Soome „Stormskär ja Väderskär“ meretuulepargi projekti piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine

Vastavalt nimekirjale 22.06.2023 nr 6-3/23/2707-2 Soome „Stormskär ja Väderskär“ meretuulepargi projekti piiriülene keskkonnamõju hindamine Vastavalt piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioonile (Espoo konventsioonile) on Soome teavitanud Eestit „Stormskär ja Väderskär“ meretuulepargi projektist. Arendaja Ilmatar Offshore AB kavandab püstitada Soome territoriaalvetes kahest projektialast koosneva meretuulepargi: Stormskär projektiala koosneks maksimaalselt 131 tuulikust võimsusega 2000 MW ning Väderskär projektiala maksimaalselt 31 tuulikust võimsusega 475 MW. Tuulikute maksimumkõrguseks on planeeritud 400 m. Kirjale on lisatud Soome saadetud keskkonnamõju hindamise (KMH) programm, milles kirjeldatakse projekti ning selle elluviimisega kaasnevat keskkonnamõju. Ootame 28. juuliks 2023 põhjendatud arvamusi selle kohta, kas Eesti peaks osalema „Stormskär ja Väderskär“ meretuulepargi projekti piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluses. Juhul, kui peate vajalikuks Eesti osalemist menetluses, on oodatud ka põhjendatud arvamused selle kohta, milline oluline kahjulik piiriülene keskkonnamõju võib Eestile kaasneda, et arendaja saaks sellega arvestada KMH materjalide koostamisel. Lugupidamisega (allkirjastatud digitaalselt) Kaupo Heinma Asekantsler Lisa: KMH programm Rainer Persidski, 626 2973 [email protected] Paldiski mnt 96/ Tallinn 13522/ 626 2802/ [email protected]/ www.envir.ee/ Registrikood 70001231  MERETUULEENERGIA PROJEKT STORMSKÄR JA VÄDERSKÄR KMH EELHINNANGU ARUANNE Keskkonnamõju hindamise ulatuse määramine Stormskärin ja Väderskärin meretuuleenergia projekti keskkonnamõju hindamine hindamine hindamine Kuupäev 2023-06-14 Projekti nr Versioon/Etapp Valmis Projekti juht Axel Andersson Koostaja Ella Wahlbeck Teemu Piippolainen Kontrollija Håkan Lindved  Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus ja käsitlusvaldkond .............................................................. 1 1.1 Taust .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 KMH eelhinnangu aruanne ja läbirääkimisprotsess ............................................ 1 2. Õigusaktid ja lubade andmise kord ........................................................... 2 2.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamine ............................................................................ 2 2.2 Piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioon (Espoo konventsioon) ............ 2 3. Projekti kirjeldus....................................................................................... 3 3.1 Asukoht ...................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Tuulepargi rajamine ..................................................................................... 3 3.3 Kaablikoridorid ............................................................................................. 6 4. Tehniline kirjeldus..................................................................................... 6 4.1 Tuulikud ...................................................................................................... 6 4.2 Vundament ................................................................................................. 6 4.3 Sisemine kaablivõrgustik ............................................................................... 6 4.4 Alajaamad ja ühenduskaablid ........................................................................ 6 4.5 Ülekandekaablid ........................................................................................... 6 4.6 Hoiatustuled ................................................................................................ 6 4.7 Mõõtemastid ................................................................................................ 7 5. Eeldatavad keskkonnamuutused ............................................................... 7 5.1 Füüsilised mõjud merepinna kohal .................................................................. 7 5.2 Füüsilised mõjud merepõhjas ......................................................................... 7 5.3 Suspensioon ja settimine .............................................................................. 7 5.4 Õhuga leviv heli ........................................................................................... 7 5.5 Veealune müra ............................................................................................ 8 5.6 Varjustamine ............................................................................................... 8 5.7 Visuaalne mõju ............................................................................................ 8 5.8 Reostus ja mikroplast ................................................................................... 8 5.9 Wind wake efekt .......................................................................................... 8 6. Keskkonnatingimused ja võimalikud mõjud .............................................. 8 6.1 Linnud ........................................................................................................ 8 7. Uuringud ja aruanded ............................................................................. 12 7.1 Planeeritavad uuringud ............................................................................... 12 8. Piiriülene mõju ........................................................................................ 12 8.1 Rootsi ....................................................................................................... 12 i 8.2 Muud maad ............................................................................................... 12 9. Mõjuhinnangu metoodika ja hindamisaruande sisu ................................. 13 9.1 Mõju hindamise metoodika .......................................................................... 13 9.2 Mõju hindamine ......................................................................................... 13 Kasutatud allikad ..................................................................................................... 15 Manused Lisa 1 – Uuringu kava ii 1. Sissejuhatus ja käsitlusvaldkond Ilmatar Offshore kavandab meretuuleenergiaparki Ahvenamaa põhja ossa, Ahve- namaa territoriaalvetesse. Tuuleenergiapark koosneb kahest alaprojektist: Stormskär ja Väderskär. Ahvenamaa keskkonnakaitset käsitleva kohaliku seaduse kohaselt on tuuleenergiapargi ehitamiseks vaja luba. Enne loa andmist projektile, millel on tõenäoliselt oluline keskkonnamõju, tuleb läbi viia keskkonnamõju hinda- mine. Keskkonnamõju hindamine hõlmab ka Ahvenamaa territoriaalvetes asuvaid tuulepargi kaableid. Lisaks elektrijaamadele ja nende vundamentidele hõlmab keskkonnamõju hinda- mine ka elektrijaamade sisest kaablivõrku, mis asub Ahvenamaa territoriaalvetes. 1.1 Taust Ahvenamaal on märkimisväärne potentsiaal suuremahuliseks, säästvaks ja tõhu- saks avamere tuuleenergia tootmiseks. Regioonis on suuri merepiirkondi, mida on juba eelnevalt peetud sobivaks avamere tuuleenergia tootmisel, samuti leidub po- liitilist toetust tuuleenergiaparkide ehitamisele. Ilmatar Offshore minimeerib projekti keskkonnamõju, kasutades parimaid tehni- kaid, seadmeid ja meetodeid. Laiemas perspektiivis on avamere tuuleenergiapar- kide ehitamise eesmärk võidelda kliimamuutustega ja suurendada Põhjamaade energiasõltumatust. 1.2 KMH eelhinnangu aruanne ja läbirääkimisprotsess Vastavalt keskkonnamõju hindamise kohalikule seadusele (Ahvenamaal on oma seadus keskkonnamõju hindamise meetmetest (Landskapslag om miljökonsek- vensbedömning, 2018:31) tuleb enne hindamisaruande koostamist määratleda hindamise ulatus. KMH eelhinnangu aruanne on keskkonnamõjude hindamise ula- tuse määramise aluseks. KMH eelhinnangu aruanne sisaldab teavet projekti asu- koha, ulatuse ja rakendamise ning selle hinnangulise keskkonnamõju kohta. KMH eelhinnangu aruanne on ühtlasi kava keskkonnamõju hindamiseks enne KHM programmi ja aruande etappi. Projektil võib olla piiriülene mõju Rootsile, Eestile ja Norrale. See eeldab piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsiooni (Espoo konventsioon) kohast teavitamise korda. Soome Keskkonnakeskus (Suomen ympäristökeskus) haldab nn Espoo kon- ventsiooni täitmise protsessi. 1 / 18 2. Õigusaktid ja lubade andmise kord 2.1 Keskkonnamõju hindamine Keskkonnamõju hindamise eesmärk on koguda teavet projekti keskkonnamõjude kohta, hõlbustada keskkonnaküsimuste arvestamist planeerimis- ja otsustusprot- sessides ning suurendada kodanike ja teiste osapoolte osalemis- ja mõjutamisvõi- malusi. Igaüks, kelle elutingimusi ja huve projekti rakendamine võib mõjutada, võib osaleda menetluses läbirääkimiste teel. Keskkonnamõjude hindamise esimene etapp on keskkonnamüjude eelhinnangu aruande koostamine. KMH eelhinnangu aruanne on kava projekti keskkonnamõju hindamise programmi ja aruande koostamiseks. Teises etapis hinnatakse eri va- riantide mõju ja tulemused esitatakse hindamisaruandes. 2.2 Piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioon (Espoo kon- ventsioon) Kui projekt tõenäoliselt põhjustab olulist keskkonnamõju väljaspool Ahvenamaa piirkonda, kohaldatakse rahvusvahelist praktikat kooskõlas Espoo piiriülese kesk- konnamõju hindamise konventsiooniga (Convention on Environmental Impact As- sessment in a Transboundary Context 67/1997). Lepingu kohaselt võib riik osa- leda teises riigis läbiviidavas keskkonnamõju hindamises. Selles projektis on Soome päritolupool ja Rootsi on peamine mõjutatav pool. Eesti ja Norra on samuti mõjutatavad pooled. Espoo konventsiooni alusel peetavate lä- birääkimiste käigus võivad esile kerkida täiendavad mõjutatavad pooled. Vastavalt keskkonnamõju hindamise kohaliku seaduse (Landskapslag om mil- jökonsekvensbedömning, 2018:31) paragrahvile 8 peab Ahvenamaa kohalik oma- valitsus andma teavet kavandatavast projektist, selle võimalikust riigipiiri ületa- vast mõjust ja võimalikest otsustest, mis mõjutavad Ahvenamaa saare piiridest väljaspool asuvaid alasid. Asjaomasele piirkonnale antakse võimalus osaleda läbi- rääkimisprotsessis või esitada oma seisukoht läbirääkimistel. KMH seaduse kohaselt vastutab Soome Keskkonnakeskus (Suomen ympäristö- keskus) kontaktide eest teiste riikidega. Ahvenamaa kohalik omavalitsus (Ålands Landskapsregering, ÅLR) vastutab KMH eelhinnangu aruande saatmise eest Soome Keskkonnakeskusele, kes edastab selle mõjutatud isikutele ja küsib nende valmisolekut KMH menetluses osaleda. Kui mõjutatud osapool otsustab menetlu- ses osaleda, peab ta esitama KMH eelhinnangu aruande avalikkusele, koguma KMH eelhinnangu aruande kohta tagasisidet ja esitama tagasiside päritolupoolele (Soomes Suomen ympäristökeskus). Soome Keskkonnakeskus saadab Ahvenamaa kohalikule omavalitsusele tagasisidet, mida tuleb protsessis arvesse võtta. Kesk- konnamõjude hindamise programmi ja aruande suhtes kohaldatakse sama menet- lust. 2 / 18  3. Projekti kirjeldus 3.1 Asukoht Kavandatav tuulepark Stormskär ja Väderskär asub Botnia meres, umbes 15 km Ahvenamaa mandriosast põhjas ja umbes 45 km Soome mandriosast läänes. Tuu- lepark asub Ahvenamaa territoriaalvetes. Joonisel 1 on näidatud tuulepargi asu- koht. Joonis 1 Projekti asukoht ja vahekaugused 3.2 Tuulepargi rajamine Avamere tuuleenergia valdkonnas areneb tehnoloogia kiiresti, mistõttu ei ole veel lõplikku otsust tuulikute ja pargi rajamise kohta tehtud. Tabel 1 on esitatud tule- vase KMH aluseks olevate parameetrite esialgne kavand. 3 / 18 Tabel 1. Stormskäri ja Väderskäri tuuleenergiapargi esialgsete tehniliste para- meetrite koond. Esialgsed parameetrid, Stormskär Paigaldatud võimsus 2 000 MW Pindala 474,5 km2 Elektrijaamade arv, max 131 Elektrijaama kõrgus (koos rootori 400 m labadega), max Rootori läbimõõt, max 326 m Rootori kõrgus merepinnast 20–30 m Sisemine kaablivõrk, max 386,1 km Trafo 1-2 tk Esialgsed parameetrid, Väderskär Paigaldatud võimsus 475 MW Pindala 96,2 km2 Elektrijaamade arv, max 31 Elektrijaama kõrgus (koos rootori 400 m labadega), max Rootori läbimõõt, max 326 m Rootori kõrgus merepinnast 20–30 m Sisemine kaablivõrk, max 87,1 km Trafo 1 tk Üksikute jaamade lõplik asukoht tuulepargi asukohas otsustatakse tuulepargi de- tailsete prognooside põhjal, mistõttu ei saa käesolevas etapis täpseid väärtusi veel anda. Joonis 2 on kujutatud 131 tuuliku paiknemine Stormskäri piirkonnas ja 31 turbiini paiknemine Väderskäri piirkonnas ning Joonis 3 on näide pargist, kus vas- tavad arvud on 80 ja 19. 4 / 18 Joonis 2 Näide paiknemisest, kus on esitatud 131 + 31 turbiini (15 MW:sed). Joonis 3 Näide paiknemisest, kus on esitatud 80 + 19 turbiini (25 MW:sed). 5 / 18 3.3 Kaablikoridorid Tuulepargist on planeeritud üks või mitu ülekandekaablit. Kõige laiem kaablikori- dor võiks olla 950 m, kus on 6 kõrgepinge vahelduvvoolu (HVAC) kaablit ja vajalik ruum kaablite hoolduseks. Tuulepargiala ja territoriaalse veepiiri vahelise kaabli- koridori pikkus on maksimaalselt 43 km. Kaablite asukoht täpsustatakse kaabliko- ridori järgmistes planeerimisetappides. 4. Tehniline kirjeldus 4.1 Tuulikud Tuuleturbiin koosneb neljast põhikomponendist: vundament, torn, masinaruum ja kolm laba. Torn on valmistatud terasest ja paigaldatud merepõhja ankurdatud vundamendile. Rootori labad on kinnitatud masinaruumis asuva rummu külge. Torni otsas asuvas masinaruumis on muuhulgas ka generaator. 4.2 Vundament Meretuulikuid saab püstitada nii fikseeritud kui ka ujuvalusele. Kõige sobivam vun- damendimeetod sõltub muu hulgas ehitustingimustest, mis võivad planeeritaval pargialal erineda. Tingimusi selgitatakse järgmistes projekteerimise etappides. 4.3 Sisemine kaablivõrgustik Tuulepargis võib vaja minna kolme erinevat tüüpi kaableid: kollektorjuhtmeid, üle- jääkkaableid ja telekommunikatsioonikaableid. 4.4 Alajaamad ja ühenduskaablid Trafoalajaamad on sõlmed tuulikute ja peavõrgu vahel. Trafoalajaamades muun- datakse tuulikute toodetud elekter kõrgemale pingetasemele. Trafoalajaamad koosnevad tavaliselt kahest osast: vundamendist ja jaamast endast. 4.5 Ülekandekaablid Planeeritavas tuulepargis liigub elekter ülekandekaablite kaudu trafojaamadest põ- hivõrku. Kaablite arv ja teostus sõltub valitud tehnoloogiast (HVAC või HVDC) ja kaablite pingetasemest. 4.6 Hoiatustuled 6 / 18  Tuulikud on lennutõkked ja peavad ohutuse tagamiseks olema varustatud hoiatus- tuledega. Hoiatustulede lõplik rakendamine otsustatakse hilisemas etapis vastavalt kehtivatele eeskirjadele. 4.7 Mõõtemastid Tuuleenergia tootmise tingimuste kaardistamiseks projektialal on kavandatud tuule mõõtmise uuringud. Uuringud viiakse sageli läbi 2-4 aasta jooksul ja see eel- dab ühe või mitme meteoroloogiliste seadmete ja anduritega varustatud mõõte- masti paigaldamist projekti alale. Mõõtemastide kogukõrgus võib olla maksimaal- selt 250 m. Mõõtemastide rajamisel võidakse kasutada sarnaseid vundamente nagu tuulikutel ja trafo alajaamades. 5. Eeldatavad keskkonnamuutused Tuulepargi ja ülekandekaablite ehitamine, käitamine ja kasutuselt kõrvaldamine toob kaasa keskkonnamuutusi. Muutused võivad olla lühiajalised või pikemaajali- sed. Eeldatavad keskkonnamuutused on esitatud allpool. 5.1 Füüsilised mõjud merepinna kohal Füüsilised mõjud veepinna kohal tekivad juba ehitusetapis, kuid peamiselt pargi kasutamise ajal. Nende mõjude tagajärjel on oht, et linnud ja nahkhiired põrkavad kokku elektrijaamadega ning tuulikud tekitavad takistusi laevadele, kutselistele kaluritele ja lennukitele. 5.2 Füüsilised mõjud merepõhjas Merepõhjas võivad füüsilised mõjud olla kas pikaajalised või ajutised, mis on põh- justatud ehitustöödest või ehitistest. Enamik mõjusid avalduvad ehitusetapis. Ka- sutusajal on füüsilised mõjud seotud näiteks merepõhja kasutamisega vundamen- tide, erosioonikaitse ja kaablite paigaldamiseks. 5.3 Suspensioon ja settimine Ehitamise ja demonteerimise ajal võivad tahked ained vabaneda ja levida vette (vee hägusus). Kui setted on saastunud, võivad saasteained levida lähedalasuva- tesse piirkondadesse üha suuremas koguses. Tahkete ainete suspensioon ja setti- mine võib mõjutada kalu, mereimetajaid, põhjataimestikku ja -loomastikku erine- val viisil, põhjustades käitumismuutusi, vähenenud paljunemisvõimet ja pindade kattumisest tulenevaid erinevaid mõjusid. 5.4 Õhuga leviv heli 7 / 18  Helid tekivad planeeritava tuulepargi kõigis etappides. Ehitus- ja sulgemisfaasis tulevad helid peamiselt vaiatöödest ja suurenevast laevaliiklusest. 5.5 Veealune müra Helilainete levik vee all sõltub peamiselt heliallika intensiivsusest ja helisagedu- sest. Tuulepargi elutsükli kõigis etappides tekib veealune müra, mis võib mõjutada kalu, põhjataimestikku ja mereimetajaid. 5.6 Varjustamine Elektrijaama torn ja labad heidavad veele varju. Tuuliku põhjustatud varjustamise võib jagada kaheks erinevateks värelusefektiks. Iga torni ümbritseb suhteliselt muutumatu vari, mis järgib päikese kulgu nagu päikesekell. 5.7 Visuaalne mõju Tuulikud on elemendid, mis on nähtavad kaugel maastikus, eriti kui tegemist on merega. Tuulikute nähtavuse määramiseks koostatakse nähtavuse analüüs, pildi- seeriad ja animatsioonid. 5.8 Reostus ja mikroplast Avamere tuuleenergia võib suurendada selliste metallide nagu alumiinium ja tsink ning orgaaniliste ainete, näiteks bisfenool-A (BPA) kontsentratsiooni. Praegu ei viita miski sellele, et need heitkogused mõjutaksid merekeskkonda. BPA ja vaba- neva mikroplasti kogused on väikesed või tähtsusetud. 5.9 Wind wake efekt Wind wake efekt (slipstream effect) tekib siis, kui turbiinid pidurdavad tuule kii- rust, kui see möödub tuulikutest. Sellest tingituna moodustub turbiinide taha väik- sema tuulekiirusega õhuruum. Wind wake efekt võib põhjustada temperatuuri- muutusi ja kohaliku niiskustaseme muutusi ning mõjutada pinnavee voolu. 6. Keskkonnatingimused ja võimalikud mõjud 6.1 Linnud 6.1.1 Praegune olukord Läänemeri pakub lindudele olulisi puhke-, toitumis-, pesitsus-, kasvu- ja talvitusa- lasid. Mõned liigid elutsevad Läänemerel aastaringselt, samas kui teised rändavad talveks piirkonda või sealt välja. Seetõttu varieerub erinevate linnuliikide levik Läänemere piirkonnas suuresti sõltuvalt aastaajast. 8 / 18 Planeeritav tuulepark asub kaugel avamerel. Avamerel liiguvad rändlinnud vähem kui rannikule lähemal. Kuid mõned liigid võivad toitu otsides lennata ka rannikust kaugemale. Joonis 4 jaJoonis 5 on näidatud kevadel ja sügisel piirkonda läbivate lindude pea- mised rändeteed. Andmed on kogunud BirdLife Finland. Ühing märgib, et ebapii- sava teabe tõttu ei ole olnud võimalik kindlaks teha kõiki tõenäolisi rändekeskusi Põhja-Saaristomeres ja Ahvenamaal. Projektiala asub metshanede peamisel rän- deteel ning projektiala kõrval on ka mõne teise linnu peamine rändetee. Joonis 4 Rändeteed, kevad (Toivanen & Lehtiniemi, 2023). 9 / 18 Joonis 5 Rändeteed, sügis (Toivanen & Lehtiniemi, 2023). Lähim oluline linnuala on IBA (Important Bird Area) ja FINIBA (Soome Important Bird Area) ala Mulklobb, mis asub Väderskäri alamprojekti alast umbes 8 km lõuna pool (Joonis 6). Lisaks Mulklobbile on linnustiku jaoks olulisteks aladeks ka Eckerö-Hammarlandi saarestik, Uusikaupunki rannik ja Uusikaupunki madalikud, mis kõik asuvad planeeritavast tuulepargist vähemalt 18 km kaugusel. IBA ja FI- NIBA alade kirjelduste kohaselt on need alad eriti populaarsed alklaste (Alcidae), kajakate (Larinae), krüüselite (Cepphus grylle) ja tõmmuvaeraste (Melanitta fusca) seas. Piirkond Tüüp Kaugus Mulklobb IBA/FINIBA 8 km Eckerö ja Hammar- IBA 18 km landi saarestik Uusikaupunki rannik FINIBA 25 km Uusikaupunki madali- IBA 25 km kud 10 / 18  Joonis 6: Planeeritava tuulepargi asukoht tähtsa linnuala (Important Bird Areas) ja FINIBA (Soome olulised linnualad) suhtes 6.1.2 Võimalikud mõjud Oluliste linnualade lähedus võib mõjutada merelinde ja rändlinde. Ehituse ja ekspluatatsiooni ajal võivad lindudele tekkida ebamugavused ja takistused, lisaks võivad linnud kokku põrgata tuulikutega. Võimalikke mõjusid ja seda, milliseid liike projekt mõjutab, uuritakse keskkonnamõjude hindamise programmi ja hinda- misaruande koostamise käigus. Selle kohta, kuidas linnud projektiala kasutavad, ei ole piisavalt teavet ja seetõttu tehakse hindamisaruande koostamisel linnuvaat- lusi, vaata osa 7.1. 11 / 18 7. Uuringud ja aruanded 7.1 Planeeritavad uuringud 7.1.1 Linnud Piirkonnas viiakse läbi linnupopulatsiooni uuring, et kaardistada, kuidas linnud ka- sutavad projektiala oma rände-, puhke-, toitumis- ja talvitusaladena. Uuringu eri- nevad osad viiakse läbi kevadel, suvel, sügisel ja talvel. 8. Piiriülene mõju Piiriülesed mõjud võivad tekkida näiteks siis, kui veealune müra või läbipaistmatud tahked ained avaldavad mõju teisele riigile või kui tuuleturbiinide olemasolu põh- justab piiriülest mõju. Vastavalt Espoo konventsioonile (Convention on Envi- ronmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context 67/1997) on keskkon- namõju hindamise aruandesse lisatud piiriülese mõju kokkuvõte. Espoo konventsiooni kohaselt on päritolupool riik, kus avamere tuuleenergia pro- jekt asub. Selles projektis on Soome päritolupool ja Rootsi on peamine mõjutatav pool. Eesti ja Norra on samuti mõjutatavad pooled. Espoo konventsiooni alusel peetavate läbirääkimiste käigus võivad esile kerkida täiendavad mõjutatavad poo- led. 8.1 Rootsi Keskkonnamõju hindamisel võetakse arvesse Ahvenamaa (Soome) mõju Rootsile. Tuuleenergiapark asub umbes 14 km kaugusel Rootsi territoriaalvetest ja Rootsi majandusvööndist ning enam kui 50 km kaugusel Rootsi rannikust. Ülekandekaa- bel ulatub Rootsi majandusvööndi piirini ja jätkub Rootsi mandriosani. 8.2 Muud maad Mõjutatavateks poolteks peetakse ka Eestit ja Norrat. Nende riikide puhul piirdub piiriülene mõjuhinnang rändlindude populatsioonidega. Projekti mõju rändlindu- dele hinnatakse linnupopulatsiooni uuringute käigus. Soomele avalduvat mõju ei käsitleta piiriülese mõjuna, sest projekt asub Soome majandusvööndis ja Soome on seega Espoo konventsiooni (Convention on Envi- ronmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context 67/1997) kohaselt pä- ritolupool. Mõju Soome teistele piirkondadele hinnatakse keskkonnamõju hinda- mise programmi ja hindamisaruande raames. 12 / 18 9. Mõjuhinnangu metoodika ja hindamisaruande sisu 9.1 Mõju hindamise metoodika Hindamine hõlmab kõiki mõjusid, mis võivad tekkida ehituse, käitamise ja demon- teerimise ajal. Projekti võimalike keskkonnamõjude kindlakstegemiseks ja hinda- miseks kasutatakse süstemaatilist lähenemisviisi. Lisaks määratakse kindlaks, mil- lised meetmed mõju vältimiseks, minimeerimiseks või vähendamiseks lisatakse si- duvana lõplikku mõjuhinnangusse. Mõju hinnatakse keskkonnamõju ulatuse ja kõnealuse objekti või vastuvõtja kesk- konnaväärtuste alusel. Keskkonnamõju hindamine hõlmab kavandatava tegevuse mõju, võttes arvesse nõutavaid kaitsemeetmeid 9.1.1 Keskkonnamõju ulatus Keskkonnamõju suurus peab olema proportsionaalne hinnatava objekti või vastu- võtjaga. See võib olla näiteks liigi tundlikkus heli, reostuse või muu mõju suhtes. Suuruse määrab võimalik mõju vastuvõtjale, näiteks kuidas aine kontsentratsioon mõjutab hinnatavat vastuvõtjat. Keskkonnamõju ulatus võib olla peaaegu ole- matu, vähene, mõõdukas või kõrge. 9.1.2 Keskkonnaväärtuse suurus Keskkonnaväärtus näitab objekti või vastuvõtja tundlikkust või vastuvõtlikkust projektile ja see võib olla kõrge, mõõdukas, vähene või peaaegu olematu. Hinda- misel on oluline võtta arvesse erinevate vastuvõtjate eriomadusi ja iseloomu ning nende õiguskaitset. Bioloogiliste vastuvõtjate puhul kasutatakse keskkonnaväär- tuse taseme määramiseks erinevaid kriteeriume, nagu kaitseväärtus, tundlikkus muutuste suhtes, kohanemisvõime või populatsiooni suurus. Keskkonnaväärtus määratakse kindlaks, võttes arvesse piirkonda, kus mõju avaldub; näiteks ala, mis võetakse füüsiliselt kasutusele. Isegi kui vastuvõtjal on riiklikul või piirkondlikul ta- sandil kõrge keskkonnaväärtus, ei pruugi see mõjutatud alal kohalikul tasandil suur olla. 9.2 Mõju hindamine Mõjust teatamisel seotakse keskkonnaväärtuse suurus keskkonnamõju ulatusega. (Tabel 2) 13 / 18  Tabel 2: Mõjuhinnangute maatriks, mõju näidisvärvid Suur kesk- Mõõdukas Vähene kesk- Olematu/ konnamõju keskkonna- konnamõju peaaegu ole- mõju matu kesk- konnamõju Suur kesk- väga suur suur mõju mõõdukas Olematu/ konnaväärtus mõju mõju peaaegu ole- matu mõju Mõõdukas suur mõju mõõdukas vähene mõju Olematu/ keskkonna- mõju peaaegu ole- väärtus matu mõju Vähene kesk- mõõdukas vähene mõju vähene mõju Olematu/ konnaväärtus mõju peaaegu ole- matu mõju Ole- Olematu/ Olematu/ Olematu/ Olematu/ matu/peaaeg peaaegu ole- peaaegu ole- peaaegu ole- peaaegu ole- u olematu matu mõju matu mõju matu mõju matu mõju keskkonna- väärtus 9.2.1 Piiriülene mõju Hinnatakse kavandatud tegevuse mõju bioloogilistele ja sotsiaalmajanduslikele väärtustele piiriülestes olukordades. Hindamine põhineb punktis 9.2 kirjeldatud metoodikal. Keskkonnamõju hindamisel võetakse igal üksikjuhul eraldi arvesse mõju ehituse ajal, demonteerimise mõju ja mõju käitamise ajal. 14 / 18 Kasutatud allikad Ahlen, I., Bach, L., Baagöe, H. J. & Pettersson, J., 2007. Fladdermöss och havsbaserade vindkraftverk studerade i södra Skandinavien, u.o.: u.n. Al-Hamdani, Z. & Reker, J., 2007. Towards marine landspaces in the Baltic Sea, u.o.: BALANCE interim report #10. Available at http://balance-eu.org/. Andrén, E. & Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., 2017. Why is the Baltic Sea so special to live in?. i: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 23-84. BatLife Sweden, n.d.. [Online] Available at: https://batlife-sweden.se/migration/ Bergström, L. o.a., 2012. Vindkraftens effekter på marint liv - En syntesrapport., u.o.: Naturvårdsverket (Vindval), Rapport 6488.. Bergström, L. o.a., 2013. Fiskundersökningar vid Lillgrund vindkraftspark - Slutredovisning av kontrollprogram för fisk och fiske 2002-2010. På uppdrag av Vattenfall Vindkraft AB, u.o.: Havs och vattenmyndigheten, Rapport nummer 2013:18, 131 sidor, ISBN 978-91-87025-42-6. BIAS, 2021. Baltic Sea information on the Acoustic Soundscape. Marine mammals and sound.. [Online] Available at: https://biasproject.wordpress.com/news-from-the-ocean/mammals- and- sound/#:~:text=Porpoises%20have%20extremely%20good%20hearing%20in%2 0the%20ultrasonic,known%20for%20their%20use%20of%20sound%20in%20co mmunication. [Använd mars 2021]. Björckebaum, M. & Hammerman, M., 2020. Landskapsintressen för kulturmiljö på Åland - Förstudie, u.o.: u.n. ELY-keskus, 2021. Tuulivoiman yleisopas, u.o.: u.n. Energimyndigheten, 2022. Påverkan på sjöfarten. [Online] Available at: https://www.energimyndigheten.se/fornybart/vindkraft/vindlov/planering-och- tillstand/svensk-ekonomisk-zon/inledande-skede/paverkan-pa-sjofarten/ Geologiska forskningscentralen, 2023. Mineral Deposits and Exploration. [Online] Available at: https://gtkdata.gtk.fi/mdae/index.html Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, 2019. Sik i Östersjön - en kunskapssammanställning, u.o.: Havs- och vattenmyndigheten, Sverige. HELCOM, 2007. HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan , Krakow: HELCOM Ministerial Meeting . HELCOM, 2010. Hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment of hazardous substances in the Baltic Sea. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 120B, u.o.: u.n. H.-o. V., 2018. Verksamheten inom EU:s gemensamma fiskeripolitik under 2017, Göteborg: Havs-och Vattenmyndigheten. H.-o. v., 2021a. Fisk- och skaldjursbestånd 2020. [Online] Available at: 15 / 18 https://www.havochvatten.se/download/18.26126a9e1777ad8f0587e3f1/1613404 369901/rapport-2021-6-resursoversikt-2020.pdf H.-o. v., 2021. Fisk- och skaldjursbestånd 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.havochvatten.se/download/18.26126a9e1777ad8f0587e3f1/1613404 369901/rapport-2021-6-resursoversikt-2020.pdf Hylyt.net, u.d. Irma. [Online] Available at: https://www.hylyt.net/item/irma/#content ICES, 2021. Baltic Sea ecoregion – Fisheries overview. [Online] Available at: file:///C:/Users/ASEMSE/Downloads/FisheriesOverview_BalticSea_2021.pdf Jonna Tomkiewicz, K. M. L. M. A. S. J., 2002. Oceanographic influences on the distribution of Baltic cod, Gadus morhua , during spawning in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. [Online]. Kirchgeorg, T. o.a., 2018. Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volym 136, pp. 257-268. Kuismanen, L., Husa, S. M. & Wennström, M., 2020. Karakteristik för kust- och havsområden på Åland. Havsplanering 2020, u.o.: Ålands Landskapsregering. Kuismanen, L., Husa, S. & Wennström, M., 2020. Karakteristiskt för kust- och havsområden på Åland, u.o.: Ålands Landskapsregering. Museiverket, 2021. Museiverkets anvisning för sonarkartering vid arkeologisk inventering under vatten , u.o.: u.n. Naturvårdsverket, 2017. Förutsättningar för prövningar och tillsyn i Natura 2000- områden. Handbok 2017:1., u.o.: u.n. Naturvårdsverket, 2020. Vägledning om buller från vindkraftverk., u.o.: Naturvårdsverket. Notö Biologiska Station, 2019. Verksamhetsberättelse för år 2018. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica 95:144-155. Rydell, J., Ottvall, R., Pettersson, S. & Green, M., 2017. Vindkraftens påverkan på fåglar och fladdermöss, u.o.: u.n. SLU Artdatabanken, 2022b. Vikare. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/artbestamning/taxon/Pusa%20hispida-100104 SLU Artdatabanken, 2022j. Gråsäl. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/artbestamning/taxon/halichoerus-grypus-100068 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023a. Lax. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/salmo-salar-100126 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023c. Sill. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/Clupea%20harengus-206089 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023d. Skarpsill. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/sprattus-sprattus-206091 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023e. Abborre. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/perca-fluviatilis-206198 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023f. Gädda. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/esox-lucius-206139 16 / 18 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023g. Torsk. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/gadus-morhua-206142 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023h. Ål. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/anguilla-anguilla-206063 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023i. Tumlare (östersjöpopulationen). [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/artbestamning/taxon/phocoena-phocoena-baltic- population--232475 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023k. Vikare. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/pusa-hispida-100104 SLU Artdatabanken, 2023. Öring. [Online] Available at: https://artfakta.se/naturvard/taxon/salmo-trutta-100127 Southall, e. a., 2007b. Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria. An excellent review of the current literature on effects of underwater noise on marine mammals and first attempt at defining limits for exposure. Aquat.Mamm. 33 (4):411-521. Thomas, D. N. o.a., 2017. Life associated with Baltic Sea ice. i: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 333-357. Toivanen, T. & Lehtiniemi, T., 2023. Lintujen päämuuttoreitit Suomessa, u.o.: BirdLife Suomi ry. Valeur, J. R., 2004. Sediment investigations connected with the building of the Øresund Bridge and Tunnel. Danish Journal of Geography, 104(2), p. 12. Vasquez, M. o.a., 2021. EUSeaMap 2021. A European broad-scale seabed habitat map, u.o.: D1.13 EASME/EMFF/2018/1.3.1.8/Lot2/SI2.810241– EMODnet Thematic Lot n° 2 – Seabed Habitats EUSeaMap 2021 - Technical Report. https://doi.org/10.13155/83528. Vasquez, o., 2021. EUSeaMap 2021. A European boad-scale seabed habitat map., u.o.: D1.13 EASME/EMFF/2018/1.3.1.8/Lot2/SI2.810241– EMODnet Thematic Lot n° 2 – Seabed Habitats EUSeaMap 2021 - Technical Report.. Ympäristöministeriö, 2014. Tuulivoimaloiden melun mallintaminen, u.o.: Ympäristöhallinnon ohjeita 2. Zeller, D. o.a., 2011. The Baltic Sea: Estimates of total fisheries removals 1950– 2007. Fisheries Research, pp. 356-363. Ålands Landskapsregering , 2018. Den fysiska strukturen på Åland, u.o.: u.n. Ålands landskapsregering, 2023. Yrkesfiske. [Online] Available at: https://www.regeringen.ax/naringsliv-foretagande/yrkesfiske Kaardimaterjal EEZ-gräns (Talousvyöhyke). Traficom (2010). Hämtat från www.julkinen.trafi- com.fi/oskari [2.3.2023] Flyttstråk. Toivanen, T., & Lehtiniemi, T. (2023). Lintujen päämuuttoreitit Suo- messa. BirdLife Suomi ry. IBA och FINIBA-områden. BirdLife suomi ry. (n.d.) Hämtat från: https://www.birdlife.fi/suojelu/alueet/ [2.2.2023) 17 / 18 Territorialvattengräns (Aluvesiraja). Traficom (2010). Hämtat från www.julki- nen.traficom.fi/oskari [2.3.2023] Yttre gräns för landskapet Åland. Ålands Landskapsregering (2021). Hämtat från https://www.kartor.ax/pages/laddaner [10.3.2023] 18 / 18  Lisa 1 Survey program – Undersökningsprogram - Tutkimusohjelma Ilmatar Offshore AB Survey program Stormskär-Väderskär & Vågskär Offshore wind farms Survey program  Lisa 1 Survey program for Stormskär - Väderskär & Vågskär Offshore Wind Farms Survey program Date 2023-06-14 Status Final Axel Andersson Teemu Piippolainen Ella Wahlbeck Håkan Lindved Project manager Coordinator Coordinator Reviewer  Lisa 1 Summary Ilmatar Offshore AB is planning for the development of a wind farm in the sea north of Åland. Prior to drawing up an environmental impact assessment, field surveys need to be carried out to support the assessments. Table 1 summarizes which surveys are proposed to be included in the survey program for the Stormskär – Väderskär and Vågskär wind farms. The table also provides an estimate of how long the respective survey is expected to take. Table 1 Planned surveys Method Total Survey lenght, ca Field survey Desk study Modelling Acoustic X 12 months X surveys Hydrography X 2-3 and months meteorology Sediment X 2-3 sampling months X X Two counts Birds per year X X 6-12 Fish months Marine X X 12 months mammals Benthic fauna X 2-3 and bottom months flora Marine X X 6 months Archaeology 2-3 Visualisation X months 2-3 Shading effekt X months Sediment dispersion and X sedimentation 1 av 35  Lisa 1 Method Total Survey lenght, ca Field survey Desk study Modelling X 2-3 Fisheries months Nautic risk X 6 months analysiz Citizens’ X survey Natura 2000 X Table 2 Ongoing or finished surveys in Stormskär-Väderskär and coming surveys in Vågskär Method Total Survey lenght, Field survey Desk study Modelling ca. Geophysical X 2-3 and months Geotechnical surveys 2 av 35  Lisa 1 Table of content 1. Short description of project areas ............................................................. 5 2. Available data ........................................................................................... 6 2.1 Hydrography ............................................................................................... 6 2.2 Bird ............................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Fish ............................................................................................................ 8 2.4 Marine mammals........................................................................................ 12 2.5 Benthic flora and fauna ............................................................................... 17 3. Planned field surveys .............................................................................. 18 3.1 Acoustic survey .......................................................................................... 18 3.2 Hydrography and meteorology ..................................................................... 19 3.3 Seabed sediments ...................................................................................... 20 3.4 Bird .......................................................................................................... 22 3.5 Fish .......................................................................................................... 23 3.6 Marine mammals........................................................................................ 24 3.7 Benthic fauna and flora ............................................................................... 25 3.8 Marine Archaeology .................................................................................... 27 4. Planned modelling................................................................................... 28 4.1 Acoustic models ......................................................................................... 28 4.2 Sediment dispersion and sedimentation ........................................................ 29 5. Other surveys and studies ....................................................................... 31 5.1 Visualization .............................................................................................. 31 5.2 Shading .................................................................................................... 31 5.3 Nautic risk analysis..................................................................................... 32 5.4 Fish .......................................................................................................... 32 5.5 Seals ........................................................................................................ 32 5.6 Fisheries ................................................................................................... 33 5.7 Citizens' survey.......................................................................................... 33 5.8 Natura 2000 .............................................................................................. 33 6. Ongoing Surveys ..................................................................................... 33 6.1 Geophysical surveys ................................................................................... 33 7. References .............................................................................................. 34 Tables Table 1 Planned surveys................................................................................ 1 3 av 35  Lisa 1 Table 2 Ongoing or finished surveys in Stormskär-Väderskär and coming surveys in Vågskär ................................................................................................... 2 Table 3 Description of project areas ................................................................ 5 Table 4 Planned sediment sampling within project areas ................................. 22 Table 5 Approximate planned benthic fauna sampling within project areas ........ 27 Figures Figure 1 Project areas Stormskär-Väderskär and Vågskär. ................................. 6 Figure 2 IBA- and FINIBA-areas. .................................................................... 8 Figure 3 Potential spawning areas for herring. (HELCOM, 2020) ......................... 9 Figure 4 Potential recruitment areas for perch. (HELCOM, 2020) ........................ 9 Figure 5 Potential nursery areas for flounder. (HELCOM, 2020) ........................ 10 Figure 6 Important spawning areas for perch in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021)..... 10 Figure 7 Important spawning areas for pike-perch in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) ................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 8 Important spawning areas for pike in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021)....... 11 Figure 9 Important spawning areas for the Baltic herring. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 12 Figure 10: Grey seal population in Finland 2022. Capture from luonnonvaratieto.luke.fi (LUKE Suomen Luonnonvarakeskus, 2022) ................. 13 Figure 11 Distribution of ringed seal population in the Archipelago Sea during aerial surveys in 2010,2011,2013. The lighter red areas indicate haul-out sites, and the darker red areas core haul-out sites. (WWF 2017) ............................. 14 Figure 12. Porpoise observations 2000-2023. (Suomen Lajitietokeskus/FinBIF, retrieved 17.3.2023) .................................................................................. 15 Figure 13 HELCOM SAMBAH Probability of detection of harbour porpoises. (HELCOM, 2016) ........................................................................................ 16 Figure 14 HELCOM SAMBAH Probability of detection of harbour porpoises. (HELCOM, 2016) ........................................................................................ 17 Figure 15 Mapping points for marine vegetation data in the coastal waters of Åland 2005-2020. Most of the work has been carried out from 2017 onwards. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) ......................................................................................... 18 4 av 35  Lisa 1 1. Short description of project areas Ilmatar Offshore AB is planning for the development of a wind farm in the sea north of Åland. Prior to drawing up an environmental impact assessment, field surveys need to be carried out to support the assessments. Descriptions of the three project areas are presented in the table and figure below. Table 3 Description of project areas Area Water Project area Location (km2) depth (m) Väderskär Åland territorial waters 96 10-70 Stormskär Åland territorial waters 475 15-88 Vågskär Finnish EEZ 367 25-95 Total: 938 - 5 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 1 Project areas Stormskär-Väderskär and Vågskär. 2. Available data 2.1 Hydrography 2.1.1 Depth Traficom provides by request depth measurement data in raster format. The data is provided as a 10 x 10 km gridded mean surface model, with a spatial resolution of 2x2 meters. The data area covers Finland’s exclusive economic zone. The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) provides open high resolution bathymetric data for the whole Baltic Sea Region. The resolution varies between 1/32 and 1/512 arc minutes. 2.1.2 Water properties Open source data for the Finnish waters can be obtained from the database HERTTA. The service provides information on water resources, surface water 6 av 35  Lisa 1 status, groundwater, biota, environmental load and land use as well as spatial data sets related to the environment. The dataset includes data obtained from measuring point in Åland waters. SYKE provides modelled data of the sea surface salinity, near-bottom seawater temperature and secchi depth as a part of the VELMU program (The Finnish Inventory Program for the Underwater Marine Environment). The data can be requested of SYKE, and the data area covers Åland waters. The dataset for sea surface salinity is a raster form data that describes modelled PSU (Practical Salinity Unit) at a resolution of 20 meters. The data used in the model are from the years 2004-2015. The secchi depth is a raster format data, that describes light attenuation in the water column at a resolution of 300 meters averaged from weekly medians for the period of June-August 2003-2011. Seawater temperature near-bottom is a raster-format data, that describes modelled seawater temperature near-bottom (1 meter from the seabed) at a resolution of 20 meters. The data for the model are from the years 2003-2013. Data regarding underwater noise can be retrieved from the BIAS (Baltic Sea Information on the Acoustic Soundscape) program. The data is now available from the ICES Continuous underwater noise data portal. 2.2 Bird BirdLife Finland has produced reports of the main migration routes of birds in Finland, including Åland islands. The surveys are based on bird observation data provided by birdwatchers and migration experts. The latest report was published in 2023. (BirdLife Suomi, 2023) BirdLife Finland also provides spatial data on internationally important bird areas (IBA) and nationally important bird areas (FINIBA). 7 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 2 IBA- and FINIBA-areas. 2.3 Fish HELCOM provides modelled spatial data of potential spawning, nursery and recruitment areas for fish in the Baltic Sea. The dataset includes potential spawning areas for cod, Baltic flounder, European flounder, herring and sprat, potential nursery areas for flounder, and potential recruitment areas for perch and pikeperch. The data indicates potential spawning areas for herring, potential recruitment areas for perch and potential nursing areas for flounder close to the project areas. 8 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 3 Potential spawning areas for herring. (HELCOM, 2020) Figure 4 Potential recruitment areas for perch. (HELCOM, 2020) 9 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 5 Potential nursery areas for flounder. (HELCOM, 2020) Important areas for fish around Åland have been mapped and modelled as a part of the ÅlandSeaMap-project (2019-2023). The dataset includes important spawning areas for the economically important species perch, pikeperch, pike and Baltic herring, and covers the Åland territorial waters. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) Figure 6 Important spawning areas for perch in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 10 av 35  Lisa 1 . Figure 7 Important spawning areas for pike-perch in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) Figure 8 Important spawning areas for pike in Åland. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 11 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 9 Important spawning areas for the Baltic herring. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 2.4 Marine mammals 2.4.1 Seals Luke (Natural resources institute Finland) has systematically monitored the grey seal population in Finland since 2000, and ringed seals since 1988. The gray seals are counted during the molting season in May-June. The areas are flown over 2-3 times, and the number of seals is counted from photographs. The count that yields the highest number of individuals is used for population estimation. The size and distribution of the population is shown for the spring molting season, but at other times of the year the numbers and distribution in different sea areas may differ. The monitoring of ring seals is based on sampling. The ringed seals observed on the counting lines flown at regular intervals form a sample, which is multiplied into a census population for the whole. 12 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 10: Grey seal population in Finland 2022. Capture from luonnonvaratieto.luke.fi (LUKE Suomen Luonnonvarakeskus, 2022) The map shows the size of the gray seal population in the Finnish sea area for the spring molting season, at the resolution of 50km x 50km ICES squares. The lightest color represents smaller values, the darker the larger values. The value assigned to a grid is the average of the counts in that year for that grid. The most established haul-out sites are marked on the map with circles. Observations of the Baltic ringed seal have also been mapped as a part of a WWF Baltic ringed seal report in 2010-2013. (WWF 2017) 13 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 11 Distribution of ringed seal population in the Archipelago Sea during aerial surveys in 2010,2011,2013. The lighter red areas indicate haul-out sites, and the darker red areas core haul-out sites. (WWF 2017) 2.4.2 Porpoise The presence of porpoises in Finnish territorial waters is monitored using acoustic methods in the North Baltic Sea and the Åland Sea, where the species occurs regularly. The monitoring is carried out by Turku University of Applied Sciences. The data is supplemented by public observations. Observations of the porpoise in the Baltic sea are collected and compiled at Laji.fi. The database contains observations from many Finnish species databases. The observations come from individual hobbyists, citizen science projects, authorities and scientific work. 14 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 12. Porpoise observations 2000-2023. (Suomen Lajitietokeskus/FinBIF, retrieved 17.3.2023) The SAMBAH-project has mapped the harbour porpoise population in the Baltic sea from 2010-2015. Approximately 300 acoustic monitors were installed from northern Åland to the Danish straits (see figures 13-14). A preliminary estimate of the breeding population size of harbour porpoises in the main basin of the Baltic Sea is about 450 individuals. (Ympäristöministeriö, 2016) Based on acoustic observations, harbour porpoises were most abundant in Denmark, Germany and southern Sweden. HELCOM provides spatial data on the probability of detection of harbor porpoise in the Baltic Sea for May-October and November-April. The probability of detection is done by modelling. The study area ends north of Åland. 15 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 13 HELCOM SAMBAH Probability of detection of harbour porpoises. (HELCOM, 2016) 16 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 14 HELCOM SAMBAH Probability of detection of harbour porpoises. (HELCOM, 2016) 2.5 Benthic flora and fauna Benthos observations have been collected during the VELMU programme (The Finnish Inventory Programme for the Underwater Marine Environment) from 2004. The data can be retrieved from the National benthos database POHJE. The data does not cover Åland regional waters. The VELMU species observations data set includes observations collected in the VELMU program, the Åland Islands’ marine vegetation data from the years 2002- 2015 and species observation from the Åland Islands marine mapping in 2017- 2018. The data is available at www.paikkatieto.ymparisto.fi/velmu Åbo Akademi has been systematically mapping the underwater environment around Åland as a part of the project ÅlandSeaMap (2019-2023). The marine inventories cover the coastal waters of Åland. Summaries of the data have been published in 2021. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 17 av 35  Lisa 1 Figure 15 Mapping points for marine vegetation data in the coastal waters of Åland 2005-2020. Most of the work has been carried out from 2017 onwards. (Åbo Akademi, 2021) 3. Planned field surveys 3.1 Acoustic survey 3.1.1 Objective Monitored data of underwater noise is generally rather scarce. For purposes of the EIA it is an important aspect to get localized information on the background noise levels. The background noise levels will be used in future modelling to assess the impact of noise on marine mammals and fish. In situ underwater noise field survey will be performed around the planned offshore windfarm. An airborne noise modelling is also carried out to ensure that the noise from the wind turbines during both the construction and operational phases is not disturbing to nearby residents. The modelling exercise can be carried out independently of the time of day. 18 av 35  Lisa 1 3.1.2 Method 3.1.2.1 Hydrophone Static hydrophones (moored systems) are planned to be used to investigate current noise levels. Due to the duration of the survey, bottom-mounted static hydrophones are preferred over surface deployment to minimize the influence of surface wave action and to minimize disturbance by surface vessels. The hydrophones planned for the survey will be autonomous recorders with data available periodically after recovery. The system will employ either an acoustic release system or a surface buoy deployed from a seabed anchor. The system chosen will depend on the location and the likelihood of disturbance by fishing vessels. The planned deployment of hydrophones is at least two per project area for a duration of one year. The observation period of one year is preferred in order to get a good statistical overview of the initial ambient noise. One pair of hydrophones should be positioned in the middle of the planned wind farm and another pair at either a distance for which the sound generated during construction or operation can have a significant effect on marine species, or a fixed distance of 4 km from the site (when the predicted impact ranges are smaller than 4 km), preferably in the direction of sensitive areas for environmental impact (De Jong, Ainslie, & Blacquière, 2011). In the relatively shallow waters of the project area, the hydrophones should be positioned in the lower half of the water column, with one hydrophone at ½ and another at ¾ of the total depth (De Jong, Ainslie, & Blacquière, 2011). The hydrophones and C-/F-pods (see section 3.6.2.2) should be possible to place simultaneously. 3.2 Hydrography and meteorology 3.2.1 Objective The understanding of prevailing local flow characteristics and water stratification structures are of importance when assessing impacts of offshore wind power during construction and use. Local hydrographic and meteorological conditions are used as a basis for design and for modelling, e.g., sediment dispersion. Investigations into the impact and consequences of offshore wind power on currents require studies to determine wind speed and direction, water currents and wave heights. The investigations are valuable as input to risk assessments, especially regarding directions of vessels in the event of a black-out or oil spillage. Wave height data will also be useful as design and construction data. 3.2.2 Method The main purpose of the survey is to provide information for the technical design of the park. The survey is proposed to be carried out over the year, preferably several times, to include as much variation in weather as possible. 19 av 35  Lisa 1 The survey will require a moored system to collect the desired data. The advantage of using a moored system is the possibility to combine multiple sensors on the same system, including hydrophones (see section 3.1.2). As there are various methods and systems to measure the required parameters, only the desired parameters will be presented. Parameters that need to be studied include but are not limited to: wind, air temperature, sea state measurements, currents and water quality measurements (temperature, salinity and turbidity). The mooring system needs to be designed to withstand local conditions and according to local regulations. As such, the design will be done by qualified experts in dialog with the sub-contractor deploying the system. As the meteorological conditions are expected to be similar in the different areas, only one system is planned to be deployed for a duration of one year. To measure bottom currents, a bottom-anchored measuring system can be used. These systems are temporarily anchored to the bottom and are equipped to measure currents and water quality parameters. At deeper localities, these in situ measurements should be done at depths of 2, 5 and 15 meters above the seafloor. 3.3 Seabed sediments 3.3.1 Objective The objective of the seabed sediment baseline survey is to map out physical and chemical characters of the surface sediments in the area. Sediment baseline data can also support modeling for sediment spreading and possible associated contaminants in relation to construction works and dumping of dredged sediments. The survey will also provide information on the conditions for benthic flora and fauna in the area. The number of sampling points will be determined after the geophysical surveys have been evaluated. Contamination is expected to be significant only in accumulation areas. 3.3.2 Method Sediment sampling is planned to investigate the degree of contamination in the sediments. Sediment sampling is best carried out in spring/summer when weather conditions are best. The sediment sampling will be carried out as described below. Sampling will be done by means of a Gemax sampler. This method allows for deeper penetration in the sediments. The method is dependent on the sediment conditions at the locality and the sampling cannot be done if the seabed consists of hard substrate. The samples taken will be collected as a collection test, and not divided. The sediments that might get resuspended from construction activities 20 av 35  Lisa 1 will be up to a meter deep, and a collection test for contaminants is deemed sufficient for the purpose of the EIA. The amount of sample must be sufficient for laboratory analysis. In areas where the sediment is too hard, a Van Veen-type grab sampler will be used. Samples obtained will only represent the surface layer and only one sample per point will be delivered for analysis. Samples will be kept frozen for further analysis at a certified laboratory. 3.3.2.1 Analysis The following parameters are to be investigated: • Physical • Dry matter • Loss of ignition (LOI) • Grain size and distribution • Oxygenation depth • Chemical • TOC • Total N • Total P • Metals (arsenic, cobolt, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, nickel, zinc, aluminium) • PAH compounds • PCB compounds • Microplastics • Organic tin compounds • Dioxins & Furans • Petroleum hydrocarbons C10-C40 For each sediment sample taken, a photo should be included and a description of sample color and smell. 3.3.2.2 Sediment sampling Planned sampling within project areas are presented in the table below. The sampling has been based on the variations of substrate within the project areas to get a representative picture of the sediments and their potential pollutants. Due to the smaller size of Väderskär, more samples will be taken here to get a representative sampling. The smaller sampling density in Stormskär and Vågskär is deemed sufficient to determine the sediment qualities and properties. 21 av 35  Lisa 1 Table 4 Planned sediment sampling within project areas Project area Approximate number of samples Väderskär 5 samples Stormskär 15 samples Vågskär 10 samples Total: 30 samples 3.4 Bird 3.4.1 Objective Migratory birds make up a large part of the Nordic bird fauna and they need to make their journeys as quickly, safely, and efficiently as possible. Therefore, many species follow land or coastlines as far as possible and avoid flying long distances across the open sea. Water areas also serve as resting, feeding and wintering sites for seabirds. These water areas are preferably found on outlying banks, but other water areas can also be used. The wind turbines constitute an impact to birds in regard to the risk of collision, avoiding etc. 3.4.2 Method To determine whether an area is used by birds for migration, resting, foraging, moulting or wintering, surveys need to be carried out. Migration can be investigated by counting birds from land or from a boat. Resting, foraging, and wintering birds are preferably surveyed by aerial surveys but can also be surveyed from a boat. The surveys are planned to be conducted during spring, summer, autumn and winter. The spring surveys should be done at the beginning of the bird migration (March-May). Summer surveys should be conducted during the nesting period, June - August. The autumn surveys for migratory birds should be done throughout September to the end of October. The exact time periods for the surveys should be decided after communications with locals. The preferred equipment for surveys from land of boats for migratory birds are laser binoculars. These binoculars provide information about the bird's position, direction, heading and altitude. Survey frequency should be 7 days/month during the main migratory periods. At least 50 survey days should be recorded. Surveys for foraging, moulting, wintering and resting birds should be ship based. Transects during the surveys should cover at least 10 % of the planned windfarm 22 av 35  Lisa 1 area. Resting birds on water can be hard to spot from boats. To complement these surveys, digital aircraft-based surveys could also be conducted. The aerial surveys are done by filming the birds from the air in transects and then counting the resting birds. 8-10 aircraft surveys are required throughout the year. 3.5 Fish 3.5.1 Objective The EIA needs to assess the importance of the project area and nearby areas as a spawning, nursery and staging area for fish. Spawning and recruitment areas are particularly important sites as these could be negatively affected by the construction of a windfarm. The collection of information on fish should focus on the locations and periods where spawning occurs, and to study the importance of the area as a nursery for salmon. To assess the impact on migratory fish and to plan adequate mitigation measures, the sampling will also be done to determine what migratory fish are present in the area and during what time of the year. 3.5.2 Method 3.5.2.1 eDNA To investigate the potential spawning areas in the vicinity, eDNA sampling can be carried out during the spawning periods. The eDNA sampling can also be used to investigate potential migratory fish in the project area. eDNA sampling does give an indication to what species are in the areas but does not give information about length- or gender distribution. The sampling can also give an indication about the biomass/abundance of a population in relation to the amount of eDNA collected. eDNA (environmental DNA) sampling is carried out by collecting water samples. Sampling should be done once during early-summer and once in autumn, with approximately 20 water samples taken in Vågskär, 50 in Stormskär and 6 in Väderskär during each excursion. At each sampling location, 3 replicates should be taken. Due to the variations in ecology, environmental factors, and biological factors, both the sampling locations and sampling depth should be varied to incorporate different environments. Various water parameters are measured during sampling, such as temperature and pH, as these affect the lifetime of eDNA in water. The water is collected in a sterile sampling vessel by certified samplers. Negative and positive controls are inserted at all critical steps to ensure the final result. The water is also filtered in situ through special filters which are then fixed in preservative fluid to preserve the structure of the DNA particles. The samples will then be transported to a certified laboratory for DNA extraction. Metabarcoding is then used to find out which species are present in each sample. 23 av 35  Lisa 1 Markers for several species-specific DNA sequences are used and the amount of sample DNA is amplified using PCR. 3.5.2.2 Juvenile fish Due to the proximity to potential spawning locations for multiple financially important fish (see section 2.3), a juvenile fish sampling is planned using the Gulf Olympia fishing device. The Gulf Olympia is a pair of net fishing gear attached to the bow of the boat, where the nets are attached to a tin cone at a depth of about 0.5 and 1 meter along the sides of the boat. The purpose of the survey is to confirm or reject the potential spawning locations. The areas surveyed will be chosen based on the potential radius of impacts on juvenile fish/larvae. The threshold for mortal injury is estimated to be 207 dB (Peak) or 210 dB (SELcum) for larvae. Without sound mitigation, the estimated sound source levels from piledriving are 237 dB (Peak) or 217 dB (SEL (1sec)). A radial distance of 6 km from the planned windfarm is chosen as a guideline. Any potential spawning locations as shown in section 2.3 that overlap with the 6 km buffer will be surveyed. The surveys will be done in transects of 500 meters each with a distance of 1-2 km between each transect. Surveys will be done during May and June, for a total of 4 surveys in each transect. 3.6 Marine mammals 3.6.1 Objective An inventory of marine mammals is planned to be carried out. The planned wind farms are located in a deeper area, but one project area is located about 6 km from the nearest island, which may mean that the area is used as a foraging area by seals. There are also a couple of unconfirmed sightings of porpoises in the area, and there is a slight possibility of porpoises visiting the area. The data gathered is important for the impacts assessments. Mammals such as seals and porpoises are sensitive to high levels of underwater noise during construction and could thus be affected. 3.6.2 Method 3.6.2.1 Seal The seal survey will be done as a desktop study using data from Luke (Natural resources institute Finland). Luke has systematically monitored the grey seal stock in Finland since 2000, and ringed seals since 1988. The data covers Åland and includes haul-out sites on land and estimated population density (See section 2.4.1). 24 av 35  Lisa 1 The eDNA surveys planned for fish (see section 3.5.2.1) should also be utilized for seals. The eDNA samples taken during surveys will also be tested for seal DNA and could thus give an indication if seals use the area for feeding. 3.6.2.2 Harbor porpoise Surveys for harbor porpoise presence are carried out using several click detectors. The click detectors (so-called C and F pods) capture the click sounds that porpoises use when echolocating, for example to hunt or orient themselves. If porpoises are present in the area, the click detectors will then pick up their clicking sounds. The detectors are anchored to the bottom and left in the water for a year to know if or when the porpoises use the area. As the harbour porpoise detection in the area is low, the monitoring will not be able to give any statistics regarding harbour porpoises. The aim of the survey is to detect any possible porpoises and to determine which areas are possibly used by them. The Finnish national stations for harbour porpoise detection are located with an 8- 15 km distance between each station. It is thus determined sufficient with approximately 10 km between each station in the planned survey, for a total of 12-13 C- or F-pods within the planned windfarms. The stations will be placed at different depths and at different distances to the shipping lane. Four stations will be placed within Vågskär, two within Väderskär and the rest within Stormskär. The system will be moored in accordance with recommendations from the manufacturer. 3.7 Benthic fauna and flora 3.7.1 Objective The objective of the baseline survey is to investigate and determine the biota present in the area of influence. Results from the survey together with for example results of the physical and chemical analysis of the seabed will be used to describe the present biological baseline status of the seabed. To investigate this, the study should be based on detailed surveys of the parts of the project area affected by the construction activities. 3.7.2 Method 3.7.2.1 Bottom grab sampling To investigate bottom fauna and flora, bottom samples will be taken in areas with accumulation bottom. The surveys will be done during early summer. The stations will be distributed randomly following the soft-bottom habitat structures based on the results of the geophysical surveys. Bottom samples should also be taken at locations within the photic zone (for the photic zone depth, see chapter 3.7.2.2) where sediments are suitable for sampling to include eventual benthic flora. At 25 av 35  Lisa 1 each location, both clay- and mud bottoms will be sampled. The number of samples have been determined based on the variations and homogeneity of bottom structures from the geophysical surveys. Due to the proximity of Vågskär and Stormskär, equal number of sampling locations are proposed. As per the HELCOM guidelines and the German standard for investigations (BSH, 2013), a 0,1 m2 Van Veen grab will be used for sampling. Two samples will be taken at each location. The samples will be sieved with a 1,000 μm and 500 μm mesh size and samples will be preserved in 70 % ethanol. Results will be presented as follows: • Total number of individuals per area/number of individuals per species and area (species table). • Total biomass per area/biomass per species and area • Dominance structure (related to number of individuals and biomass) • Occurrence and distribution of red list species • Evaluation according to BACI design with suitable statistical methods. 3.7.2.2 Video surveys Areas with no accumulation or mixed sediment seafloors cannot be sampled properly with grab sampling. These areas also include locations where bottom grabs cannot be done (i.e hard bottom). The number of samples have been determined based on the variations and homogeneity of bottom structures from the geophysical surveys. The sampling points will be distributed randomly following the potential habitat structures based on the results of the geophysical surveys and the assessed depth of the photic zone, see below. The video surveys are conducted to identify species of flora and fauna in areas where grab sampling cannot be done. The ecological status of the nearby waters (Ålands landskapsregering) determines the secchi-depth within the area to a maximum of 6,2 m in accordance with the reference values (Ålands Landskapsregering, 2016). The photic zone within the area is assessed to be twice the secchi-depth in accordance with the definition by HELCOM (HELCOM, 2023). Survey sites for benthic flora will thus be distributed to locations with a water depth of a maximum of 20 meters based on the geophysical survey data. 3.7.2.3 Sampling Planned sampling within project areas are presented in the table below. Note that at each location, two samples will be taken. The number of samples at each project area varies due to the variations of the seabed. Due to the lack of bathymetry data from Vågskär, a larger sampling density is planned for the area as a precautionary measure. 26 av 35  Lisa 1 Table 5 Approximate planned benthic fauna and flora sampling within project areas Number of sampling Number video Project area locations survey points 12 6 Väderskär (6 clay + 6 mud) 22 11 Stormskär (11 clay + 11 mud) 22 11 Vågskär (11 clay + 11 mud) Total: 56 28 3.8 Marine Archaeology 3.8.1 Objective Surveys are planned for marine archaeology. The aim is to obtain a basis for assessing the possible presence of archaeological remains, mainly wrecks. The entire wind farm area will be surveyed, as it has been poorly investigated in the past. The purpose of the survey is to map the area for any possible archaeological finds and thus avoid damaging these during the construction of the wind farm or cable arrays. 3.8.2 Method The investigation is carried out by interpreting geophysical data with regard to cultural-historical remains. This will be done through an investigation of Side Scan Sonar and/or MBES data where these are interpreted according to the surveys carried out by the company. In some cases, more detailed investigations in the form of visual verification may need to be carried out using film cameras and/or ROV’s. 27 av 35  Lisa 1 4. Planned modelling 4.1 Acoustic models 4.1.1 Methodology 4.1.1.1 Modelling of underwater noise An underwater sound propagation model will be used for modelling underwater noise. The model calculates estimates of the sound field generated from underwater sound sources. The modelling results are used to determine the potential impact distances (noise maps/contour plots) from the identified significant underwater noise sources for marine life in the area. Based on the location of the source and the sound level of the underwater source, the acoustic field at all distances from the source is estimated using the dBSea acoustic propagation model. The sound propagation modelling uses acoustic parameters appropriate to the specific geographical area, including the expected sound velocity profile of the water column, the bathymetry and the geoacoustic bottom properties, to produce site-specific estimates of the radiated noise field as a function of range and depth. The acoustic model is used to predict the directional transmission loss from source sites as the corresponding receiver sites. The received level at any 3-dimensional location away from the source is calculated by combining the source level and the transmission loss, both of which are directionally dependent. Underwater acoustic transmission loss and received underwater sound levels are a function of depth, range, bearing and environmental characteristics. The output values can be used to calculate or estimate specific noise metrics relevant to safety criteria for frequency-dependent marine mammal hearing. The model assumes that outgoing energy dominates over scattered energy and calculates the solution for the outgoing wave equation. An approximation is used to provide two-dimensional transmission loss values in range and depth, i.e. calculation of the transmission loss as a function of range and depth within a given radial plane is performed independently of neighbouring radials (reflecting the assumption that sound propagation is predominantly away from the source). The received underwater sound levels at any location within the area of interest are calculated from the 1/3-octave band source levels by subtracting the numerically modelled transmission loss at each 1/3-octave band centre frequency and summing over all frequencies to obtain a broadband value. For this study, transmission losses and received levels were modelled for 1/3- octave frequency bands between 10 and 32 000 Hz. Since the source of underwater noise considered in this study is predominantly low-frequency sources, this frequency range is sufficient to capture virtually all energy output. The received levels will be converted to all applicable underwater acoustic parameters. 28 av 35  Lisa 1 The sound scattering model will be run with source levels, activity time and environmental parameterisation and generate noise maps. The levels depicted in the noise maps will be the maximum expected level for that location at all depths down to the bottom and will include the following acoustic parameters for each of the identified sound sources: • SEL, sound exposure level (linear VHF and PCW weighted), dB re. 1 µPa2s • SELcum, cumulative sound exposure level (VHF and PCW weighted), dB re. 1 µPa2s • SPL, RMS-levels (linear), dB re. 1 µPa • SPL, Peak (linear), dB re. 1 µPa The results of the acoustic modelling (noise maps and impact distances) will be reported in terms of underwater sound levels for each specific acoustic metric for distances up to 50 km. In addition, a vertical sound propagation profile for the dominant sound source frequency band will be generated to show the variation in underwater sound propagation with respect to ocean depth. 4.1.1.2 Modelling of airborne noise Nord 2000 is a general investigation model for noise and source data for road and rail traffic, adapted to Nordic conditions. The model has not been developed for wind power but is sufficiently general to also work for wind turbines and other high noise sources. The model contains many parameters for, among other things, soil types and meteorology, which allows for calculations with high accuracy even in complex environments. This also means that a high level of expertise is required from the user in order for the results to be correct. The model cannot be calculated by hand but requires special software. Nord 2000 is able to calculate with different wind directions. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency considers that calculations should normally always be made for meteorological conditions corresponding to a tailwind in all directions. In exceptional cases, the sound level in crosswind or headwind can be calculated, for example to calculate cumulative levels from wind turbines on different sides of a dwelling. It is important to recognise that calculations with Nord2000 in crosswind and headwind conditions can have a high degree of uncertainty and that such calculations should therefore be treated with great caution. 4.2 Sediment dispersion and sedimentation 4.2.1 Objective Sediment dispersion modelling is used for impact assessment of several biological factors. Modelling can provide information on how much sediment resuspends and resettles, but mainly on the extent (concentrations and time) of suspended sediments in the water body, i.e. how much and how long the water is turbid. 29 av 35  Lisa 1 4.2.2 Methodology 4.2.2.1 Hydrodynamic model The hydrodynamic model that will be used is the MIKE 3 Flow Model. The MIKE 3 model is well documented and a comprehensive description can be found in the manuals. The following general description is taken from the user manual: "The MIKE 3 three-dimensional baroclinic model is a general non-hydrostatic numerical modelling system developed for a wide range of applications in areas such as oceans, coastal areas, estuaries and lakes. The hydrodynamic (HD) module is the basic module of the MIKE 3 Flow Model. It simulates unsteady three-dimensional flows, taking into account density variations, bathymetry and external forces such as meteorology, tidal heights, currents and other hydrographic conditions." The model set uses a flexible network that uses different sizes throughout the modelling domain. For example, it uses a fine mesh around the offshore wind project area while a coarser mesh is used in other parts of the Baltic Sea. 4.2.2.2 Sediment transport model MIKE 3 PT is a numerical particle transport model for modelling sediment transport in three dimensions. MIKE 3 PT requires the current velocities and water level to be prescribed in time and space in a computational grid covering the modelling domain. This information is provided based on the hydrodynamic results of the MIKE 3 HD model. The resuspended sediments are represented by a large number of particles, each with a specific mass. The particles are released at a source point of discharge (e.g. the site of excavation) and move progressively as the simulation progresses. The model uses a Lagrangian-type approach, which involves no spatial discretisation other than those associated with the description of the bathymetry, current and water level fields. Some advantages of this model are: - No numerical diffusion; - No accumulation of sub-grid effects; - Efficient resolution of narrow plumes. Each particle moves within each time step a distance equal to the current velocity multiplied by the time step, which represents the advection. In the z-plane, the particles are also moved a distance equal to the sedimentation rate multiplied by the time step. The particles are also successively moved a random distance, which represents the dispersion that accounts for the unresolved flow processes. The dispersion is prescribed in three dimensions. In a Lagrangian model, the dispersion coefficients are independent of the time step and grid size. Concentrations of the substances are calculated from the density of particles in the grid cells of the model domain. MIKE 3 PT results are independent of the computational grid of the MIKE 3 HD model and can be saved in a finer grid than the hydrodynamic input, which may be necessary to resolve plumes arising from spills. The transport model will be run using a scenario-based approach, i.e. the 30 av 35  Lisa 1 model will be run for different hydrodynamic conditions under which the construction works are carried out. The scenario periods representing the different hydrodynamic conditions are selected from the backward data set produced by the MIKE 3 HD model. 5. Other surveys and studies 5.1 Visualization 5.1.1 Objective To assess the impact on landscape, visualisations of the completed park will be produced. 5.1.2 Methodology Several photomontages will be produced to estimate how the wind farm is perceived from different coastal areas. As a basis for the photomontages, the layout of the wind farm will be used and managed in the software WindPro or equivalent. Additional photopoints will be selected based on comments from the consultation and with the support of a visibility analysis, where the theoretical visibility is modelled, which is dependent on the curvature of the earth. A day and night animation will be carried out. The surveys will require photography at several locations at different times of the day and possibly during the year. Visibility surveys will also be carried out. This is to investigate how the wind turbines will be seen. 5.2 Shading 5.2.1 Objective Shading effects of the completed wind farm will be investigated to assess the impact on marine life. 5.2.2 Methodology The shading effect will be modelled in WindPro and will be included in the same report as the visualisation. The computational model used to measure the shadow impact of wind turbines, among other things, is called a geometric model, or astronomical model. The likely shadow effect will be calculated using statistics on sunshine hours and wind. 31 av 35  Lisa 1 5.3 Nautic risk analysis 5.3.1 Objective Investigation and traffic analysis of vessel movements and risk assessment for both the construction and operational phases will be carried out. By analyzing detailed Automatic Identification System (AIS) data, vessel traffic in the area can be analyzed. 5.3.2 Methodology It is suggested that the analysis be divided into two parts, where a qualitative analysis is first carried out, including maritime traffic analysis, risk identification and overall risk assessment. This part of the analysis will also form the basis for the description and impact assessment for shipping in the EIA. Part two includes quantitative calculations of probabilities for different accident scenarios and estimates of consequences for different types of accidents, including environmental consequences in the event of an accident. In addition, the effects of risk reduction measures (such as safety distances) should be included in the analysis. A maritime risk analysis in the form of a Hazid workshop can be carried out where several important actors participate. Suitable participants include fishing organizations, shipping companies, VÄYLÄ, TRAFICOM and nearby ports. In addition to risk assessments, the possibility of carrying out environmental rescue and sea rescue in and around the wind farm area should also be analysed and described. 5.4 Fish 5.4.1 Methodology 5.4.1.1 Desktop study For the environmental impact assessment, a basis for assessing the significance of the wind power area as a spawning ground, nursery area and staging area for fish is needed. Data for this can be collected from catch data and by studying bottom conditions, water quality and available data from e.g. HELCOM and EMODnet. Value assessment for fish is done through a knowledge synthesis based on, among other things, catch data but also field surveys using eDNA. Data should preferably span several years to capture any changes in patterns. 5.5 Seals 5.5.1 Methodology 5.5.1.1 Desktop study The seal survey will be conducted as a desk study using data from Luke (Natural Resources Institute of Finland). Luke has been systematically monitoring the grey seal population in Finland since 2000 and ringed seals since 1988. The data covers 32 av 35  Lisa 1 Åland and includes observations during moulting and estimated population size (see section 2.4.1). 5.6 Fisheries 5.6.1 Methodology 5.6.1.1 Desktop study A compilation of commercial fishing is planned as well as analysis of VMS (Vessel Monitoring System) data to see where fishing is carried out. It is appropriate to have a dialogue with the provincial government/municipalities in the area to get a picture of the distribution and activities of commercial fishing. The survey needs to span several years to cover different fishing patterns that vary. The survey does not involve any field studies but is based on knowledge already collected and compiled. 5.7 Citizens' survey 5.7.1 Objective The aim of the planned citizen survey is to find out how water areas are currently used. 5.7.2 Methodology Survey in digital and/or paper format. The opinions received will then be summarized in a document. 5.8 Natura 2000 5.8.1 Objective In order to assess potential impacts on Natura 2000 sites, a desk study will be carried out. The purpose of the study is to provide an indication of whether Natura 2000 sites are likely to be affected and, if so, to provide an impact assessment. 5.8.2 Methodology The desk study will be carried out using existing data. The study will examine the impact on all nearby Natura 2000 sites and the impact on all designated species and/or habitats. 6. Ongoing Surveys 6.1 Geophysical surveys 6.1.1 Objective The purpose of the geophysical surveys is to provide information on the conditions for the construction of a wind farm. The surveys form the basis for concept selection and design. In addition, the surveys will provide a basis for investigating 33 av 35  Lisa 1 the presence of explosive ordnance (mines etc.), assessing the topography and sediment conditions on the seabed and the presence of wrecks and other cultural heritage features. Furthermore, the data will be used to interpret the conditions for bottom vegetation and fauna. Field surveys are best carried out during the spring/summer months when weather conditions are best. 6.1.2 Method Geophysical surveys currently being carried out in Stormskär-Väderskär (planned surveys for Vågskär): - Multibeam which is a multibeam sonar that provides a three-dimensional image of the seabed. The hardness of the bottom can also be classified. - Side scan sonar which is used to assess the nature of the seabed surface layer and to detect and determine the position of objects on the seabed - Sub-bottom profile (penetrating sonar) - which provides information on the conditions beneath the seabed surface layer - Seismic boomer - providing information on the top layers below the seabed surface. Mapping and data interpretation will provide the information needed to evaluate the seabed substratum and hence the structural conditions of the seabed. Through this evaluation, locations for foundations and cable laying can be selected and optimized for minimum impact on the environment and existing infrastructure, and potentially optimize construction measures. 7. References BirdLife Suomi. (2023). Lintujen päämuuttoreitit Suomessa - päivitys 2023. BSH. (2013). Investigation of the Impacts of Offshore Wind Turbines on the Marine Environment (StUK4). Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH). De Jong, C., Ainslie, M., & Blacquière, G. (2011). Standard for measurement and monitoring of underwater noise, Part II: procedures for measuring underwater noise in connection with offshore wind farm licensing. TNO Report TNO-DV 2011 C251. HELCOM. (2016). SAMBAH probability of detection of harbour porpoises Nov-Oct. Map service. HELCOM. (2020). Potential nursery areas for flounder (PBS EFH). Map Service. HELCOM. (2020). Potential recruitment areas for perch (PBS EFH). Map Service. HELCOM. (2020). Potential spawning areas for herring (PBS EFH). Map Service. HELCOM. (den 16 05 2023). Guidelines for monitoring of water transparency (Secchi depth). Hämtat från https://helcom.fi/post_type_publ/guidelines- for-measuring-secchi-depth/ 34 av 35  Lisa 1 IAE Wind TCP. (2017). 18. Floating lidar systems. International Energy Agency. LUKE Suomen Luonnonvarakeskus. (2022). Merihyljekantojen seurannan julkistukset vuodesta 1999 lähtien [map service]. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. (2016). Centrum för genetisk identifiering. Fisk, kräftor och musslor som eDNA - metod och fältprover. Stockholm: Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Ympäristöministeriö. (2016). Pyöriäinen suomessa. Åbo Akademi. (2021). Underlag för skyddsområdesvalsanalysen med MARXAN, Åland 2021 - Datakatalog med faktablad. Åland SeaMAp. Ålands Landskapsregering. (2016). Klassificering av Ålands kustvatten. Ålands landskapsregering. (u.d.). Ytvattenstatus på Åland 2012-2018. 35 av 35