Limited period Ending year (for policies with limited period) 20 35 Starting year 20 21 Explanation The policy is a part of Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entreprene u rship Strategy 2021-2035. 278765 200025 BUDGET Overall 3 361 million EUR Annual - Source of funding The source of funding for the research and development system in Estonia includes a budget forecast of 1% of GDP from 2021 onwards, as well as funding from other ministries for sectoral R&D activities. Additionally, EU structural funds are used to fund the activities of the strategy, and government-funded private R&D expenditure is maintained at least at the level reached in 2019. 318770 551815 0 0 POLICY EVALUATION Availability The Ministry of Education and Research, in cooperation with Statistics Estonia, will aggregate information on R&D activities and the use of funds. At least two interim evaluations are planned to assess the objectives and impact of the strategy. Additionally, there will be a performance report on the implementation of the strategy programs, which will provide an overview of the progress made. Results - 836295 485775 POLICY ALIGNMENT WITH THE EU PRIORITIES Green economy Digitalisation Resilience 1821180 -2950210 659130 -3328670 -4138612 5948362 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 0 0 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives -4291012 5795962 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 0 0 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives -1651635 90805 v v -4791076 382270 811033 7418567 State of cluster policy and its role in broader economic policy challenges 0 0 State of cluster policy and its role in broader economic policy challenges 4335780 9511030 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 0 0 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 805180 6508115 0 4 0 0 0 4 State of cluster policy and its role in broader e conomic policy challenges 4.1 The state of c luster p olicy This section presents an overview on the state of play of Estonian cluster policy in the form of a qualitative assessment across four categories of analysis – policy scope, continuity of cluster policies, evidence of performance, and the range of cluster support instruments. Please refer to the REF _Ref110003875 \h \* MERGEFORMAT Annex for the detailed overview of the categories. The table below presents an overview of the state of play Estonian cluster policy for 2023. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 4 : State of Play Estonia State of Play POLICY SCOPE Absence of cluster policy Broad policy Sectoral policy National and/or regional cluster policy CONTINUITY No cluster -specific policy available Cluster policy established recently Cluster policy established between over 2 and 10 years Cluster policy established over 10 years ago EVIDENCE OF PERFORMANCE No evaluation and / or monitoring available Existence of evaluations of past policies Existence of monitoring or an ongoing / interim evaluation Existence of monitoring and ex-ante or ongoing / interim evaluation CLUSTER SUPPORT INSTRUMENTS No instruments for cluster development Financial support for cluster development in the broader and / or sectoral policy Financial or technical support for cluster development in dedicated cluster policy Financial and technical support for cluster development in dedicated cluster policy Source: ECCP (202 3 ) . The text below provides a qualitative description of the state of the cluster policy in Estonia . Policy scope In Estonia cluster s are indirectly supported under the Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 . The strategy focuses on fostering innovation, R&D , and skills development; it also supports start-ups and SMEs. Given the broad aims of the policy and the fact that cluster support is indirect, it is categorised as a broad policy. Continuity Cluster policy in Estonia is not extensive and is fairly new compared to its European counterparts. Up until 2008, there were no clear policies supporting clusters, however, there were programmes that supported collaboration amongst different stakeholders such as Competence Centre Programmes and Technology parks. The first national policy was the Pilot Programme for supporting cluster development, which was implemented in 2008. The policy ran from 2008 to 2013 with majority of the funding coming from European Regional Development Fund. In 2014, as part of the government's Entrepreneurship Growth Strategy 2014-2020, the Development Clusters Programme was implemented. Since 2021 cluster are indirectly supported under the Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 . Evidence of performance The Ministry of Education and Research, in cooperation with Statistics Estonia, will aggregate information on R&D activities and the use of funds. At least two interim evaluations are planned to assess the objectives and impact of the strategy. Additionally, there will be a performance report on the implementation of the strategy programs, which will provide an overview of the progress made. Cluster support instruments The financial instruments discussed in the strategy include the use of national budget resources and structural funding to support innovative technological solutions and research activities , for instance support to R&D projects, SMEs, or support for hard skill development: knowledge transfer, intellectual property, entrepreneurship, export advice, market intelligence. 4.2 Cluster policy’s potential impact on challenges identified in the European Semester Report Cluster policy can provide important support to broader economic policy efforts. This section shows first how Estonian cluster policy can play a role in tackling the challenges identified in the European Semester Report for the country. To this end, the European Semester 2023 country report for Estonia has been analysed across policy areas relevant to cluster policy. The results point to a series of issues where cluster policy can play an important role in tackling the country's economic challenges. The table below also outlines how Estonian cluster organisations are already contributing to the challenges outlined in the European Semester Reports , despite having only a broad policy for supporting clusters. Developing a dedicated cluster policy could further strengthen and focus the activities of Estonian cluster organisations towards broader economic policy challenges. Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 5 : Contribution of Estonian cluster organisations to the challenges identified in the European Semester Report Policy area Challenges Cluster activity 321360 201930 0 0 INNOVATION Low levels of investment in research and innovation by business sectors Slow adoption of some advanced technologies Need to i ncre a se public sector spending in R&I to create synergy with R&I undertaken in the public sector Need to train more specialists to increase engagement in R&I and advanced technologies I ncreasing investments in research and innovation (R&I) to improve economic performance and competitiveness can foster technology transfer between science and industry in the innovation ecosystem. The Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 aims to upgrade the skills of research institutions and higher education institutions staff on knowledge transfer, including the development of a model for spin-of entrepreneurship and sustainable market-based commercialisation of knowledge. Moreover, cluster organisations can play an important role to address the challenges regarding inn o v ation. The central tasks of cluster organisations include supporting and promoting cooperation, networking and knowledge development and transfer between different innovation players, often in specific fields of technology and/or sectors. In this way, they act at the interface between business, science and politics and represent a large number of local companies, universities, non-university research institutions and other players in the innovation ecosystem. When supporting projects, which can result from the provision of information and the establishment of contacts, an important contribution is usually also made by clusters to technology transfer in the innovation ecosystem. In that regard, the various Estonian cluster organisations are strongly focusing on facilitating R&D projects. As illustrative examples, one can mention the Lung cancer patient journey development project of the Estonian HealthTech Cluster which i s implemented in partnership with the public and private sector . Another example can be found in the activities of the Estonian Defence and Security Industry Innovation Cluster which follow the main objective of promoting innovation in the defence ecosystem and to develop new and highly competitive solutions for the export. Moreover, the literature points out that the presence of clusters is positively linked to higher expenditures for research and development both in the public and especially the private sector. 371211 217682 SKILLS Labour shortages remain high, partic ularly in export industries Need to reduce early school leaving and easing teacher shortages Lack of g reen skills needed for the green transition Regarding skill development , t he Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 aims to implement activities that support the training of professionals for (industrial) enterprises. There, cluster organisations also ha v e the potential to offer a significant contribution . Research underlines the role of clusters in developing the skills of the workforce and attracting skilled workers to a region. Here, one can outline activities of the Estonian cluster Creative Estonia as an illustrative example. This cluster is conducting a project which addresses skill gaps for the green transition in the textile sector. More generally, as cluster organisations act as intermediaries between companies and research and educational institutions, they can also be seen as part of the training and educational infrastructure in the innovation ecosystem. 361686 177923 GREEN TRANSITION Need to increase energy security while reducing energy intensity Need to continue to incentivise the deployment of renewable energy Improving municipal waste management D esigning and implementing new measures to reach the 2030 climate targets for the sectors outside the Emissions Trading System S trengthen ing the capacity of the land-use sector for carbon removals In order to support the green transition of the country, t he Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035 includes the focus area of smart and sustainable energy solutions, which will be prioritised in cooperation between the state, enterprises and research institutions. As facilitators of technology transfer, cluster organisations are assigned an important role in supporting the green transition. Clusters in Estonia are addressing the challenges and recommendations mentioned by the European Semester Report. As illustrative examples, one can mention the Estonian Recycling Competence Center/Green Economy Cluster which focuses on inc reasing recycling, conducting several projects in that area and also provides trainings for waste management. Moreover, the GreenTech Cluster is focusing on fostering green technology solution and is thereby also supporting activities in the area of renewable energies. Studies also show that clusters can play a vital role in the green transition of the economy and it can be underlined that cluster organisations have a positive influence on the green transition, not least because they facilitate exchange between different actors, disseminate relevant knowledge and practices and deepen environmental awareness among stakeholders. Source: ECCP (2023). -4138612 5948362 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 0 0 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives -4291012 5795962 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives 0 0 National cluster policy, programmes and initiatives -1651635 90805 v v 1183005 -2188210 271780 -2379345 0 -5300034 443734 4029075 9563342 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 0 0 Strengthening the European economy through collaboration 743585 9431655 0 0 809625 7419975 References 0 0 References References ECCP (2021): Cluster driving the Green and Digital transition”. Available online: https://clustercollaboration.eu/sites/default/files/document-store/Clusters%20driving%20the%20green%20and%20digital%20transitions%20event%20-%20Input%20paper.pdf (last access 21.12.2023). ECCP (2022): Summary report on cluster policies and programmes across Europe and priority third countries. Available online: https://clustercollaboration.eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/editor/ECCP_Summary%20report%20cluster%20policies_2022_finalv2.pdf (last access 21.12.2023). Enterprise Estonia (EAS). A cluster – why and for whom? www.eas.ee/teenus/development-of-clusters/?lang=en (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . Eurofound . Future of manufacturing: Development of Clusters – Internationalisation policy measure (Estonia) . https://euagenda.eu/upload/publications/untitled-191855-ea.pdf (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . European Commission (2020) . Estonian ICT Cluster paves the way for a smarter society . https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/projects/Estonia/estonian-ict-cluster-paves-the-way-for-a-smarter-society (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . European Commission (2019) . Peer Review of the Estonian R&I system. Final Report. https://www.hm.ee/sites/default/files/pr_estonia_-_final_report_.pdf (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . European Expert Group on Clusters (2020): Recommendation Report. Available online https://clustercollaboration.eu/sites/default/files/news_attachment/European%20Expert%20Group%20on%20Clusters%20-%20Recommendation%20Report.pdf (last access 21.12.2023). European Cluster Observatory (2014): Cluster Collaboration and Business Support Tools to Facilitate Entrepreneurship, Cross-sectoral Collaboration and Growth. European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change (2019) . Cluster Programmes in Europe and Beyond. www.clustercollaboration.eu/sites/default/files/news_attachment/cluster_programmes_in_europe_and_beyond_0.pdf (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . Fioravanti, V.; Stocker, F.; Macau, F. (2023): Knowledge transfer in technological innovation clusters. Innovation & Management Review 20:1. Available online: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INMR-12-2020-0176/full/html (last access 10.01.2024). Hatch et al. (2017): The Role of Social Actors in Advancing a Green Transition: The case of Québec’s Cleantech Cluster. In Journal of Innovation Economics & Management. Available online: https://www.cairn.info/revue-journal-of-innovation-economics-2017-3-page-63.htm (last access 21.12.2023) . Hsu, M.-S et al. (2014): „The impact of industrial clusters on human resource and firms performance“, Journal of Modelling in Management, vol. 9 (2). Available online: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JM2-11-2012-0038/full/html (last access 21.12.2023). Jürgenson , A. (2007) . Country Report: Estonia. Europe INNOVA Cluster Mapping Project . https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/bcb8bbe3/files/uploaded/doc_890.pdf (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . Lis, A. & Mackiewicz, M. (2023): The implementation of green transformation through clusters. Ecological Economics 209. Available online: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800923001052 (last access 18.01.2024). Ministry of Education and Research & Ministry of Economis Affairs and Communications (2021). Estonian Research and Development, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Strategy 2021-2035. https://www.hm.ee/korgharidus-ja-teadus/teadus-ja-arendustegevus/taie-arengukava-2021-2035 (last access 04.10.2023). Okuwhere , M. et al. (2022): The catalyst roles of clusters in the relationship between open innovation and Digitalisation: A systematic review and research agenda within SME context. Available online: https://pure.coventry.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/56311371/The_catalyst_roles_of_clusters_in_the_relationship_between_open_innovation_and_Digitalisation_A_systematic_review_and_research_agenda_within_SME_context_FinalPaperUpload_904_0623073209_Published_copy.pdf (last access 10.01.2024). Tallinn City Enterprise Board. A cluster-why and for whom? www.tallinn.ee/eng/clustersinestonia/A-cluster-why-and-for-whom (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . Tallinn City Enterprise Board. Estonia’s first website that consolidates information about clusters. www.tallinn.ee/eng/business/Estonia-s-first-website-that-consolidates-information-about-clusters (last access 26 . 01 .202 3 ) . Annex Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 6 : Analytical framework for the state of cluster policy Criterion Description Categorical variables Policy scope assessment whether the country has a dedicated cluster policy, or cluster creation and/or development is targeted through broader policies, e.g. foreign trade policies, labour and social policies or specific sectoral policies, e.g. industrial policy tourism policies, agriculture policies absence of cluster policy existence of broader policies existence of specific sectoral policies existence of targeted cluster policies Continuity of cluster policies assessment of the duration and experience of the country in carrying out cluster policies. This criterion assesses only existence of targeted cluster policies and not broader policies or sectoral policies absence of policies supporting cluster development cluster policy established recently (within the last 2 years) cluster policy established between over 2 and 10 years cluster policy established over 10 years ago Evidence of performance assessment whether there are evaluations of past and ongoing policies and a monitoring system in place. The existence of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms determines the degree of policy development in the country no evaluation and / or monitoring available existence of evaluations of past policies, e.g. ex-ante existence of monitoring or an ongoing / interim evaluation existence of monitoring and ex-ante or ongoing / interim evaluation Cluster Support Instruments assessment whether the policies provide any instruments to support the policy implementation, being these financial and/or technical support no instruments for cluster development financial support for cluster development in the broader and / or sectoral policy financial or technical support for cluster development in dedicated cluster policy financial and technical support for cluster development in dedicated cluster policy Source: ECCP (2023) .
Saatja: "Mater-Pranskevicius, Paulius" <
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Teema: European Cluster Collaboration Platform - Request for feedback on factsheet Estonia
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Prognos AG - Berlin HRB 87447 B
Geschäftsführer: Christian Böllhoff
Präsident des Verwaltungsrates: Dr. Jan Giller