Vastavalt nimekirjale
20.12.2021 nr 6-3/21/6080-2
Leedu meretuulepargi projekti piiriülene
keskkonnamõju hindamine
Vastavalt piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise konventsioonile (Espoo konventsioonile) on Leedu
teavitanud Eestit Läänemerre kavandatavast kuni 700 MW meretuulepargi projektist.
Planeeritavate tuulikute nimivõimsus on kuni 20 MW, hinnanguliselt on tipukõrguseks 140–300 m
ning arvuks 43–87. Arendajaks on Leedu Energiaministeerium. Kirjale on lisatud ingliskeelne
projekti ja selle elluviimisega kaasnevat keskkonnamõju (sh piiriülest keskkonnamõju) kirjeldav
keskkonnamõju hindamise programm, nii terviktekstina kui kokkuvõttena.
Ootame 14. jaanuariks 2022 põhjendatud arvamusi selle kohta, kas Eesti peaks osalema kõnealuse
projekti piiriülese keskkonnamõju hindamise menetluses. Juhul, kui peate vajalikuks Eesti
osalemist menetluses, on oodatud ka arvamused selle kohta, milline oluline kahjulik piiriülene
keskkonnamõju võiks Eestile kaasneda, et arendaja saaks sellega arvestada keskkonnamõju
hindamise materjalide koostamisel.
Lugupidamisega
(allkirjastatud digitaalselt)
Kaupo Heinma
Asekantsler
Lisad: Lisa 1: keskkonnamõju hindamise programm
Lisa 2: keskkonnamõju hindamise programmi kokkuvõte
Rainer Persidski, 626 2973
[email protected]
Narva maantee 7a/ Tallinn 15172/ 626 2802/
[email protected]/ www.envir.ee/
Registrikood 70001231
Coastal Research and Planning Institute
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the
Installation and Operation of the Offshore Wind Farm of
up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine
Territory
Year of the document: 2021
Organiser (Developer) of the proposed Ministry of Energy of the Republic of
economic activity Lithuania
Developer of the Environmental Impact Public Institution Coastal Research
Assessment Programme: and Planning Institute
Coastal Research and Planning Institute
Proposed economic Installation and Operation of the Offshore Wind
activity: Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity
Site for the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania No. 697
proposed economic of 22 June 2020 “On the Identification of the Priority Parts of
activity: Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Lithuanian Exclusive
Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea Where a Tender (Tenders) for the
Development and Operation of Power Plants Using Renewable
Energy Sources is (are) Expedient and on the Measurement of the
Installed Capacities of Such Power Plants”
Revision of the 1-1 Corrected according to remarks.
Environmental
Impact Assessment
Programme no.
Year of the document: 2021
Contacts of the Organiser of the proposed economic activity:
Name of the legal Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania
person
Contact person: Jevgenija Jankevič, Advisor of the Climate Change Management Policy
Group of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania
Address: Gedimino Ave 38, Vilnius, LT 01104
Phone +370 5 203 4667 (6); +370 602 47 359
E-mail
[email protected]
Designated
institution:
Name of the legal Public Institution Lithuanian Energy Agency
person
Contact person: Tadas Norvydas, Head of Energy Research and Monitoring Division
Roman Bykov, Chief Expert
Address: Gedimino Ave 38, Vilnius, LT 01104
Phone +370 680 70 589; +370 619 69 044
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
E-mail
[email protected];
[email protected]
Drafter of the environmental impact assessment documents:
Name of the legal Public Institution Coastal Research and Planning Institute
person
Website: www.corpi.lt
Address: V. Berbomo St. 10-201, Klaipeda LT 92221
Phone: +370 46 390818
E-mail:
[email protected]
List of developers of the Environmental Impact Assessment Programme:
Developer Contacts Trained departments
Phone: +370 68239537 Project Manager
Rosita Milerienė
E-mail:
[email protected] All departments
Phone: +370 61566909 Seabed and deep sea
Nerijus Blažauskas
E-mail:
[email protected] Research projects
Gediminas
E-mail:
[email protected] Biodiversity
Gražulevičius
Julius Morkūnas E-mail:
[email protected] Biodiversity
Viačeslav Jurkin E-mail:
[email protected] Graphical part
Arūnas Balčiūnas E-mail:
[email protected] Landscape
Phone: 867046891
Aurelija Žalienė Public health
E-mail:
[email protected]
Risk Analysis and
Feliksas Anusauskas E-mail:
[email protected] Assessment
Author of the cover photo: A. Paulauskas
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 5
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Information on the Proposed Economic Activity ...................................................................................... 8
1.1. Physical and Technical Characteristics of the Proposed Economic Activity ..................................... 8
1.2. The Main Proposed Wind Farm Installation Works ......................................................................... 11
1.3. Operation Phase ................................................................................................................................ 14
1.4. Dismantling Phase ............................................................................................................................ 14
1.5. Supplies to Be Used .......................................................................................................................... 15
1.6. Scope of Use of Natural Resource (Elements of Organic and Inorganic Nature) ............................ 15
2. Information on the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity .......................................................... 15
2.1. Geographical and Administrative Situation on the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity .. 17
2.2. Current Use of the Territory ............................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1 Shipping ...................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Fishing......................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.3. Soil Dumping at Sea .................................................................................................................. 19
2.2.5. Recreational Resources .............................................................................................................. 20
2.2.6. Engineering Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 22
2.2.7. Restricted-Use Areas and Danger Zones at Sea ......................................................................... 23
2.2.8. Important National Security Areas............................................................................................. 24
2.3. References to Territorial Planning Documents, Strategic Plans and Programmes ........................... 25
3. Information on Alternatives to be Considered ........................................................................................ 30
4. Expected Significant Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity. Measures to Prevent, Reduce and
Compensate for Significant Adverse Effects on the Environment. ............................................................. 33
4.1. Water................................................................................................................................................. 33
4.2. Ambient Air and Climate.................................................................................................................. 39
4.3. Soil: Seabed and Deep Sea ............................................................................................................... 41
4.4. Landscape and Biodiversity .............................................................................................................. 46
4.5. Cultural Heritage .............................................................................................................................. 54
4.6. Public Health .................................................................................................................................... 57
4.7. Material Valuables ............................................................................................................................ 58
4.8. Risk Analysis and Its Assessment .................................................................................................... 59
5. Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................... 62
6. Information of the potential significant transboundary impact ............................................................... 62
Public Information and Consulting ............................................................................................................. 64
References ................................................................................................................................................... 64
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
ABBREVIATIONS
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
RES Renewable energy sources
MoE Ministry of the Environment
IHPA Important Habitat Protection Area
CPTRL Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
EC European Commission
MSFD Marine strategy framework directives
LR Republic of Lithuania
LRS Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania
LRV Government of the Republic of Lithuania
MW Megawatts
IBPA Important Bird Protection Area
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
PHIA Public Health Impact Assessment
PEA Proposed economic activity
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
TS Transformer substation
WT Wind turbine
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
INTRODUCTION
The offshore wind park in the Baltic Sea is one of the most important projects envisaged in the National
Energy Independence Strategy, which will increase the production of local electricity from renewable
energy sources and reduce dependence on electricity imports.1 Paragraph 25.1.3 of the National Energy
Independence Strategy provides for that energy production from wind energy in the Baltic Sea after 2020
is to be conducted, taking into consideration, including but not limited to, the research carried out and
other actions taken which are required for the adoption of decisions regarding territories which are
appropriate for organisation of tenders and for identification of the installed capacity of power plants. The
Government of the Republic of Lithuania, by its Resolution no. 697 of 22 June 2020 “On the
Identification of the Priority Parts of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Lithuanian Exclusive
Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea Where a Tender (Tenders) for the Development and Operation of Power
Plants Using Renewable Energy Sources is (are) Expedient and on the Measurement of the Installed
Capacities of Such Power Plants” (hereinafter – the LRV Resolution) has identified the part of
Lithuania’s territorial sea where a tender (tenders) for the development and operation of power plants
using renewable energy sources is (are) expedient by 2030, as well the type of power plants to be
deployed, i.e., wind turbines, and has measured the installed capacity of such power plants, i.e., up to 700
MW.
PEA meets the type of activity specified in Article 3.8.1 of Annex 2 to the Law of the Republic of
Lithuania on Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Economic Activities no. XIII-529 of 27 June
2017 (hereinafter – the EIA Law): wind power plants where three wind power plants are installed, with
the height of at least one of them being 50 metres (measured to the highest point of the structure) or more
which is subject to screening for environmental impact assessment in accordance with Article 7 (2) of the
EIA Law. Given the nature of the PEA, the environmental sensitivity of a locality, and the necessity of
studies, the EIA is conducted in accordance with Article 7 (11) of the EIA Law: The organiser
(developer) of the PEA or the drafter of documents may commence the EIA without the procedure of
screening for EIA.
Pursuant to the EIA Law, the objectives of environmental impact assessment are as follows:
− To determine, describe, and assess the potential direct and indirect effects of the PEA, i.e.,
installation and operation of the offshore WT farm of up to 700 MW capacity in the marine
territory approved by the LRV Resolution, on the following elements of the environment: soil, land
surface and subsurface, air, water, climate, landscape and biodiversity, focusing in particular on
species and natural habitats of Community interest, also on other species protected by the Law of
the Republic of Lithuania on the Protected Species of Fauna, Flora and Fungi, material assets,
immovable cultural valuables and the interrelationship between these elements;
− To identify, describe and assess the potential direct and indirect effects of biological, chemical and
physical factors caused by the PEA on public health, also on the interrelationship between elements
of the environment and public health;
− To determine the potential impact of the PEA on the elements of the environment and on public
health by virtue of the risk of vulnerability of the PEA due to emergency events and/or potential
emergencies;
− To determine the measures to be taken in order to prevent envisaged significant adverse impact on
the environment and public health, to reduce it or, if possible, to offset it;
− To determine whether the PEA, having assessed its nature, location and/or effect on the
environment, meets the requirements of environmental protection, public health, immovable
cultural heritage protection, fire and civil protection legislation.
1The PEA, approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. No. XI-2133 of 26 June 2012
“On Approval of the National Energy Independence Strategy.”
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Participants of the EIA process are as follows:
• Organiser (Developer) of the PEA;
• Drafter of the EIA documents;
• The public concerned;
• Entities of the EIA. Pursuant to Article 5 of the EIA Law, entities of the EIA are as follows: the
executive institution of the municipality in the territory whereof the PEA is to be carried out, the
institutions authorised by the Minister of Health, the institutions authorised by the Minister of the
Interior responsible for fire and civil protection, the institutions authorised by the Minister of
Culture responsible for the protection of cultural properties.
The PEA territory, approved by the LRV Resolution, is not a part of territories of the coastal
municipalities and is located approximately 29.5 km from the costline. Neither does this EIA
include construction of electricity transmission lines to the shore (as proposed under other separate
projects). The EIA Programme is submitted for approval to the following entities of the EIA
responsible for the administration of coastal zone areas closest to the PEA territory:
− Palanga Municipality Administration;
− Klaipeda District Municipality Administration;
− Klaipeda City Municipality Administration;
− Klaipeda Department of National Public Health Centre under The Ministry of Health;
− Fire and Rescue Service of Klaipeda County;
− Klaipeda Branch of the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture.
Pursuant to Article 5 (2) of the EIA Law, entities of the EIA may also be other state institutions if,
during the examination of documents of environmental impact assessment, the Competent
Authority, having regard to the nature, size or location of the PEA, invites them in accordance with
the procedure established by the Minister of Environment to participate in the process of
environmental impact assessment.
• The Competent Authority is the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter – the EPA).
The EIA Programme is drawn up with a view to providing information on the PEA, its location, nature,
capacity, likely impact on the environment, and, accordingly, determining the content of the report, the
scope of the assessment, and the issues to be examined.
The EIA Programme has been drawn up in accordance with the Procedure for Environmental Impact
Assessment of Proposed Economic Activities (hereinafter – the Procedure)2
The public shall be informed about the drawn up EIA Programme (and later - throughout the EIA
process) in accordance with the Chapter V of the Procedure “Procedure for Provision of Information to
the Public and Participation in the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment.” During the EIA
process of the PEA, the public concerned shall have the right to submit any proposals, comments,
information, analysis, opinion on the PEA and its EIA to the drafter of EIA documents, EIA entities, and
the Agency in accordance with the procedure laid down in Chapter V of the Procedure.
2 Approved by Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-885 of 31 October 2017 “On Approval
of the Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Economic Activities.”
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
1. INFORMATION ON THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
The proposed economic activity is installation and operation of the offshore WT farm of up to 700 MW
installed capacity in the marine territory of the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV Resolution.
The specification for the procurement of document preparation services for the environmental impact
assessment procedures for the wind turbines to be deployed in Lithuania’s marine territory defines the
PEA as the totality of offshore wind turbines, their foundations, and electricity transmission system up to
the offshore substation, including the offshore transformer substation.
Electricity will be generated in the WT farm by means of the offshore WTs and by transmitting the
energy produced to the electricity network.
1.1. Physical and Technical Characteristics of the Proposed Economic Activity
The primary offshore WTs had a maximum capacity of 1 MW. Today, the market offers offshore WT
models of up to 16 MW. WT technology is evolving constantly and quite rapidly, so, much more
powerful models may emerge on the market by the date of construction, therefore, WT with a capacity of
up to 20 MW or more can be expected during the implementation of this offshore wind farm project.
The height of an offshore wind tower depends on the capacity of the selected model, wind class of the
locality, and environmental conditions (sea depth, etc.)
During the technical design phase, on the basis of the Developer’s data and the specified wind speed
parameters, the most suitable WTs will be selected and physico-technical parameters of the WTs,
including their power, will be provided.
A wind power plant consists of three main components: a gondola, with an embedded turbine, a rotor,
with spinning blades, and a tower, with its foundation.
A gondola is fitted with the WT's main components (generator, gearbox, and control cabinet) which run
the generator and transform the rotor's rotation energy into the three-phase variable electric power.
WT blades spin the rotor which transforms the kinetic energy of wind into the rotary energy and transmits
it to a gearbox which actuates a generator.
A tower is bearing tubular steel structure, the housing of which is equipped with a shaft, designed for
gondola service and energy transmission, and a power transformer, which equalises a variable electrical
energy and transmits it to the substation.
Wind Turbine Foundation Structures
A specific type of a WT foundation to be chosen depends on a manufacturer's requirements, as well as on
geological and hydrodynamic conditions of the proposed location.
Monopile structures are used at depths up to 50 m. Piles are driven up into the seabed until the required
insertion depth is reached, which depends on geological and hydrodynamic conditions. Such foundation
affects the minimal area of the bottom; however, pile-driving works cause noise. The effect is short-time,
however, due to its high intensity and wide-spread occurrence during the installation of the foundation, is
quite significant for living organisms that have and use their hearing organs for communication. Because
of the type of structure, local bottom depression may occur, while the seabed may become an artificial
reef for marine organisms.
Tripods are used in intermediate-depth waters (20–80 m) and consist of three 'legs' connected to the
service core which is bearing the WT foundation. Each leg of the tripod is attached to the bottom using a
separate pile. Due to a relatively wider structure, pile penetration into the seabed is smaller. The effect on
the seabed is combined, i.e., similar to the effect of the mono-pile and gravity-based structures.
Jacket foundations vary – they may have three or four corner piles. The structure itself is permeable,
therefore, it fits well for 20 to 50 m depths. It is exposed to lower wave-impact loads. This is a highly
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
reliable structure (though, expensive) which is rather widely used for construction of offshore platforms
or offshore transformers substations.
Gravity-based foundation is used in shallow waters (0–30 m) and consists of a big and heavy steel or
concrete base which is lowered right onto the seabed. A base of such type of foundation is large-sized
and, as a result, affects the largest possible area of the bottom, facilitates the formation of artificial reefs,
and may cause much more serious destructions of local benthic communities.
The choice of the type of offshore WT foundation will depend on the depth, geological and hydrodynamic
conditions of the seabed to be installed. The type of foundation will be chosen by the developer after
detailed research of the seabed during the preparation of the technical design of the WT farm. Only then
the developer will choose the most appropriate and effective solution for the specific park and bottom
conditions.
A B C D
Fig. 1.1.1. Conventional offshore WT foundations: (A) Monopile (Source: Dillinger Hütte); (B) Tripod, and
(C) Frame (Source: Alpha Ventus), (D) Gravity-based base (Source: Luc van Braekel).
The choice of foundation determines what area of natural substrate will be affected during the
construction of the foundation and how hydrodynamic conditions of the proposed location will change.
Electricity Transmission Solutions
A chain of medium and high voltage electrical power lines, step-up transformers, and substations is
necessary so that to transform and transmit the generated electricity to the grids managed by the
electricity transmission system operator LITGRID AB. Connection of the offshore transformer substation
to the onshore one is not proposed or considered under the this EIA.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Fig. 1.1.2. Schematic presentation of offshore wind farm-generated electricity transportation to the land-
based grids 3.
In seas and oceans, energy is transported and communication is maintained via subsea cables. As the
capacity of wind farms and distances between power plants increase, 33 kV submarine cables, which had
been used so far, no longer provide adequate throughput power. The 66 kV voltage is planned and offered
by the market to use for submarine cables, transformers, and switchgears4, the use of 132 kV cables may
be considered in the future. An exact number of WTs and cable lines in each and the voltage used is to be
specified during the technical design.
Cable Line Laying Technology
Cable lines interconnecting the WTs and a WT with a transformer substation are recessed 1-2 m into the
seabed. The technical design provides a solution of whether and/or which sections will need additional
protection against physical flushing/exposure.
Offshore Transformer Substations
A transformer substation (s) is designed to accumulate the power generated by the entire wind farm, to
transform it, and to transmit electricity to the land-based grid.
The size and performance of an offshore substation depends on a cable connection to an onshore
substation. An offshore substation might have different equipment subject to the type of connection
(HVDC or HVAC).5 6
Fig. 1.1.3. Sheringham Shoal offshore transformer substation7.
The main components of an offshore power substation are power transformers, switchgear, backup
generator, staff rooms, water tanks, power cables, control/surveillance system, etc. Substations weigh 500
to 2,000 tons and are usually constructed on a similar foundation as wind turbines. A platform is erected
3 https://www.tennet.eu/news/detail/offshore-grid-connection-borssele-beta-ready-to-land-offshore-wind-power/
4https://www.tennet.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Our_Grid/Offshore_Netherlands/Consultatie_proces_net_op_zee/Technical_Topic
s/4_T1._Enclosure_nr_1b_-_66_kV_systems_for_Offshore_Wind_Farms_by_DNV_GL.pdf
https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK107046A1094&LanguageCode=en&DocumentPartId=&Acti
on=Launch
5 HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current
6 HVAC – High Voltage Alternating Current
7 Source: The crown estate. Offshore operational report 2020. https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/media/3792/offshore-wind-
operational-report-1.pdf
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
approximately 25 m above the sea level; its area may reach up to 800 m2. One standard substation is
sufficient to serve a wind farm of up to 700 MW capacity. Yet, to ensure more efficient electricity
transmission, more than one substation per wind farm may be installed.
1.2. The Main Proposed Wind Farm Installation Works
During the construction phase, WT components are delivered to the construction site and assembled. The
main offshore WT installation works:
- Foundation installation;
- Tower erection;
- Nacelle installation;
- Blade mounting;
- Power cable line laying within the wind farm;
- Connection of WTs to the electricity transmission system.
For the description of the construction phase, information from the similar technical design of
construction of the Lillgrund wind farm, which is already in action, has been used. (Jeppsson et al. 2008).
This information illustrate the principle of WT farm installation (for the planned WT farm installation, a
different technique and technology for installation of foundations, transportation, cable laying, etc. may
be selected, corresponding to local conditions and developer's needs)
- Loading of WT foundation structures onto barges and transportation to the WT farm site (Fig. 1.2.1.);
Fig. 1.2.1. Transportation of WT foundation structures (photos by Jeppsson et al. 2008).
- Fitting-out of the foundation installation site: seabed drilling works. Drilling works can be used for both
mono-pile and jacket foundations;
- Installation of the delivered foundation structures at the WT site;
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Fig. 1.2.2. Installation of WT foundation structures offshore (photos by Jeppsson et al. 2008).
After the foundation has been installed at the bottom of the sea, power transmission cables are connected
to it; foundation is reinforced.
The tower is erected on the installed foundation using foundation bolts. Before erecting the wind tower,
horizontality of the foundation surface must be ensured.
WTs are connected and electricity is transmitted using special submarine cables. For example, for
connecting the offshore power substation of the Lillgrund wind farm to the onshore, a 130 kV cable, i.e.,
a three-channel copper conductor with an embedded optical cable and a waterproof protective coating,
was used. During the installation of Lilgrund WT farm, cable laying trenches was dug in the seabed. A
cable was laid in the dug-out trench using a special vessel. The cable was pulled ashore using boats and
an excavator.
Fig. 1.2.3. Preparation of the seabed for laying a submarine cable (photo by Jeppsson et al. 2008).
Power transformers, control/surveillance system are usually arranged in the power substation.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Fig. 1.2.4. Installation of power substation in the Lillgrund wind farm (photo by Jeppsson et al. 2008).
Power transmission cables are laid from WTs to the offshore power substation. Lillgrund WTs were
connected to the power substation using 33 kV submarine cables.
Fig. 1.2.5. Wind farm to the offshore power substation connection layout: Example of Lillgrund wind farm
connection (Jeppsson et al. 2008).
The installed WT foundations are connected via the power transmission cables.
The foundation structure is fitted with wind tower components, a rotor is suspended, and a transformer is
installed. WTs are furnished with lightning-conductors, a remote surveillance & control system.
Ready-to-install WT components (upper and lower parts of the tower, blades) are loaded onto the ship
using a crane and transported to the construction site.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Fig. 1.2.6. The vessel “Sea Power” is shipping wind turbines to the Lillgrund wind farm construction site
(photo by Jeppsson et al. 2008).
Provisionally, during the installation of the Lillgrund farm, delivery of three WT components from
factories, loading onto the ship (3 wind turbines), shipping to the construction site, installation, and return
to a port may took up to 5 days (Flodérus, Arne. Experiences from the Construction and Installation of
Lillgrund Wind Farm. Vattenfall Vindkraft AB, May 2008).
During the installation of the Lillgrund WT farm at the site, the vessel was held at a distance of approx.
15 m from the WT foundation structure. Turbine parts were mounted using a crane and interconnected.
During the wind farm construction, the on-site installation of three WTs took approx. 2 days of work 24
hrs/day in good weather conditions (by carrying out the installation works using a vessel operated at 1 m
wave height and at up to 10 m/s wind speed; for rotor lifting and connection, wind speed is limited to 7
m/s).
For example, construction of the Lillgrund wind farm took place in 2006-2007. The prevailing adverse
weather conditions (storms in autumn and winter) caused the delay in the WT farm construction phase of
one year (Jeppsson et al. 2008).
1.3. Operation Phase
The operation phase must include the maintenance, repairs, and inspections of WTs. The safety of
inspection and repair staff, arriving at the WTs, is crucial at this phase. With this aim in view, a secure
outfit and procedure for access to the WTs must be selected.
Maintenance of wind farms may engage small ships which might easily approach and moor next to the
WT and the service staff of which might have safe access to the WT service platform.
1.4. Dismantling Phase
The sequence of WT dismantling operations is opposite to the construction one (Pearson, 2001):
dismantling of power supply infrastructure; rotor disassembly; gondola and tower disassembly, and
(partial) WT foundation demolition (Cape Wind Energy Project, 2004).
The main dismantling works:
- Removal of turbine lubricants and other potentially hazardous substances (Annual Report, 2002);
- WT cut-off from internal power cables;
- Dismantling, extraction, and removal of power cables onshore using barges and special
equipment;
- Dismantling and removal of WT components: blades, gondolas, tower;
- Demolition of foundation: dismantling of foundation components, extraction from water, and
removal of them onshore. In case of mono-pile foundation, it is cut off below the bottom level
after a sand layer is removed (Cape Wind Energy Project, 2004).
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
All parts of the WTs are shipped onshore and delivered for reuse, recycling, or recovery (Cape Wind
Energy Project, 2004).
1.5. Supplies to Be Used
Construction of the WTs in the marine territory will involve certified products that meet the EU
requirements. Only the installation of separate equipment will be performed on site; this will require
preparatory works and, later, WT operation works.
The PEA does not provide for any use or storage of hazardous substances or mixtures, radioactive agents,
hazardous or non-hazardous waste.
The EIA report will provide information on the waste generated during the dismantling of the WT farm
and its possible management.
1.6. Scope of Use of Natural Resource (Elements of Organic and Inorganic Nature)
Wind energy will be used to produce electricity. Pursuant to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on
Energy from Renewable Sources, wind power means air movement energy used for generation of energy.
2. INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
The WTs are proposed to be installed in the marine territory of the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV
Resolution where a tender (tenders) for the development and operation of power plants using renewable
energy sources is (are) expedient by 2030.
The main characteristics of the territory:
– Area: 137.5 km2;
– Average depth: 35 m;
– Distance from Klaipeda Seaport: from 38 km;
– Average wind speed: approx. 9 m/s (obtained by mathematical modeling (100 m above sea
level)).
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Fig. 2.1. The PEA territory in the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV Resolution.
Table 2.1. Coordinates of the territory approved by the LRV Resolution
Territory point no. (see Coordinates
Fig. 2.1.)
according to the World Geodetic System according to the Lithuanian Coordinate
1984 System 1994
(WGS–84) (LKS–94)
1 20°28,896`E X-6214874,86;
56°1,060`N Y-280673,02
2 20°30,137`E X-6210266,97;
55°58,610`N Y-281731,59
3 20°34,683`E X-6205120,56;
55°55,962`N Y-286214,29
3 to 4 point section 20°34,683`E X-6205120,56;
55°55,962`N, Y-286214,29,
then, based on the 29,500 m arch, then, based on the 29,500 m arch,
21°02,476`E X-6198268,02;
55°52,987`N Y-314907,19
to to
20°34,340`E X-6196802,40;
55°51,466`N Y-285443,88
4 20°34,340`E X-6196802,40;
55°51,466`N Y-285443,88
5 20°32,392`E X-6196766,38;
55°51,392`N Y-283405,67
6 20°29,505`E X-6197719,01;
55°51,824`N Y-280435,73
7 20°28,524`E X-6202274,37;
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Territory point no. (see Coordinates
Fig. 2.1.)
according to the World Geodetic System according to the Lithuanian Coordinate
1984 System 1994
(WGS–84) (LKS–94)
55°54,253`N Y-279642,58
8 20°20,403`E X-6206062,21;
55°56,059`N Y-271362,10
9 20°18,902`E X-6207506,01;
55°56,793`N Y-269872,71
2.1. Geographical and Administrative Situation on the Territory of the Proposed Economic
Activity
The PEA is situated in the Lithuania's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea, at depth of 25 to 45 m
isobaths.
The PEA territory is distant from the shoreline and adjacent municipalities of Klaipeda city, Klaipeda
district, and Palanga. The shortest distance from the proposed territory to the town of Palanga is about
29.5 km.
The distance from the proposed territory to the Latvian EEZ is about 2.8 km, to the Swedish EEZ – about
77 km, and to the Russian EEZ – about 40 km.
Fig. 2.1.1. Geographical and Administrative Situation on the PEA Territory.
2.2. Current Use of the Territory
Lithuania's Exclusive Economic Zone and marine territory are used for shipping, commercial fishing;
there are various engineering communication routes laid out, other economic activities carried out or
planned (sand excavation, soil dumping, development of renewable energy, military operations, etc.). The
Lithuanian seaside is popular as a recreational area and has a great potential for nautical tourism.
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Protected areas and European sites “Natura 2000” under expansion occupy a significant part of marine
waters, i.e., the Curonian Spit National Park, the Seaside Regional Park, the Baltic Sea Talasological
Reserve.
2.2.1 Shipping
The PEA territory is outside the established international shipping routes, roadsteads, or anchorage sites;
neither is it bordering them. A cartographic comparison of the PEA territory with the defined water areas
of Klaipeda State Seaport, Sventoji Port, and Butinge Terminal, anchorage sites, and shipping corridors is
presented in Figure 2.2.1 below.
Fig. 2.2.1. Layout of the proposed territory in respect of shipping routes, roadsteads, or anchorage sites.
2.2.2 Fishing
Based on the classification by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Lithuania's marine
territory falls within statistical quarters 0H10, 40G9 and 39H10 of subdivision 26 of the fishing area
where fish is caught with trawls and trap nets.
The PEA territory falls within statistical quarters 504 and 534 which accommodate trawling areas (Fig.
2.2.2).
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Fig. 2.2.2. Fishing areas.
2.2.3. Soil Dumping at Sea
There are a few offshore dumping sites where the soil, excavated in the Klaipeda port waters, is dumped.
A deep-water dumping site, with an area of 4 square nautical miles (i.e., approx. 13.87 km2), is 11
nautical miles (i.e., approx. 20.37 km) away S-W from the port gate at a depth of 43-48 m. The dumping
site was put into operation in 1987. All the types of soil dumped in this area, i.e., sand, silt, moraine, are
excavated during dredging.
Another site for dumping of sandy soils (fine sand and silty sand) is 6 nautical miles (i.e., approx. 11.11
km) away N-W from the port gate at a depth of 25-30 m.
A coastline nourishment with sand was started in 2001. For this purpose, a section of the coastline with
coordinates 55°47’00’’ to 55°45’20’’ was chosen. The sand was poured at a depth of approx. 5 m. In
total, about 400K m³ of sand was poured out in this section of the coastline.
The existing offshore soil dumping sites are more than 20 km away from the PEA territory (Fig. 2.2.3).
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Fig. 1.2.3. Existing offshore soil dumping sites.
2.2.5. Recreational Resources
A sea-shaped formation, i.e., a beach, stretches along the Baltic coastline. Swimming zones at the beaches
of Sventoji settlement and Palanga town were legalised by Order of Director of Palanga Municipality
Administration no. A1-559 of 22 July 2010 “On Establishment of Swimming Zones at the Palanga
Beaches.”
Klaipeda beaches by the Baltic Sea were legalised by Order of Director of Klaipeda City Municipality
Administration no. AD1-592 of 21 March 2012 “On Legalisation of Klaipeda City Beaches.”
The most-visited beaches in Klaipeda district are the ones next to Karkle.
A distance from the PEA territory to the nearest recreational areas and beaches of Palanga Municipality is
approx. 29.5 km (Fig. 2.2.5).
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Fig. 2.2.5. Residential and recreational areas in the coastal municipalities.
There are nautical tourism services beginning to emerge at the Lithuanian seaside. Nautical tourism is
defined as an individual paid service of travel by sea for tourists which needs special infrastructure, i.e.,
adapted embankments, roads, pedestrian (bicycle) tracks, a specially designed area for tourists, buildings,
parts thereof, facilities, and other objects of similar purpose, intended to meet the needs of inbound,
outbound, and local tourism in nautical tourism facilities situated in Lithuania's territorial waters and their
surrounding areas. Based on this definition, the following most frequent nautical tourism services are
identified in the Lithuanian seaside: cruise shipping, inland tourist shipping, recreational fishing, and sea
diving services.
There are several diving clubs in Klaipeda region which offer recreational diving services in the Baltic
Sea. The best diving destinations in the Baltic Sea are wreck dives and tours to expressive elevations at
the bottom of the sea (moraine ridges). According to the diving club OCTOPUS, diving usually takes
place in coastal waters. The most popular diving spots are more than 20 km away from the PEA territory.
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Fig. 2.2.6. The most popular diving spots.
2.2.6. Engineering Infrastructure
In Lithuania's marine territory of the Baltic Sea, there have been two types of engineering infrastructure
identified: a pipeline complex, including the Single Point Mooring (SPM) buoy at the Butinge Terminal,
and submarine cables.
The 7.3 km long pipeline at the Butinge Oil Terminal connects an underground onshore pipeline with a
tanker mooring buoy and is used for oil product handing operations at AB Orlen Lietuva. Coordinates of
location and safety area of the Butinge Terminal's oil pipeline and buoy (SPM) are provided in the
Butinge Oil Terminal Shipping Rules. The terminal has a water area allocated thereto, within a radius of
1,000 m around the SPM buoy, and a safety area of 300 m on each side of the oil pipeline. 8
The Exclusive Economic Zone is intersected by the following four submarine cable lines: 2
telecommunications cable routes, with the starting point in Sventoji, Lithuania, owned/operated by AB
TeliaSonera (according to: International Cable Protection Committee); that is:
• The 218 km long BCS East-West interlink route (ready for service since 1997) connecting
Sventoji with Katthammarsvik, Sweden;
• The 97.8 k long BCS East (ready for service since 1995) connecting Sventoji with Liepaja,
Latvia;
An origin of the other four cable routes crossing the Lithuanian EEZ South to North and South-west to
North-east, marked on navigation maps, is unknown.
8The Shipping Rules have been approved by Order of the Minister of Transport and Communications of the
Republic of Lithuania no. 3-248 of 18 September 2000 “On Approval of the Butinge Oil Terminal Shipping Rules.”
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In the central part of the water area, from Klaipeda, via the Curonian Spit, and further towards the
Swedish EEZ, there has been a NORDBALT link constructed, that is, a 450 km long, 700 MW high-
voltage DC submarine and underground cable.
On 21 December 2018, CEOs of Lithuanian and Polish transmission system operators LITGRID AB and
PSE signed an agreement on commencement of the project of construction of new Polish-Lithuanian
submarine HVDC cable – “HARMONY Link.” 9 The LRV, by Resolution no. 720 of 1 September 2021,
approved the engineering infrastructure development plan for the special state importance energy system
synchronisation project “Construction of Harmony Link Connection and 330 kV Darbenai Switchyard.” It
presents a route for the proposed offshore connection HARMONY Link.
The PEA territory does not fall within the areas of the existing and proposed engineering infrastructure.
Fig. 2.2.7. Existing and proposed engineering facilities in the marine territory
2.2.7. Restricted-Use Areas and Danger Zones at Sea
Part of the PEA territory is within the danger zone at sea, i.e., former minefields (Fig. 2.2.8).
In Lithuania’s territorial sea and the Exclusive Economic Zone, there are several restricted-use, military
exercise grounds, a water area with wrecks of World War II munitions, and former minefields of quite a
large area. It is possible to carry out economic activities in the said territories, however, a prerequisite is
to conduct seabed surveys in search of hazardous objects and, if necessary, to carry out decontamination
of hazardous objects before the implementation of technical design solutions.
9 Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania no. 720 of 1 September 2021 “On Approval of the Engineering
Infrastructure Development Plan for the Special State Importance Energy System Synchronisation Project “Construction of
Harmony Link Connection and 330 kV Darbenai Switchyard.” https://www.e-
tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/876d697011ff11ec9f09e7df20500045
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Fig. 2.2.8. Restricted-use areas and danger zones.
2.2.8. Important National Security Areas
10 11
Based on the Methodology for mapping of territories of the Republic of Lithuania where design and
construction of wind power plants may be subject to restrictions in relation to national security, a map of
the territories of the Republic of Lithuania, where wind power plant (high-rise buildings) design and
construction works may be subject to restrictions, has been developed and approved.
The PEA territory is a part of the areas where construction sites for wind power plants are subject to
coordination provided that a manufacturer of energy from renewable resources signs a contract with the
Lithuanian Armed Forces on part of the investment and other costs (Fig. 2.2.9).
Pursuant to Article 49 (8) the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Energy from Renewable Sources,
“Locations for the construction of wind power plants in the areas that are be subject to special land use
conditions in relation to national security in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on
Special Land Use Conditions shall be agreed in advance, in the course of territorial planning, with the
Commander of the Lithuanian Armed Forces and other institutions according to a procedure prescribed
by law and other legislation. A location for the construction of a wind power plant is not approved if
disturbances to be caused by the planned wind power plant cannot be avoided through the use of
additional measures. Should it be determined that disturbances to be caused by the planned wind power
plant can be avoided through the use of additional measures, the location shall be approved on condition
10 Approved by Order of the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania no. V-921 of 22 August 2012 “On
Approval of Methodology for Mapping of Territories of the Republic of Lithuania Where Design and Construction of Wind
Power Plants May Be Subject to Restrictions in Relation to National Security.”
11 Approved by Order of the Commander of the Lithuanian Armed Forces no. V-217 of 15 February 2016 “On Approval of
Methodology for Mapping Territories of the Republic of Lithuania Where Wind Power Plant (High-Rise Buildings) Design and
Construction Works May Be Subject to Restrictions.”
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that the person planning to construct or install the power plant will submit to the institution specified in
the conclusion on the agreement to the issue of the building permit, no later than prior to the issue of the
building permit, an approved construction project, will enter into agreement with the said institution on a
payment of compensation for part of the investments and other costs incurred in securing the national
security functions, and will provide a security of discharge of the said obligation. The size of the
compensation shall be determined by multiplying the power plant capacity (kW) stated in the
authorisation to develop electricity generating capacities by EUR18 / kW. The procedure for the payment
of the compensation shall be established by the Government. The compensations shall be used according
to a procedure prescribed by law as other funds of institutions financed from the state budget that have
not been received as state budget appropriations.”
Fig. 2.2.9. Location of the PEA territory in relation to the areas subject to national security requirements
(basis: the Map of the territories of the Republic of Lithuania, where wind power plant (high-rise
buildings) design and construction works may be subject to restrictions, approved by Order of the
Commander of the Lithuanian Armed Forces no. V-217 of 15 February 2016).
2.3. References to Territorial Planning Documents, Strategic Plans and Programmes
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
• Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania12;
• Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania supplemented with the part
“Marine Territories”;13
12 Approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. IX-1154 of 29 October 2002 “On Approval of the
Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania.”
13Approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. XII-1781 of 15 June 2015 “On Approval of
the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania supplemented with the part “Marine
Territories.”
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• Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania under development (Lithuania
2030);
The CPTRL supplemented with the part “Marine Territories” provides for that Given the growth rates of
the rapidly developing offshore wind energy sector in the Europe and, concurrently, in the Baltic Sea,
sites for the installation of offshore wind farms, as well as corridors for linking such farms to onshore
grids must be envisaged. It is appropriate to initiate the development of an integral wind farm network in
the Baltic Region and, thus, to enable the connection of the proposed power plants in the marine
territories of Lithuania and other Baltic states to the EU funded wind farm network of Denmark, Poland,
Sweden, and Germany.” The graphical part of the Comprehensive Plan supplemented with the marine
solutions highlights the potential areas most suitable for the development of offshore renewable energy
projects, including wind energy (Fig. 2.3.1).
Fig. 2.3.1. Location of the PEA territory in relation to the solutions of the technical infrastructure scheme in
the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania supplemented with the part “Marine
Territories.”
The Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania as well provides for:
– Locations for the construction of WTs in the areas that are be subject to certain restrictions in
relation to national security shall be agreed with the Lithuanian Armed Forces and other institutions
responsible for national security according to the Procedure for the provision of information of the
areas that are be subject to certain WT construction restrictions in relation to national security,
approval of locations for the construction of WTs in such areas, and payment of the compensation;
14
14 Approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania no. 626 of 29 May 2012 “On Approval of the
Procedure for the provision of information of the areas that are be subject to certain wind turbine construction restrictions in
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– The priority groups of activities in the functional area of renewable energy production are:
installation of renewable energy (wind, wave, currents, etc.) farms and their accessories,
engineering systems of power supply structures (transformers, etc.) and other engineering
equipment; construction, power and telecommunication lines. Other activities may also be
developed in the background: commercial fishing, aquaculture and other economic activities that
do not interfere with priority activities, and the extraction of minerals.
Engineering Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine Areas of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the
Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Lithuania in the Baltic sea, Designed for the Development
of Renewable Energy
Pursuant to the Order of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania no. 1-253 of 17 August 2020
“On Commencing the Preparation of the Engineering Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine
Territories of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of
Lithuania in the Baltic Sea, Designed for the Development of Renewable Energy, and on the Setting of
the Planning Objectives” and in view of the objectives to create conditions for energy production from
wind power in the Baltic Sea and, thus, to increase a share of renewable energy sources in Lithuania's
domestic energy production and total final energy consumption, in 2021, the preparation of the
Engineering Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine Areas of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the
Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Lithuania in the Baltic sea, Designed for the Development
of Renewable Energy (herein after – the Development Plan) was initiated.
For the purposes of the preparation of the Development Plan, the Programme on the Development Plan
Planning Works was approved by Order of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania no. 1-306
as of 23 September 2020 “On Approval of the Programme on the Planning of the Engineering
Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine Territories of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the
Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Lithuania in the Baltic Sea Designed for the Development
of Renewable Energy.”
The PEA territory is marked in the Development Plan as the area under development in Phase I (Fig.
2.3.1).
relation to national security, approval of locations for the construction of wind turbines in such areas, and payment of the
compensation.”
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Fig. 2.3.1. The area under development in Phase I
References to Strategic Plans and Programmes
• National Strategy for Sustainable Development15;
• National Environmental Protection Strategy16;
• National Energy Independence Strategy17 (hereinafter – the NEIS);
• National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy18;
The National Strategy for Sustainable Development provides for a more effective use of natural
resources. One of principles, the Strategy’s implementation is based on, is the principle of substitution.
Non-hazardous substances and renewable resources must replace hazardous substances and non-
renewable resources. The wider use of renewable energy sources (wind, etc.) in energy and transport
sector will make it possible to reduce the use of organic fossil fuel and the resulting air pollution, and to
cut the amounts of greenhouse gases.
One of the four priority areas of the environmental protection policy under the National Environmental
Protection Strategy is sustainable use of natural resources. According to the Lithuanian environmental
15 Approved by Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania no. No. 1160 of 11 September 2003 “On Approval
and Implementation of the National Strategy for Sustainable Development.”
16 Approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. XII-1626 of 16 April 2015 “On Approval of the
National Environmental Protection Strategy.”
17 Approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. XI-2133 of 26 June 2018 “On Amendment
of the Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. XI-2133 of 26 June 2012 ‘On Approval of the National
Energy Independence Strategy’.”
18 Approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. XI-2375 of 6 November 2012 “On
Approval of the National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy.”
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vision under the Strategy, in 2050, Lithuania will have energy resources involved in all the sectors
(energy, industry, transport, agriculture, etc.) of national economy.
The National Energy Independence Strategy states that in 2016, RES accounted for about 25.5% of final
energy consumption in Lithuania.
In pursuit of the strategic RES target, the aim will be to increase the share of renewable energy sources in
the total final energy consumption of the country to 30% by 2020, 45% by 2030, and 80% by 2050. RES
will become the main source of energy in electricity, heating and cooling, and transport sectors.
The National Strategy for Climate Change Management Policy sets GHG emission reduction targets and
implementing measures. The Strategy presents the vision of the climate change management policy until
2050: By 2050, Lithuania will have ensured adaptation of the sectors of the domestic economy to
environmental changes caused by climate change and climate change mitigation (reduction of GHG
emissions), developed competitive low-carbon economy, implemented eco-innovative technology,
achieved energy generation and consumption efficiency and use of renewable energy sources in all
sectors of the domestic economy, including energy, industry, transport, agriculture, etc.
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3. INFORMATION ON ALTERNATIVES TO BE CONSIDERED
Pursuant to Article 11.2 of the Procedure, the EIA programme shall include information on feasible
alternatives to the considered (e.g. location, time, technical and technological solutions, measures to
reduce the environmental impact), including a ‘zero’ alternative, i.e., without carrying out any activities.
The ‘zero’ alternative, or, inactivity, shows current circumstances and an environmental situation in the
event of non-performance. In this case, changes in the environmental situation of Lithuania’s marine
territory in the Baltic Sea would have no connection with the development of the PEA.
Project alternative: the offshore WT farm of up to 700 MW installed capacity in the territory approved by
the LRV Resolution.
Taking into account the development trends of WT high technologies, technical solutions of existing wind
farms in the Baltic and North seas, and the economic efficiency aspect related to the implementation of
these high technologies, the initial assessment phase will involve negotiations on 8 MW to 16 MW
offshore wind turbine models, currently available on the market, for the installation of the proposed WT
farm of up to 700 MW installed capacity. During the implementation of this offshore wind farm project,
wind farms with a capacity of up to 20 MW or more can be expected. The height of such offshore WT
may vary, but not limited to, from 140 m to 300 m; the number of such turbines in the proposed territory
may be approximately 87 to 43 pcs (but not limited to), subject to the model capacity. The WT model,
layout in the territory, and the number thereof, to be used for the environmental impact assessment, will
be specified after the detailed wind strength measurements which are scheduled for 2022.
In that regard, the EIA report will include the assessment of several various alternatives for the offshore
wind farm deployment in the proposed territory, the construction, operation, and dismantling of the
offshore WTs of different heights and installed capacities to best (most efficiently) meet natural
conditions in the selected area.
Based on the selected capacity of the WT, a potential significant effect of the number, physical and
technical characteristics, and location of the offshore WTs on various components of the environment and
public health in the approved territory will be examined. As part of the analysis of the alternatives, a scale
of effect of the installed offshore wind farm on various components of the environment and public health
has been assessed; essential measures to reduce the effect of installation, operation, and dismantling have
been envisaged.
Principles of Laying out the Power Plants in the Territory of The Proposed Economic Activity
Placement of WTs against each other, in relation to prevailing winds or the proposed territory is very
important for the final energy yields. There are a few methods of selecting the optimal placement of WTs:
geometrical or one of the turbulent wake models, i.e., Jensen model, Ainslie model, or G.C. Larsen
model. 19
The Figure 1.3.1 shows an example of geometrical layout of offshore WTs in the PEA territory based on
the diameter of the WT rotor (D), by assuming that GE Haliade-X 12 MW wind turbine model is
installed:
• in wind direction 12xD;
• in the direction perpendicular to wind direction 5xD;
• capacity of offshore WT: 12 MW, rotor diameter: 220 m.
19 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279154872_Optimized_Placement_of_Wind_Turbines_in_Large-
Scale_Offshore_Wind_Farm_Using_Particle_Swarm_Optimization_Algorithm
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Different literature sources provide various widths and lengths, therefore, there have been average
dimensions of the proposed wind farm selected.20 WT locations and their number with be specified at the
technical design phase on the basis of the methodology provided by the developer or one of the turbulent
wake models, with regard to the selected (specified) WT model/s and technical parameters thereof. It is
envisaged that the PEA developer will be able to choose the most suitable WT model and its capacity,
WT layout, as well as the technical parameters of the substations and their number, the technical
parameters of the connection to the land network and their number.
Taking into account solutions under the Engineering Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine Areas
of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Lithuania in the
Baltic sea, Designed for the Development of Renewable Energy and with a view of using the entire
territory most efficiently, peripheral wind turbines are planned to be constructed at the cable protection
zone (100 m) from the boundaries of the territory, by planning the entire power plant layout grid,
accordingly.21
Fig. 3.1.1. Example of wind farm layout in the PEA territory.
Installation Solutions for the Offshore Transformer Substation
21 https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.416425
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A transformer substation (hereinafter – the TS) is designed to accumulate the power generated by the
entire wind farm, to transform it, and to transmit electricity to grids. A TS is usually built in the centre of
the generated power or in another location suitable for bringing medium and high voltage cable lines.
Step-up transformer substations do not occupy much space in the PEA territory:22 Dimensions of the TS
foundation is similar to the one of the WT.
The choice of substation location is influenced by:
• Sea depth: construction is more cost efficient in shallower waters;
• Lengths of medium-voltage cables and energy losses in them: most cost-efficient location for
the substation is a centre of generating sources;
• Proposed high-voltage connections with onshore and other wind farms;
• Additional wind turbulence caused by a substation as a structure.
Preliminary optional locations for transformer substations of the proposed offshore wind farm are
proposed with regard to the solution alternatives of the Development Plan (Fig. 3.1.2).
Fig. 3.1.2. Alternative locations of TS of the proposed offshore wind farm according to solutions of the
Development Plan.
The technical design will specify the need for step-up (intermediate) transformer substations and the
electrical network connection scheme. During the technical design phase, taking the above criteria into
consideration, the proposed location of the TS may change.
22 https://www.nordseeone.com/engineering-construction/offshore-substation.html
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4. EXPECTED SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY. MEASURES TO
PREVENT, REDUCE AND COMPENSATE FOR SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.
4.1. Water
Hydrological and Hydrodynamic Conditions of Lithuania's Baltic Sea
Hydrological and hydrodynamic Conditions of Lithuania's marine area in the Baltic Sea, including the
PEA territory, is typical of the common conditions of the Baltic Sea PR.
Wave height There are wind waves prevailing in the Baltic Sea, thus, a wave regime is identical to the
wind regime. The highest waves are observed in autumn and winter; the lowest ones – in summer. An
annual mean wave height is about 0.7 m.
Table 4.1.1. Average wave height in the Baltic Sea (metres) in 1986–2005 (Klaipeda)
Month I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Av. 1.02 0.78 0.70 0.52 0.47 0.51 0.57 0.63 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.92
Direction of wave motion almost coincides with direction of prevailing winds. In the south-eastern part of
the Baltic Sea, waves prevail in the direction SW-W-NW:
0-2 m high waves, caused by 4-9 m/s speed winds in ~70 of cases;
2-4 m high waves, caused by 10-19 m/s speed winds in ~24 of cases;
4-7 m high waves, caused by storm winds in ~4 of cases;
Calm sea is normally observed in summer and spring (~5 ).
Mixed waves, i.e., 1-3 m high waves and sway, are quite frequent in the Baltic Sea. 50% of wave heights
on the Lithuanian cost are up to 0.6 m high waves; 90% - up to 2 m high waves. Over 5 m high waves
occur on average once in 10 years (Kelpšaitė et al., 2011).
Extreme values of wind waves at the Baltic Sea coast are determined by strong W-S-W and W winds.
Wave height is found to decrease at 20-25 m isobath.
Wave parameters have a significant impact on both hydrodynamic and sediment transportation processes
at the Baltic Sea coast. There are not much data on observation of the Lithuanian marine area, therefore,
when running the LMSFD project, parameters of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea wave propagation in strong
winds was simulated.23
2D digital modelling system MIKE 21 has been used for simulation of wave propagation. The NSW
(Near-shore Spectral Wind-Wave Module) has been a model when simulating the parameters of wind-
produced wave propagation at the Baltic Sea coast (MIKE, 2002). The baseline data on the offshore wave
model were retrieved from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,
www.ecmwf.int) wave model for the period 2016-2018 (inclusive).
Currents. Lithuania's territorial waters have a basic cyclonic direction of currents in the Baltic Sea
(counter-clockwise) (Žaromskis, 1996), which forms prevailing flows of water masses along the coast
from south to north.
The interaction between atmospheric processes and inert water mass forms a complex structure of surface
and deep currents. Varying seasonal activity of atmospheric processes above the Baltic Sea is reflected in
23 Preparation of the Documents of Enhancing the Lithuanian Baltic Sea Environmental Management. Interim Report I. Klaipeda
University Coastal Research and Planning Institute, 2011.
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the annual change of current rates. The lowest current rates are observed in the spring-summer season, the
highest – in autumn-winter.
Wind-induced currents are directly formed by wind on water surfaces. Due to unevenness of the wind
field and intense variation of wind speeds, wind-induced currents have a complex spatial structure and
high variation over time. The speed of wind-induced currents is decreasing in greater depths.
Fig. 4.1.2. Average wave height and direction in Lithuania's territorial waters of the Baltic Sea
By nature of formation, there are several types of currents prevailing on the sea: long forced waves that
form in the interaction of the static water mass and the varying pressure above the water surface; periodic
currents that are caused by water level fluctuations; currents in relation to internal waves in layers of
different densities (Гидрометеорологические условия шельфовой зоны морей СССР, 1983).
At the sea surface, in the 0-10 m thick layer, there are weak and medium currents prevailing, with a speed
normally not exceeding 0.20 m/s (Žaromskis, Pupienis, 2003). The marine area between the coast and 35
m isobath has northward currents. Currents are directed toward the south far less often, toward the south-
west – least often. The northward direction of the current is determined by the freshwater flowing from
Curonian Lagoon. The 35-45 m deep area away from the shore is predominated by south-west, south, and
west currents. Even further, i.e., beyond the 45 m isobath, currents are directed toward the east and north-
east. In the intermediate water layer (10-30 m), there are various current regimes formed. The water area
of up to 25 m depth, like in the surface layer, mostly has northward currents. Less frequently, currents are
directed south- and westward. Beyond the 45 m isobath, there are north and north-east currents
prevailing. In the intermediate water layer, current speed is 0.11 to 0.14 m/s. Weak, 0.07-0.09 m/s rate
currents normally prevail in the bottom layer. The water area to 35 m isobath mostly has north-west and
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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south-east currents, in 35 to 45 m isobath – north-west, west, and south-west currents, and beyond 45 m –
north currents (Žaromskis, Pupienis, 2003).
Simulation of average current rates (m/s) and directions (degrees) for different seasons (spring, summer,
autumn, winter) (SMHI BALTICSEA_REANALYSIS_PHY_003_011 2012-2016) shows that weak
surface and bottom currents prevail in the open sea, with the speed averaging 3-5 cm/s in the surface layer
and 1-3 cm/s in the bottom one (Fig. 4.1.3-4.1.4).
Fig. 4.1.3. Average current rate and direction in the surface layer in the period 2012-2016 (SMHI, Sweden).
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.1.4. Average current rate and direction in the bottom layer in the period 2012-2016 (SMHI, Sweden).
Temperature, Salinity, and Water Clarity Lithuania's marine area in the Baltic Sea is relatively shallow,
as a result, thermal regime of the water responds to seasonal fluctuations of climate conditions very
quickly (Dailidienė et al., 2011). Minimum water temperatures are reached in February (to -0.5°C), and
maximum – in July-August (to 28.2°C).
In any single year, the coastal area, territorial waters of the Baltic Sea, and the open sea have specific
horizontal distribution of water temperature and certain vertical stratification of water related to
temperature gradients. In all seasons, at the sea surface up to a depth of 10 m, there is a homo-thermal
layer of convective and turbulent mixing formed. Seasonal thermocline (a layer of rapid temperature
drop) develops in summer at the depth range of 10-40 m; the water temperature gradient in this layer is
0.5 - 1.0 °C/m. The thermocline separates a surface, warm mass of water from the intermediate cold layer.
Meanwhile, the difference between water temperature in coastal areas and in deep-water areas may reach
15 or more degrees. In a halocline area and deeper, temperature fluctuations are minor throughout the
year.
In autumn, waters of the open sea thermally mixed down to permanent halocline at the depth of 40 m
(Vyšniauskas, 2003). At this time, not only intense convective mixing takes place, but stronger winds and
higher waves are observed, too. In a halocline area and deeper, temperature fluctuations are minor
throughout the year (Dailidienė et al., 2011).
Variations of salinity in the southeastern Baltic Sea, in Lithuania's marine area, depend on the inflow of
fresh waters from rivers , as well as on the variations of salinity in the central Baltic Sea. In Lithuania's
water area, average water salinity is about 7 ‰. The western part of the Lithuanian EEZ belongs to the
central Baltic Sea which has a two-layer structure of water. In the upper layer (at the depth of 0 m to
approx. 60 m), salinity is 6–8 ‰. This layer is isolated from the saltier deeper layer by a permanent
halocline. In the central Baltic Sea, a halocline borders at a depth of 64-90 m, its centre is at a depth of 74
m; salinity of this layer rapidly jumps from 7.7 to 10.4 ‰ (Matthäus, 1990). At greater depths, isolated
with a halocline, oxygen saturation of the water decreases. In the bottom layer, there is oxygen deficiency
observed and a hydrogen sulphide zone formed.
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In coastal areas and in the shallow open sea, clear and permanent stratifications do not develop due to
salinity; a homogeneous well-mixed water mass prevails up to a depth of 55-60 m (Dailidienė et al.,
2011).
Two key methods are used to measure water clarity: 1) water clarity measurement (in metres) using a
Secchi disk, and 2) measurement of the amount of suspended solids (mg/l) in water. The data on
measurements of suspended solids in the Lithuanian coastline are fragmented, therefore, further analysis
involves Secchi disk measurements.
The Baltic Sea monitoring reports by the Department of Marine Studies of the EPA show that the highest
water clarity is in the open sea where the Secchi depth reaches 4.5 m.
Ice Cover No permanent ice cover is formed in the Lithuanian area of the Baltic Sea. In normal and
severe winters, a shore ice belt, from a few metres to a few kilometres wide, is formed in coastal areas. It
usually consists of piled ice rocks, brought to the shore by wind and water currents which stays stable
only in calm and cold weather.
Ice cover develops up to 1.5 km from the shore. Drifting ice sheets, up to 10 cm thick, cause ice jams at a
distance of up to 7 km from the shore. Due to climate change and, thus, milder winters, there are fewer
days of ice phenomena in the Baltic Sea observed. The decrease in the number of ice phenomena days
reversely proportional to the annual increase in water temperature. In the Lithuanian coastline, an average
duration of ice phenomena decreased by approx. 50 percent during the period of 1961-2009 (Dailidienė et
al., 2011).
Water Quality
In Lithuania, the ecological and chemical status of the Baltic Sea is constantly controlled through the
environmental monitoring of the Curonian Lagoon and the Baltic Sea.
Fig. 4.1.5. Monitoring sites in the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Ecological status is determined for each of the water bodies of transitional waters and coastal waters, by
assigning the status with one of the five quality grades: very bad, bad, average, good, and very good.
Transitional waters include the Curonian Lagoon (northern and central ones) and the zone of propagation
of the Curonian Lagoon's waters into the Baltic Sea. In accordance with the Rules for the assessment of
ecological status of surface water bodies, the ecological status shall be assessed on the basis of the survey
of the surface or integrated water layer (at a depth of up to 0.5 m in the Curonian Lagoon, 1 m to 10 m –
in the Baltic Sea). Average values of chlorophyll 'a,' total nitrogen and total phosphorus, water clarity,
average annual number of specific pollutants, average content of macroinvertebrates in a sample of a
warm period (June to September) have been used to assess the ecological status of the Baltic Sea coastline
(sandy and stony) and the Curonian Lagoon. Further, the higher phytoplankton abundance index was used
to assess coastline waters, seasonal phytoplankton succession index – to assess the northern and central
areas of the Curonian Lagoon, and macroinvertebrate community index (MCI) – to measure the quality of
sandy coastal waters.24
Chemical status is determined for transitional waters, coastal waters, marine area, and exclusive economic
zone by assigning the status with one of the two quality grades: good or below good. Good chemical
status of a surface water body means that no concentrations of substances listed in Annex 1 and Annex 2,
Parts A and B (List B1) of the Wastewater Management Regulation exceed an annual average value of
the Environmental Quality Standards (AA-EQS)) and/or a maximum allowable concentration (MAC-
EQS). EQS) and/or the biota EQS.25. Should the concentration of at least one substance is found to be
exceeded, the status of a water body is considered below the good status. Concentration limits for
substances in the bottom sediments are determined in accordance with LAND 46A-200226.
Annual average values of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the marine areas of the Baltic Sea and the
Exclusive Economic Zone, the chemical status thereof are determined on the basis of characteristics of
good environmental status of the Lithuanian marine area and their qualitative descriptors.27
Potential Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity on Water
Under normal operating conditions, the offshore wind farm will not have any significant impact on
seawater quality. However, temporary changes in water quality are possible during construction, i.e.,
when installing foundations and laying cables due to a temporary increase in suspended particles
(turbidity) in the bottom layers of water column.
Where the proposed economic activity relates to the sea, information on the marine environment and its
characteristics shall be provided: geochemical properties of the water of the Baltic Sea, currents, waves,
including medium, storm values, their recurrence, seasonal and perennial fluctuations.
Characteristics of good environmental status of the sea have been established by Order of the Minister of
Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-194 of 4 March 2015 “On Approval of the
Characteristics of the Good Environmental Status of the Lithuanian Marine Area.” The qualitative
descriptors for determining good environmental status (according to Directive 2008/56/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action
in the field of marine environmental policy) have been established in Order of the Minister of
Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-500 of 14 June 2010 “On Approval of the Procedure for
Assessment of the Marine Environmental Status, Setting of Characteristics of Good Environmental Status
24 Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-210 of 12 April 2007 “On Approval of the
Procedure for the Assessment of Ecological Status of Surface Water Bodies.”
25 Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-236 of 17 May 2006 “On Approval of the
Wastewater Management Regulation.”
26 Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. 77 of 26 February 2002 “On Approval of the
Environmental Normative Document LAND 46A-2002 'Rules for Excavation of Soil in the Waters of the Open Sea and Seaports
and Disposal of the Excavated Soil.”
27 Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-194 of 4 March 2015 “On Approval of the
Requirements for Determining the Characteristics of the Good Environmental Status of the Lithuanian Marine Area.”
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of the Baltic Sea, Objectives of Protecting the Marine Environment, the Monitoring Programme and
Measures,” Annex 2.
Operation of the proposed offshore wind farm is not expected to have any significant impact of water; the
EIA will rather be aimed to assess peculiarities of hydrological and hydro-chemical conditions of the
territory in question. Available data will be measured and new studies on hydrological and hydro-
chemical parameters of water will be conducted.
Content of Environmental Impact Assessment
Projected studies and exploratory work
Type of study Projected studies
Hydrological parameters Speed and direction of water currents, temperature, salinity
pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, petroleum hydrocarbons,
Hydro-chemical parameters polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals
Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Current situation Description of the hydrological and hydrodynamic regime of the
territory and peculiarities thereof
Information on hydro-chemical conditions and water quality.
Potential significant impact Potential impact of the wind farm on the hydrodynamic situation,
during the wind farm installation, water quality, and good environmental status.
operation, and dismantling phases
Potential water pollution with oil products.
Changes in water clarity during the WT construction: cabling,
foundation installation.
Assessment methods Hydrological and hydro-chemical surveys on water.
Analysis of primary and secondary data, GIS mapping, expert
opinion
Mitigation measures Analysis of mitigation measures
4.2. Ambient Air and Climate
The key meteorological factor of favourable conditions for the development of offshore wind energy
projects is wind strength. Based on the aggregate data (Fig. 4.2.1), the wind strength at sea increases as
moving further away from the shore and varies from 7 to 10 m/s. Preliminary data (based on
mathematical modelling (100 m above the sea level)) suggest that the average wind speed in the PEA
territory may reach approx. 9 m/s.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.2.1. Average wind speed at sea.
Air pollution is associated with mechanisms of construction and maintenance of wind farms rather than
with the main proposed activity, i.e., electricity production by wind turbines. Main sources of ambient air
pollution during the offshore wind farm installation, operation, and dismantling phases are means of
transport and operated construction machinery.
Renewable energy sources, as a climate change mitigation measure, are particularly welcome in terms of
climate impact. Wind energy is one of the renewable forms of energy, which reduces the use of fossil
fuels and, together, emissions of CO2 and other substances into the ambient air. The use of wind energy
plays a great role in controlling climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy
sector. The PEA implementation is expected to have an indirect positive effect on the climate.
Information to be provided in the EIA report:
Ambient Air and Climate
Climate conditions.
Current situation Distribution of speed and directions of wind in the territory under
study.
Sources of ambient air pollution and emissions.
Potential significant impact
Provisional quantities of ambient air pollutants from mobile
during the wind farm installation,
sources.
operation, and dismantling phases
Potential impact on the climate.
Ambient air pollution from mobile sources will be assessed using
Assessment methods available pollution calculation methodologies.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Description of mitigation measures.
Measures to prevent, reduce, or
compensate for major adverse
effects on the environment
4.3. Soil: Seabed and Deep Sea
The seabed of the Lithuanian marine area in the Baltic Sea was caused by glacial activity, by water level
changes in different eras of Baltic Sea evolution, and by modern sedimentation processes. There are two
favourable topographic forms, i.e., plateaus, and adverse forms, i.e., basins, identified at the bottom of the
sea.
The Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau (Gelumbauskaite, 1986), where potential wind energy development area
is located, is most significant in terms of the object under study. The deeper northern slope of the Gdansk
Basin, in part, and the complete Nemunas Valley, opening to the basin (Gelumbauskaite, 2010) are
beyond the boundaries of the territory under study.
The Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau in the northern Lithuanian water area starts at the Gulf of Riga, stretches
along the shore, and somewhere in the latitude of Liepaja turns south-west, to settle between the Gotland
and Gdansk basins. There are also more prominent elevations at this location. One of them is known as
the Bank of Klaipeda, located in the north-western part of the Lithuanian Economic Zone. The sea depth
in some places of this area reaches 47 m (Gelumbauskaitė et al., 1999). Westwards, this bank descends a
steep slope into the Gotland Basin.
One the most fragmented seabed areas is the southern part of the Klaipeda-Ventspils plateau which
stretches up to the coastal area at Sventoji-Palanga and adjoining the shore of Giruliai. This territory has a
large variety of fragmented seabed patterns. Herein, a relative height of some single forms normally reach
4-5 m, and sometimes 6-8 m.
Based on foundation technologies, the best conditions for the installation of wind farms are seabed areas
with a depth of 20 to 40 m (installation of wind farms in coastal areas, up to 20 m is practically infeasible
due to the environmental constraints). The PEA territory mainly has 34-40 m depths (Fig. 4.3.1).
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.3.1. Sea depth scheme for the PEA territory.
Distribution of Bottom Sediments
The seabed of the Lithuanian water area is covered with recent and relict bottom sediments (Gulbinskas,
1995). Relict sediments are sediments deposited during the Ice Age and Baltic Sea evolution stages.
They occur in hydrodynamically active areas of the sea where sedimentation no longer takes place today
or, even, where bottom destruction occurs. In many such spots, glacial deposits (moraine) are heavily
eroded; their surface is covered with boulders, pebble, shingle, or uneven-grained sand.
Relict deposits and sediments also cover the Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, within which the PEA territory
is located. Relict sediments consist of moraine of varied composition (sand, loam, boulder clay) and the
eroded elements (boulders, pebble, shingle). This boulder rock separates the coastline of Lithuania's
mainland from the open sea. Its dispersal range: at Giruliai: 14−18 m, Karklininkai: 16−20 m, the
Dutchman's Cap (Lithuanian: Olando kepurė): 5−25 m, Nemirseta: 10−22 m, Palanga: 4-23 m, Sventoji:
17−29 m, and Butinge: 21-32 m.
Recent sediments are found in accumulation areas. The main types of sediment are sand, siltstone, and
sludge) (Emelyanov et al. 2002). Sand mostly consists of fine-grained sand. There are three areas of
dispersal of such sand: one of them is also found at the foot of Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau; herein the
sand deposits at a depth of 26-40 m. Bottom in deeper marine areas (45–65 m) is covered by silty
sediments. Sludge sediments consist of fine siltstone and pelitic siltstone. The said types of bottom
sediments are widespread at a depth of 50-60 m and cover the bottoms of Gdansk and Gotland basins,
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.3.2. Lithological composition of bottom sediments.
In the bottom of the Baltic Sea, there are found sediments of various ages, origins, and compositions.
Depending on the intensity of sedimentation, the recent formation of sediments does not occur in some
areas of the bottom; instead, deposits and rocks from previous geological periods are uncovered. The
layer of sedimentary rocks in the Lithuanian marine areas is about 2 km thick.
The upper part of the geological section consists of quaternary sediments. Thickness of the quaternary
sediments greatly varies, i.e., from 5-10 m in plateaus to more than 100 m in paleosections. Under the
quaternary sediments, there occur formations of the Middle and Upper Devonian periods (sandstone,
siltstone, dolomite), Permian (dolomite limestone), Lower Triassic (clay, clayey siltstone, and marl),
Middle and Upper Jurassic (argillite), and Lower and Upper Cretaceous epochs (Terigenic clay, siltstone,
glauconitic-quartz sand).
The quaternary column of the Lithuanian waters in the Baltic Sea consists of three key lithostratigraphic
complexes: Pleistocene glacial deposits (prevailing moraine loams and sandy loams), sediments (clays,
sands) formed during various phases of Baltic Sea evolution (mud of Late Glacial and Holocene periods),
as well as recent marine sediments (sand, siltstone, mud). Deposits and sediments from the first two
lithostratigraphic complexes are also known as relict deposits and sediments (Gulbinskas, 1995). They
occur in hydrodynamically active areas of the sea where sedimentation no longer takes place today or,
even, where bottom destruction occurs.
In the PEA territory, quaternary sediments are about 20–30 m thick. Beneath them, there are normally
deposits of the Triassic, less often of the Permian period found.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.3.3. Post-quaternary sediment prevalence and quaternary column thickness.
Mineral Resources
Oil According to the Lithuanian Geological Survey on potential oil structures in the Lithuanian marine
area, the Lithuanian EEZ is supposed to store about 40–80 million tons of oil.
Chapter 8 of the solutions of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania 2030
(revised according to public and entities' comments) “Preservation and usage of resources, development
of bio-production economy,” p. 465, states that regulation for the development of oil resources in the
maritime part shall be envisaged in coordination with other activities (wind energy, shipping, etc.),
internal, inter-sectoral, and international cooperation shall be promoted and enhanced.
The PEA territory does not fall within the known potential oil locations, though, it is possibly adjacent
thereto. Therefore, once the additional results of potential oil structure surveys are received, this
information will be further assessed.
Sand and Gravel The sand and gravel resources in the Lithuanian EEZ have not been yet explored or
included in the state register of mineral resources as a mineral deposit. Nonetheless, there have been
found accumulations of these resources during the geological mapping. The most intense sand dispersal is
found in the hydrodynamically active area up to 20 m. The sand in this area, however, maintains the
dynamic balance of the coastline, nourishes the beaches, and is prohibited from usage due to the
environmental and coastal protection constraints.
Another range of sand dispersal is found on the south-eastern slope of the elevation of Liepaja – the
Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau – the Curonian-Sambian Plateau and its north-western slope. In these areas,
the occurrence of sand and coarse-grained sediments is associated with the coastal formations of the
transgressive and regressive phases of the Baltic Sea. Such ancient sediments are often covered with
recently formed sea sands. The thickness of the sands reach 5 meters and more.
In this marine area, there are two locations defined as potential sources of sand for shore management:
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• The south-eastern slope of Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, 25-30 m deep, coastal formations of the
transgressive and regressive phases of the Baltic Sea. Sand dispersal over relatively large areas on the
slopes of the plateau. A sand layer thickness reaches 1 metre and more.
• On the surface of the Curonian-Sambian Plateau, there are found relict formations of the Ice Age
or the Baltic Sea evolution stages. Sea depth is 20-30 metres. Sand dispersal range is the largest here; a
layer thickness is over 3 metres.
• In Preila-Juodkrante district, the most promising elevation area is between 20-27 m isobaths.
When implementing the Coastal Strip Management Programmes, the sand from the district of Preila -
Juodkrante was used for restoration of beaches of Palanga.
There are no approved sand deposits in the PEA territory.
Amber. The world's largest amber deposits are found on the Sambia Peninsula, the current Kaliningrad
region. Here, near the small village of Yantarny, the world's largest amber reserves are extracted in the
open-cast mine. Despite the immediate vicinity, there are no large amber deposits in Lithuania. Small
deposits of amber are found near Priekule, next to the King Wilhelm Channel, as well as in the districts of
Preila, Juodkrante, and Nida, though, of minor commercial significance. There are no known amber
deposits in the PEA territory.
Fig. 4.3.4. Layout of the PEA in respect of mineral deposits.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Content of Environmental Impact Assessment
The geological structure of the area has a greater impact on the processes of installation of the WTs,
cabling, and the selection of foundation structures. The EIA will especially focus on assessment of
geological conditions of the PEA territory so that to measure a potential impact of the WT installation on
the integrity of the seabed.
Research projects
Type of study Projected studies
Submarine morphology Seabed surveys.
Geological structure of the Distribution and composition of bottom sediments.
bottom surface
Geochemical surveys Contamination of bottom sediments.
Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Current situation Seabed characteristics, relief, depths.
Sedimentation conditions.
Geological structure and mineral resources.
Potential significant impact Potential impact on the seabed and sediment formation.
during the wind farm installation, Assessment of potential contamination of sediments.
operation, and dismantling phases
Break of seabed integrity
Assessment methods Analysis of primary and secondary data, GIS mapping, expert
opinion
Mitigation measures Measures to reduce the impact on the seabed and sedimentation
processes.
4.4. Landscape and Biodiversity
Landscape/Seascape
Based on the morphological zoning of the landscape, there have been defined the Eastern shallow marine
section of the Baltic Sea (A) South-East Baltic Sea submarine plateau area (I) Curonian-Western
Samogitia coastal submarine plateaus and depressions of the Baltic Sea (1). There is a prevailing seascape
of submarine plateaus and depressions.
The PEA territory is located in the open sea, more than 29 km away from the shore, and is beyond the
boundaries of the general landscape defined in the National Landscape Management Plan (Fig. 4.4.1). 28
The EIA will include the assessment of the potential visibility of the offshore wind farm from onshore
observation sites.
28approved by Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-703 of 2 October 2015
“On Approval of the National Landscape Management Plan.”
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.4.1. Landscape management zones in the PEA territory.
Protected Areas and NATURA 2000 Sites
In the Lithuanian waters of the Baltic Sea, there are protected areas and sites of the European ecological
network “Natura 2000” demarcated. The PEA territory borders the biosphere reserve of the Klaipeda-
Ventspils Plateau and important habitat and bird protection areas (Fig. 4.4.2). Information on the closest
protected areas is provided in Table 4.4.1.
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Fig. 4.4.2. Protected areas and NATURA 2000 sites closest to the PEA territory.
Table 4.4.1. Information on the protected areas and NATURA 2000 sites bordering the PEA territory,
purposes of establishment thereof, protected natural habitats and species of EU importance (according to
the State Cadastre of Protected Areas of the Republic of Lithuania).
Distance from
the boundary
Protected area Area, ha Purpose of establishment, protected valuables of the
proposed
territory
To protect a valuable part of ecosystem of the
Baltic Sea in the Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, in
particular, with a view to conserve: Areas of the
natural marine habitat of EU importance,
i.e., 1,170 reefs, to ensure a favourable
conservation status thereof; a place of
regular gatherings of wintering water birds
of EU importance: velvet scooter (Melanitta
Biosphere reserve of the fusca), to ensure a favourable conservation status
Klaipeda-Ventspils 31949.309903 thereof; wintering and migrating populations of borders
Plateau razorbill (Alca torda), long-tailed duck
(Clangula hyemalis), to ensure a favourable
conservation status thereof; to conduct
observation (monitoring) of the natural habitat
and the protected species referred to in paragraph
3.1 of the Regulation, studies in relation to the
protected valuables; to collect information on
status thereof; to analyse the impact of human
activities on the marine ecosystem; to ensure the
sustainable use of natural resources; to promote
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Distance from
the boundary
Protected area Area, ha Purpose of establishment, protected valuables of the
proposed
territory
ideas and ways of biodiversity conservation.
NATURA 2000 IBPA
to protect gatherings of the wintering velvet
Klaipeda-Ventspils 31949.309903 borders
Plateau scooter (Melanitta fusca)
NATURA 2000 IHPA
Klaipeda-Ventspils 17948.498809 1,170 reefs borders
Plateau
Seabed Habitats
According to the valuation survey results as of 1993-2007, 7 main habitats are found in the Lithuanian
marine area (Table 4.4.2).
Table 4.4.2. List and distribution of habitats in the Lithuanian marine area of the Baltic Sea (* bottom
habitats classified as reefs)
Share of the marine
Habitat name Area, ha
area (%)
Open-to-waves moraine bottom, with Furcellaria lumbricalis 2,343 1.3
Open-to-waves moraine bottom, with Balanus improvisus 10,757 6.1
Open-to-waves moraine bottom, with Mytilus edulis trossulus and 17,494 9.9
Balanus improvisus*
Open-to-waves moraine bottom, with Mytilus edulis trossulus and 43 <0.1
Balanus improvisus*
Open-to-waves sandy bottom, with Macoma balthica 138,497 78.1
Open-to-waves sandy bottom, with Pygospio elegans and Marenzelleria 7,879 4.4
neglecta
Open-to-waves sandy bottom, with boulders and amphipods 377 <0.1
There are two types of habitats common in the PEA territory (Fig. 4.4.3): a sandy bottom of the aphotic
zone and a bottom of varied sediments.
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Fig. 4.4.3. Dispersal of benthic habitats in the PEA territory.
There are no benthic habitats in the territory under study that are acknowledged most valuable under the
valuation survey, biologically important, or classified as reefs by the habitat types in Annex II of the
Habitats Directive. Geo-morphologically, major reefs are moraine ridges, with Mytilus edulis trossulus
and Balanus improvisus, the location of which has been found only in Lithuania’s territorial sea near
Palanga. They are not common for the territory under study.
Macrozoobenthos communities. In the eastern Baltic Sea, 11 benthic fauna species are known to be
dominant communities. Major part of them are adapted to loose-lying sediments; only two species,
Mytilus edulis and Balanus improvisus, prevail in the solid substrate, which is not found in the area under
study.
The most expected benthic faunal communities in the area under study are as follows:
The Marenzelleria viridis community develops along the coast, in sandy bottom sediments at a depth of 3
to 30 m. There are 12 benthic fauna taxa found, including the most common B. pilosa and H. diversicolor
in the shallows, and P. elegans and Oligochaeta – in deeper waters.
The Macoma balthica community is most common on the sandy and silty bottoms of the central Baltic
Sea, where all infauna and mobile species known to the area have been registered. There are four forms of
the community identified depending on the depth. However, in all of them, the range of dominance of M.
balthica is quite large and usually exceeds 70-80%. Since many shallow species such as M. arenaria are
found in the shallow part of the submarine slope up to a depth of about 30 m, it comprises a greater
diversity of benthic fauna in the form of communities. In deeper waters, the community biomass is
significantly greater and often exceeds 100 g m-2. There are prevailing large individuals of M. balthica,
though the species composition of the community is rather scarce and the number of its permanent
members such as H. spinulosus or Bylgides sarsi is small.
Pontoporeia spp. communities develop at a depth of 50 m and deeper, i.e., 80 m. More shallow areas are
dominated by P. affinis, with an average of 8 species found in the community. In deeper waters, there are
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prevailing P. femorata, with a number of species significantly lower, i.e., 2 to 4 species. The both species
are known in the Baltic Sea as dominant in deep muddy waters. The range of distribution of amphipods is
not large and normally does not exceed 50% of the total benthic fauna biomass. This proves that a
community is not a permanent formation on an submarine slope and usually consists of a random set of
species that are able to survive in that environment.
Fish
In total, 65 cyclostomatous and fish species have been registered in Lithuanian waters of the Baltic Sea,
including 21 freshwater, 33 marine, and 11 migratory. Approximately 19 cyclostomes and fish species are
protected under the Habitats Directive, Bern or CITES conventions (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora); 5 of them are included in the Red Data Book of Lithuania,
and 18 are considered very rare. Among all the species registered in Lithuanian waters of the Baltic Sea,
some fish species are very common, while other species (swordfish, anchovy, poacher) have only been
recorded once or few times.
Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras), Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias), and flounder
(Platichthys flesus) are some of the most abundant fish in the Lithuanian Economic Zone and, therefore,
are intensively fished. Baltic herring spawning grounds are observed on the rocky bottom with marine
vegetation along the northern coast of Lithuania, as well as in the pier of Klaipeda port at depths of 2-5 m.
In the Klaipeda port area, as well as in the area from it northward to Sventoji and southward to Alksnyne
and Juodkrante, there are abundant migratory and freshwater fish. Migratory fish are: smelt, vimba
bream, salmon, sea-trout, whitefish, twaite shad, eel, and cyclostomes – sea and river lamprey. Most
migratory fish species keep close to shores, usually in a depth of up to 20 m; salmon, however, migrates
over very long distances. The salmon that is spawning in Lithuanian rivers can also be found both in the
northern part of the sea, near Finland, and in the southern part – in coastal areas of Germany. The sea-
trout migrates at shorter distances. In recent years, as pollution in rivers and the Curonian Lagoon is
decreasing, there has been a significant increase in abundances of twaite shad and vimba bream.
Freshwater fish, such as bream, zander, silvery bream, ide, roach, bleak, asp, perch, ruff, and three-spined
stickleback, are usually caught only along the coastline.
In summer, the sea is dominated by sea and migratory fish species; though, coastal areas (in particular,
near Klaipeda) are also rich in freshwater fish coming from the Curonian Lagoon. In autumn, September-
October, along the coastline of the Baltic Sea, there are many species of migratory fish that float in the
rivers to spawn: vimba bream, salmon, sea trout, whitefish, and smelt. In November, when the water
temperature drops, the coastline is dominated with herring, abundant flounder, and some cod.
Birds and Bats
The Lithuanian marine area in the Baltic Sea has been studied inhomogeneously in terms of waterfowl.
Most thorough studies were conducted at the sea coastline and part of Lithuania' territorial waters. In this
area, there are over 20 species of seabirds regularly found.29
The Lithuanian Baltic Sea is of the highest importance for wintering seabirds. In Lithuania, both in the
coastal areas and in the open sea, there are found numerous velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), long-tailed
duck (Clangula hyemalis), razorbill (Alca torda), common guillemot (Uria aalgea), red-throated loon
(Gavia stelatta), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), and other seabird colonies. Birds feeding on
benthic organisms (diving sea duck) are found at depths of 5 to 35 m. Therefore, their abundance is high
above the corresponding habitats. Pelagic birds, such as diver, razorbill, dive to a depth of 50-60 m and
feed regularly at a depth of about 20-30 m. So, the areas used for feeding are more remote from the
coastline.
29
The concept 'seabirds' herein includes any birds that use the marine environment at various stages of their
lives:grebes, divers, sea ducks, terns, gulls and somewader .
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The Baltic Sea is an important site for migratory birds that fly to wintering or breeding grounds. Over
Lithuania's territorial waters, there are intense migrations of geese, cranes, divers, passerines, and other
bird families observed. Depending on species, birds fly either above the water surface or high up to
several hundred metres.
In summer, a small number of birds stay in the territorial waters of Lithuania. The coastal waters are most
intensively used by the local breeding great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), common tern (Sterna
hirundo), and several members of the gull family: European herring gull (Larus argentatus), common
gull (Larus canus), black-headed gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), and great black-backed gull (Larus
marinus).
During the autumn migration, intensive bat passages above the coast and in the western part of
Lithuania's mainland up to ~ 70 km over the sea have been established. It is known that Nathusius'
pipistrelle, which was ringed in Lithuania, was found wintering in the United Kingdom (hereinafter – the
UK). In order to reach the UK, the bats had to overcome the North Sea. Some bats are known to migrate
to the UK from the Netherlands, Belgium. So, there is a high probability that bats, under favourable
natural conditions, may migrate to wintering grounds above the Lithuanian marine area of the Baltic Sea,
near the coastline.
Marine Mammals
There are 3 species of seals living and breeding in the Baltic Sea: grey seal (Halichoerus grypus
macrorhynchus), Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica, and harbour seal (Phoca vitulina vitilina).
Only one species, the grey seal, is in the list of Lithuanian fauna. As well, this species is included in the
Red Data Book of Lithuania. The grey seal is assigned the Category 1 (E) (critically endangered species).
The other two species are not listed among the Lithuanian fauna, however, their occurrences in
Lithuanian territorial waters have been recorded.
The seals are found regularly in the Lithuanian marine area. Specifically, they are recorded during the
cold season and come along with the migratory fish. Therefore, an exact number of these animals is not
known.
The Baltic Sea is home to two different populations of the harbour porpoise. One of them breeds in the
waters of the Belts and the Sound, in Kattegat and Skagerrak. Another population is found along the
coasts of Germany, Poland, and eastern Sweden, in the central part thereof. The animals migrate
seasonally, i.e., they move southward in winter. They normally dive at a depth of 20-60 m and also are
able to dive to a depth of 200 m. They feed mostly at night and choose feeding grounds depending on
migrations of their 'catch' (Jussi, 2009; Natkevičiūtė, Kulikov, Grušas, 2013). Lithuanian marine areas do
not fall within the areas important to the harbour porpoise feeding (Carlén, 2013). So, the number of
harbour porpoise and the probability of locating them in Lithuanian marine areas are low compared to
other areas in the Baltic Sea.
Potential Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity on Biodiversity
The installation of the offshore wind farm may have severe implications for biodiversity, both positively
and negatively.
The main positive aspects are related to the establishment of invertebrate communities on WT piles and
the restriction of fishing. This can make a WT farm a safe place for fish communities, thus, recovering
fish populations in the Baltic Sea.
The main negative aspects for birds are:
- Site avoidance and loss of feeding grounds for seabirds;
- Barrier effect for migrating birds;
- Direct collision and death caused by the WT.
Several negative aspects for other marine animals should be mentioned as well:
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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- Noise during the construction of a wind farm, which may cause adverse physiological effects
(including damage to organ tissues), disrupt animal communication, influence behaviour
(including eviction from their natural habitats or hunting areas);
- Potential barrier and death effect on migrating bats.
Content of Environmental Impact Assessment
Research projects
Type of study Projected studies
Seabed habitats Bottom sampling and benthic habitat surveying using a remotely
operated underwater vehicle (ROV).
Distribution of benthic habitats, species composition and
abundance of benthic fauna.
Birds, bats Recording of birds, feeding on water, with the vessel for a period
of two years, every month, during the spring-autumn seasons
(May-October).
Recording of birds, feeding on water, with the plane for a period
of two years, every month, during the autumn-spring seasons
(November-April).
Observation of bird migration using visual and radar method
during spring and autumn migration seasons. During the
monitoring, data on species composition, abundance of migrating
and resting birds will be collected.
Recording of bat migration and flight intensity using an ultrasonic
detector.
Marine Mammals Recording of marine mammals on the plane or vessel every
month for a period of two years.
Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Current situation Information on landscape:
- landscape characteristics;
- the nearest recreational areas.
Information on the protected areas and sites of the European
ecological network “Natura 2000”, respective protected animal
species.
Information on local fauna:
– seabed habitats;
– ichthyocenoses;
– bird and bat species specific to the area;
– intensity of gathering of birds and bats, feeding, rest,
wintering grounds and migration thereof;
– marine mammals.
Potential significant impact Impact on the landscape, recreational areas
during the wind farm installation,
operation, and dismantling phases Impact on the protected areas and on integrity of sites of the
European ecological network “Natura 2000”
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Potential impact on benthic habitats, fish, birds, bats and marine
mammals.
Potential impact of the offshore wind farm on migrations of
animals (birds, fish, mammals) through the Lithuanian waters of
the Baltic Sea.
Impact on biodiversity due to possible factors caused by
hydrological regime, electromagnetic fields, underwater noise,
and other negative factors caused by the wind farm and cable
connections.
Assessment methods Analysis of reference materials and literature;
Assessment of visual pollution of the object and visualisation by
modelling: in order to objectively assess the potential significant
impact of the PEA on the local landscape, it is planned to
performe the assessment of the PEA visual impact at different
times of the year, under different meteorological conditions and
at different times of the day.
Recording of birds, bats, marine mammals in the PEA territory;
Expert opinion;
GIS mapping for the preparation of graphical material.
Mitigation measures Measures to prevent, reduce and compensate for the effects on
biodiversity during the construction of the wind turbines and
operation of the wind farm.
Measures to reduce visual impact on the landscape.
4.5. Cultural Heritage
Protection of the underwater heritage is regulated by the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the
Underwater Cultural Heritage. “Lithuania - Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural
Heritage” was ratified on 12 June 2006. It defines underwater cultural heritage as underwater heritage of
historical and cultural significance, containing clear examples of history of the humankind.
According to the Cultural Heritage Register of Lithuania, there are 9 valuables registered in the maritime
territory of Lithuania. The PEA territory contains no registered cultural valuables. The distance to the
closest registered marine cultural valuable, i.e., the vessel 38471 “L-14” sunken in the Baltic Sea, is
approx. 24 km (Fig. 4.5.1).
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Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
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Fig. 4.5.1. Objects of marine cultural heritage.
According to the charts of the Lithuanian Transport Safety Administration, there are several dozen sunken
objects marked in the Lithuanian EEZ that are not included in the Cultural Heritage Register.
Most of the sunken objects are industrial ships; though, remains of wooden vessels great scientific value
were discovered, too. There were also several valuable habitats of cultural underwater seascape with
natural relics and tree remains found.
One discovery site is marked nearby the PEA territory but does not fall within it (Fig. 4.5.2).
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Fig. 4.5.2. Identified locations of sunken underwater objects.
Information to be provided in the EIA report:
Projected studies and exploratory work as part of the EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Search for sunken objects Seabed surveys.
Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Current situation Information on cultural valuables and sunken objects.
Potential significant impact Potential impact on cultural valuables.
during the wind farm installation,
operation, and dismantling phases
Assessment methods Analysis of reference materials and literature;
Expert opinion on seabed surveys;
GIS mapping for the preparation of graphical material.
Mitigation measures Recommended measures to preserve valuable objects.
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4.6. Public Health
The key factors determined by onshore wind energy that may affect public health are: noise, flickering,
electromagnetic field, and infrasound.
An impact of the WTs is usually studied and may occur for the living environment up to 2 km from the
proposed WTs. The effect of flickering can be perceived at up to 1-1.5 km from WT towers.
Electromagnetic fields are only generated in the immediate vicinity of a WT rotor or overhead power
lines and usually grow weak to the limit values of about 20-30 m from the cables. Infrasound is also
typical for the natural environment, in particular, for the marine environment due to wind and wash of
waves. Since competent experts have found that modern WTs emit merely slight infrasound, neither WT-
induced infrasound nor low-frequency sound are controversial in European countries. Due to the long
distance to the nearest living environment, the said factors are not so relevant for offshore wind energy
which is normally developed at quite a long distance from the coast.
Fig. 4.6.1. Location of the proposed WTs in relation to the nearest onshore recreational and living areas.
The Public Health part of the EIA Report will be drafted and the potential impact on public health will be
assessed in accordance with the guidelines provide for in Annex 1 of the Procedure “Recommendations
on the Structure and Scope of Environmental Impact Assessment Documents,” Chapter II, Section 8
“Public Health.”
When preparing the EIA Report, an impact of the PEA on public health shall be assessed by analysing the
likely direct and indirect effect of physical factors caused by the PEA on public health. Public health
impacts are addressed to the population living in the impact zone of economic activities and to other
people, especially, the most vulnerable groups of the population (e.g., children, the elderly and the sick,
who are most sensitive to increased pollution).
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Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Residential and public environment, recreational territories
located in the coastal zone (in the municipalities of Palanga,
Klaipeda district and Klaipeda city).
Description of the current situation Demographic indicators of the local population
Analysis of population morbidity indicators.
Description of health determinants.
Analysis of (physical) factors determining public health.
Expected significant impact Assessment of pollution caused by the proposed economic
activity (noise, flickering, infrasound, and electromagnetic
radiation) that may have a significant impact on public health.
Analysis of reference materials and literature;
Mathematical modelling of noise and flickering using
Assessment methods specialised software;
Expert opinion;
GIS mapping for the preparation of graphical material.
Measures to reduce an impact of the proposed economic
Measures to prevent, reduce, or activity on public health.
compensate for major adverse effects Measures to reduce a potential impact on residential,
on the environment recreational or other areas envisaged in the approved
territorial planning documents.
An attached map of the demarcated proposed facility,
predicted levels or values of physical pollution, adjacent areas
Graphical material of the planned facility (dwelling houses, public buildings,
objects of pollution or other significant facilities), a size of
the protection zone .
4.7. Material Valuables
The feasibilities of developing offshore wind energy are directly related to other activities currently
carried out in the marine area, i.e., shipping, navigation routes; fishing; mining sites for excavated soil,
potential locations for sand excavation to nourish beaches; offshore engineering installations (power and
communication lines, pipelines, etc.) and their safety zones; restricted-use areas (military exercise
grounds, sunken ships, dangerous objects, cultural heritage values); marine areas for conservation
purposes; other potential activities (prospect sites of useful resources).
In order to rationally use marine areas and sea resources, it is important to coordinate basic and projected
activities with interests of sea users.
It should be noted that the installation of the offshore wind farms will significantly contribute to the
implementation of objectives of the Lithuanian Energy Independence Strategy.
Information to be provided in the EIA report
Aspect to be considered Information provided
Current situation Usage of the existing marine area in the territory under study.
Potential significant impact Potential impact on other industries, on activities carried out at sea
during the wind farm installation,
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operation, and dismantling phases and in the coastal zone, on the Klaipeda State Seaport.
Potential impact on fisheries and fishing (reduction of fishing
grounds, deterioration in fishing conditions, etc.)
Assessment method Analysis of primary and secondary data
Expert opinion
GIS mapping for the preparation of graphical material.
Mitigation measures Recommendations on mitigation of the potential socio-economic
impact.
4.8. Risk Analysis and Its Assessment
Construction and operation of WTs may entail accidents and hazard to people and the social environment
as regards the spinning blades, including the likelihood of their partial or complete dropping, collapse of a
tower, an impact of voltage on service personnel. The risk of collisions is posed to aircraft, ships sailing
nearby the power plants or in their farm area.
Emergency-related hazards to the natural environment include minor oil spills from rotors, fuel spills
from vessels, collisions, and oil spills from transformer substations. During the preparation of the
technical design, measures shall be foreseen to protect the transformer substations from possible direct
collisions with ships, thus preventing the oil spills in the transformers from spilling into the water area.
Damage to marine fuel tanks is very rare, the tanks are protected from damage in direct collisions.
The EIA report will provide statistical information on the leakage of transformer oil and marine fuels into
the water area during such collisions and provide generally accepted measures to prevent such
emergencies. According to statistics on such events, measures will be proposed to limit possible
dispersion. The measures envisaged will be sufficient to stop the spread of pollutants and prevent them
from entering the coastal zone, including Palanga and other beaches.
The EIA report will assess the possibilities of the Lithuanian Armed Forces Marine Rescue Coordination
Center to eliminate local pollution incidents in the area of the wind farm.
The operation of cables connecting the wind farm to onshore facilities poses a risk of power leakage into
the environment. The likelihood of such leakages is quite limited due to the reliability of the cables used,
therefore, it shall not be analysed separately.
Navigation hazards, i.e., the likelihood of collision of ships with WT, are the greatest risk in the operation
and construction of offshore wind farms. Table 4.8.1 provides the summary of PEA risks and the most
typical hazardous factors, as well as possible external actions and factors that may cause emergency
situations.
Table 4.8.1. Hazardous factors
Risks Most common hazardous factors
Wind farm WT
Transformer substations
Electricity cables
WT Spinning rotor blades
Power towers
Rotor oil
Electrical equipment;
Transformer substation Electrical equipment
Transformer oil
Electricity cables Electrical voltage
External actions and factors
Passing-by vessels Transportation of dangerous goods
Marine fuel
Bilge oils
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Damages to tower structures
Flying-by aircraft Aircraft fuel
Damages to blades
Birds Bird deaths
Rotor failures
Extreme hydro-meteorological conditions Icing
Hurricanes, severe storms
Lithuanian normative documents in force impose an obligation to use highest values in projects and, thus,
to hedge against possible deformations of building structures, which may cause accidents and collapses.
To ensure safe operation of the WTs, their models are selected with due regard to the local weather
conditions.
The EIA report will address a potential impact of accidents and emergencies during the operation of the
wind farm, propose solutions to avoid such impact, and provide for measures to prevent and reduce the
impact of potential accidents and emergencies.
Information to be provided in the EIA report:
Aspect to be Information provided
considered
Description of the Information on shipping lanes in the territorial waters and outer roadsteads of
current situation Klaipeda port, submarine communications (cables, pipelines) in the vicinity of
the wind farm.
Assessment of the potential impact of accidents and emergencies during the
construction and operation of the wind farm:
Potential significant • The likelihood that natural or catastrophic meteorological and
impact during the hydrological phenomena, including geological processes and phenomena,
wind farm will damage or destroy the PEA structures or facilities and endanger the life
installation, and health of the population and biodiversity;
operation, and • The expected adverse effects on the environment and human health,
dismantling phases commercial and recreational shipping due to the risk of exposure of the
offshore wind farm to disasters and/or emergencies, including those caused
by climate change.
Qualitative risk assessment using a risk matrix.
The PEA risk analysis, forecasting and assessment of possible emergency
situations, and planning of preventive measures will be carried out in
Assessment methods compliance with:
– Recommendations on assessment of risks and emergencies related to the
proposed economic activity; 30
– The list of criteria for emergencies, indicators of natural, catastrophic
meteorological and hydrological phenomena31 32
Measures to prevent, Following the assessment of the potential impact of accidents and emergencies
30 Approved by Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. 367 of 16 July 2002 “On Approval of the
Recommendations on Assessment of Risks and Emergencies Related to the Proposed Economic Activity R41-02.”
31 Approved by Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania no. 1063 of 14 September 2015 “On Approval of the
List of Criteria for Emergencies.”
32 Approved by Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-870 of 11 November 2011 “On
Approval of the Indicators of Natural, Catastrophic Meteorological and Hydrological Phenomena.”
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Information to be provided in the EIA report:
reduce, or during the construction and operation of the wind farm:
compensate for • Taking the right solutions to prevent emergencies and accidents, to
major adverse effects minimize their probability;
on the environment
• Based on the results of the risk analysis, planning and recommendation of
prevention and mitigation measures.
Map of the vicinities, including shipping lanes, outer roadstead, and submarine
communication routes;
Graphical material
Maps of potential threats to the proposed wind farm, if any identified during the
risk analysis.
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5. MONITORING
The monitoring measures are appropriate for in the implementation of the PEA: installation of the WT
farm in Lithuania's marine territory of the Baltic Sea.
The monitoring programme draft will be prepared during the EIA.
The monitoring programme is expected to include monitoring of the impacts of the WT and TS
construction and cabling on the seabed, water quality, and wildlife.
While developing the EIA, it is planned to carry out baseline observations of birds and bats, which will
allow to judge on the abundance of species using the territory and the susceptibility of the territory to
the proposed economic activity.
The EIA report will include an outline of environmental monitoring.
6. INFORMATION OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT
Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe on Environmental Impact
Assessment in a Transboundary Context (hereinafter – the ESPOO Convention) prescribes that a
transboundary EIA is to be carried out when the PEA is listed in Appendix I to the ESPOO Convention.
Pursuant to Decision III/7 “Second Amendment to the ESPOO Convention” of 04/06/2004, major
installations for the harnessing of wind power for energy production (wind farms) are included in
Appendix I to the Convention.
On the basis of the powers granted under the Paragraph 1 of the Resolution of the Government of the
Republic of Lithuania no. 900 of 28 July 2000 “On Granting of Powers to the Ministry of Environment
and Its Subordinate Institutions,” the transboundary EIA process is coordinated by the Ministry of
Environment.
The distance from the PEA to the Latvian EEZ is about 2.8 km, to the Swedish EEZ – about 77 km, and
to the Russian EEZ – about 40 km.
The expected transboundary impact will be assessed as part of the EIA. Due to its peculiarities, the PEA
may have a transboundary impact in the following aspects:
Aspect / Description of potential impact
Environmental
component
Impact on birds The WT farm may be a barrier to birds and bats migrating over the Baltic Sea It is
and bats known that there are intense migrations of geese, gruiformes, diver, passerine, and
other bird families observed over Lithuania's territorial waters. Research data shows
that there is a probability that bats, under favourable natural conditions, may migrate
to wintering grounds over the Lithuanian marine area of the Baltic Sea, near the
coastline.
Shipping As mentioned above in paragraph 2.2.1, the PEA territory is outside the established
international shipping routes, roadsteads, or anchorage sites; neither is it bordering
them. Therefore, no significant impact on shipping or international shipping routes
is expected.
Visual effect The PEA territory is located about 30 km from the Latvian coastline. At such a
distance, offshore wind farms will be barely visible from onshore observation sites,
therefore, significant visual effect is unlikely.
62
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Aspect / Description of potential impact
Environmental
component
Mineral The northern part of the PEA territory overlaps with the boundaries of potential oil
Resources production structures. The potential oil production locations are also known in the
marine area of the Republic of Latvia. A distance from the PEA border to the sea
border with Latvia is about 2.8 km, therefore, an impact on oil resources in the
Republic of Latvia and prospective mining is unlikely.
63
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
PUBLIC INFORMATION AND CONSULTING
The public shall be informed about the ready EIA programme in accordance with the Section 2 of Chapter
5 of the Procedure.
Information on public access to the EIA programme and submission of proposals has been disclosed as
follows:
- provided by e-mail to the EPA, by requesting to publish it on the website;
- provided by e-mail to the administrations of municipalities of Palanga, Klaipeda district and Klaipeda
city, by requesting to publish it on the websites and bulletin boards of the administrations;
- published on the website of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania;
- published on the website of Public Institution Coastal Research and Planning Institute;
- published in newspapers “Klaipėda,” “Banga,” “Palangos tiltas.”
REFERENCES
Annual Report: Environmental Statement, Vestas Wind Systems, 2002
Cape Wind Energy Project, 2004
Carlén I., 2013. The Baltic Sea ecosystem from a porpoise point of view. Stokholmo universitetas.
Retrieved from http://www.sambah.org/Docs/General/Doktoranduppsats-Ida-Carlen-FINAL.pdf
Dailidienė, I., Baudler, H., Chubarenko, B., Navarotskaya, S., 2011. Long term water level and surface
temperature changes in the lagoons of the southern and eastern Baltic. Oceanologia 53 (TI), 293–308.
Emelyanov E., Trimonis E., Gulbinskas S. 2002. Surficial (0-5 cm) sediments. In: Emelyanov E. (ed.)
Geology of the Gdansk Basin. Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad, Yantarny skaz. 82-118 p.p.
Gelumbauskaitė L.-Ž., Grigelis, A., Cato, I., Repečka, M., Kjellin, B. 1999. Bottom topography and
sediment maps of the central Baltic Sea. Scale 1:500,000. A short description // LGT Series
of Marine Geoogical Maps No. 1 / SGU Series of Geological Maps Ba No. 54. Vilnius-
Uppsala
Gelumbauskaitė, L. Ž. 1986. Geomorphology of the SE Baltic Sea. Geomorfologiya, Vol. 1, Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Moscow: 55–61. (In Russian).
Gelumbauskaitė, L.Ž. 2010. Palaeo–Nemunas delta history during the Holocene. Baltica. Vol. 23(2): 109-
116.
Gulbinskas, S. 1995. Šiuolaikinių dugno nuosėdų pasiskirstymas sedimentacinėje arenoje Kuršių marios-
Baltijos jūra. Geografijos metraštis, 28: 296-314.
Jeppsson J., Larsen P.E., Larison A. 2008. (Flodérus, Arne. Experiences from the Construction and
Installation of Lillgrund Wind Farm. Lillgrund Pilot Project. September 29, 2008. The Swedeish Energy
Agency
Jussi I., 2009. Marine mammals inventory. Final report of LIFE Nature project “Marine Protected Areas
in the Eastern Baltic Sea. Ref. No LIFE 05 NAT/LV/000100. 11 p.
Kelpšaitė, L. and Dailidienė, I. 2011. Influence of wind wave climate change to the coastal processes in
the eastern part of the Baltic Proper. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 64 (Proceedings of the
11th International Coastal Symposium), 220 – 224 Szczecin, Poland, ISSN 0749-0208
Department of Cultural Heritage. Retrieved from http://kvr.kpd.lt/heritage/
Lithuanian spatial information portal. Retrieved from https://www.geoportal.lt.
Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Economic Activities
no. XIII-529 of 27 June 2017;
64
Environmental Impact Assessment Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Law of the Republic of Lithuania on Protected Areas (LRS1993-11-09 Nr. I-301)
Matthäus W., 1990. Mixing across the primary Baltic halocline. Beitr. Meereskd., 61: 21-31
Natkevičiūtė V., Kulikov P., Grušas A., 2013.Baltijos jūros žinduolių paplitimas ir būklė. Baltijos jūros
aplinkos būklė. Sudar. A. Stankevičius. Aplinkos apsaugos agentūros Jūrinių tyrimų
departamentas. Vilnius, 218 p.
Pearson D. 2011. Decommissioning Wind Turbines In The UK Offshore Zone, BWEA23: Turning
Things Around - annual conference and exhibition (Brighton).
Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment of Proposed Economic Activities (Approved by Order
of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-885 of 21 October 2017)
State Service for Protected Areas. Retrieved from http://stk.vstt.lt/stk/.
Vyšniauskas I. 2003. Vandens temperatūros režimas pietrytinėje Baltijoje, Baltijos jūros aplinkos būklė,
31–34.
Žaromskis R. Okeanai, jūros estuarijos. 1996. Vilnius, 293 p.
Žaromskis R., Pupienis D. Srovių greičio ypatumai skirtingose Pietryčių Baltijos hidrodinaminėse zonose.
Geografija, Vilnius, 2003, T39(1), p. 16–23.
Гидрометеорологические условия шельфовой зоны морей СССР. Т.1. Балтийское море. Выпуск 1.
Л., 1983.
65
Coastal Research and Planning Institute
Summary of Environmental Impact Assessment
Programme for the Installation and Operation of the
Offshore Wind Farm of up to 700 MW Installed Capacity
in Lithuania’s Marine Territory
Year of the document: 2021
Organiser (Developer) of the proposed Ministry of Energy of the Republic of
economic activity Lithuania
Developer of the Environmental Impact Public Institution Coastal Research
Assessment Programme: and Planning Institute
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Name (title) of the developer (proponent of the proposed economic activity) ...................................... 4
2. Information on the Nature of Proposed Economic Activity .................................................................. 4
2.1. Title of the proposed economic activity ....................................................................................... 4
2.2. Type of activity and indication whether the proposed activity is listed in Appendix I to the UN
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) .... 4
2.3. Description of the proposed activity ................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Scale of the proposed activity ............................................................................................................. 8
2.5. Time-frame for proposed activity ....................................................................................................... 8
3. Information on the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity ............................................................ 9
3.1. Location and description of the location........................................................................................... 10
3.1.1. Geographical and Administrative Situation of the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity11
3.1.2. Socio-economic characteristics of the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity ............... 11
3.1.3. Distance to the Affected Party to the Espoo Convention and its sensitive areas, e. g. “Natura
2000” and other protected sites, objects and sites of cultural heritage, residential areas, etc.) ............ 15
3.2. Rationale for location of the proposed activity ................................................................................. 16
4. Information on expected environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures ............................. 18
4.1. Information on possible local and transboundary environmental impacts of the activity on the following
environmental aspects .............................................................................................................................. 18
4.1.1. Human health and safety ............................................................................................................ 18
4.1.2. Flora and fauna........................................................................................................................... 18
4.1.3. Ambient Air and Climate ........................................................................................................... 21
4.1.4. Water .......................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.5. Soil: Seabed and Deep Sea......................................................................................................... 24
4.1.6. Landscape................................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.7. Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................................ 27
4.1.8. Material Valuables ..................................................................................................................... 27
5. Information of the potential significant transboundary impact ............................................................... 28
References ................................................................................................................................................... 30
2
ABBREVIATIONS
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
RES Renewable energy sources
MoE Ministry of the Environment
IHPA Important Habitat Protection Area
CPTRL Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
EC European Commission
MSFD Marine strategy framework directives
LR Republic of Lithuania
LRS Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania
LRV Government of the Republic of Lithuania
MW Megawatts
IBPA Important Bird Protection Area
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
PHIA Public Health Impact Assessment
PEA Proposed economic activity
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
TS Transformer substation
WT Wind turbine
3
1. NAME (TITLE) OF THE DEVELOPER (PROPONENT OF THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY)
Name of the legal Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania
person
Contact person: Jevgenija Jankevič, Advisor of the Climate Change Management
Policy Group of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania
Address: Gedimino Ave 38, Vilnius, LT 01104
Phone +370 5 203 4667 (6); +370 602 47 359
E-mail
[email protected]
Designated institution:
Name of the legal Public Institution Lithuanian Energy Agency
person
Contact person: Tadas Norvydas, Head of Energy Research and Monitoring Division
Roman Bykov, Chief Expert
Address: Gedimino Ave 38, Vilnius, LT 01104
Phone +370 680 70 589; +370 619 69 044
E-mail
[email protected];
[email protected]
2. INFORMATION ON THE NATURE OF PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
2.1. Title of the proposed economic activity
Proposed economic activity – installation and operation of the offshore wind turbine (hereinafter – WT)
farm of up to 700 MW installed capacity in the Lithuanian marine territory of the Baltic Sea approved by
the Resolution of Government of Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter – LRV).
The specification for the procurement of document preparation services for the environmental impact
assessment procedures for the wind turbines to be deployed in Lithuania’s marine territory defines the
PEA as the totality of offshore wind turbines, their foundations, and electricity transmission system up to
the offshore substation, including the offshore transformer substation.
Electricity will be generated in the WT farm by means of the offshore WTs and by transmitting the
energy produced to the electricity network.
2.2. Type of activity and indication whether the proposed activity is listed in Appendix I
to the UN Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary
Context (Espoo Convention)
Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe on Environmental Impact
Assessment in a Transboundary Context (hereinafter – the ESPOO Convention) prescribes that a
transboundary EIA is to be carried out when the PEA is listed in Appendix I to the ESPOO Convention.
4
Pursuant to Decision III/7 “Second Amendment to the ESPOO Convention” of 04/06/2004, major
installations for the harnessing of wind power for energy production (wind farms) are included in
Appendix I to the Convention.
On the basis of the powers granted under the Paragraph 1 of the Resolution of the Government of the
Republic of Lithuania no. 900 of 28 July 2000 “On Granting of Powers to the Ministry of Environment
and Its Subordinate Institutions,” the transboundary EIA process is coordinated by the Ministry of
Environment.
The distance from the PEA to the Latvian EEZ is about 2.8 km, to the Swedish EEZ – about 77 km, and
to the Russian EEZ – about 40 km.
2.3. Description of the proposed activity
It is planned to install the offshore WT farm up to 700 MW total installed capacity in the marine territory
of the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV Resolution.
Taking into account the development trends of WT high technologies, technical solutions of existing wind
farms in the Baltic and North seas, and the economic efficiency aspect related to the implementation of
these high technologies, the initial assessment phase will involve negotiations on 8 MW to 16 MW
offshore wind turbine models, currently available on the market, for the installation of the proposed WT
farm of up to 700 MW installed capacity. During the implementation of this offshore wind farm project,
wind farms with a capacity of up to 20 MW or more can be expected. The height of such offshore WT
may vary, but not limited to, from 140 m to 300 m; the number of such turbines in the proposed territory
may be approximately 87 to 43 pcs (but not limited to), subject to the model capacity. The WT model,
layout in the territory, and the number thereof, to be used for the environmental impact assessment, will
be specified after the detailed wind strength measurements which are scheduled for 2022.
In that regard, the EIA report will include the assessment of several various alternatives for the offshore
wind farm deployment in the proposed territory, the construction, operation, and dismantling of the
offshore WTs of different heights and installed capacities to best (most efficiently) meet natural
conditions in the selected area.
Based on the selected capacity of the WT, a potential significant effect of the number, physical and
technical characteristics, and location of the offshore WTs on various components of the environment and
public health in the approved territory will be examined. As part of the analysis of the alternatives, a scale
of effect of the installed offshore wind farm on various components of the environment and public health
has been assessed; essential measures to reduce the effect of installation, operation, and dismantling have
been envisaged.
Taking into account solutions under the Engineering Infrastructure Development Plan for Marine Areas
of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Lithuania in the
Baltic sea, Designed for the Development of Renewable Energy and with a view of using the entire
territory most efficiently, peripheral wind turbines are planned to be constructed at the cable protection
zone (100 m) from the boundaries of the territory, by planning the entire power plant layout grid,
accordingly.1
Wind turbines
A wind power turbine consists of three main components: a gondola, with an embedded turbine, a rotor,
with spinning blades, and a tower, with its foundation.
A gondola is fitted with the WT's main components (generator, gearbox, and control cabinet) which run
the generator and transform the rotor's rotation energy into the three-phase variable electric power.
WT blades spin the rotor which transforms the kinetic energy of wind into the rotary energy and transmits
it to a gearbox which actuates a generator.
1 https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.416425
5
A tower is bearing tubular steel structure, the housing of which is equipped with a shaft, designed for
gondola service and energy transmission, and a power transformer, which equalises a variable electrical
energy and transmits it to the substation.
Wind Turbine Foundation Structures
A specific type of a WT foundation to be chosen depends on a manufacturer's requirements, as well as on
geological and hydrodynamic conditions of the proposed location.
Monopile structures are used at depths up to 50 m. Piles are driven up into the seabed until the required
insertion depth is reached, which depends on geological and hydrodynamic conditions. Such foundation
affects the minimal area of the bottom; however, pile-driving works cause noise. The effect is short-time,
however, due to its high intensity and wide-spread occurrence during the installation of the foundation, is
quite significant for living organisms that have and use their hearing organs for communication. Because
of the type of structure, local bottom depression may occur, while the seabed may become an artificial
reef for marine organisms.
Tripods are used in intermediate-depth waters (20–80 m) and consist of three 'legs' connected to the
service core which is bearing the WT foundation. Each leg of the tripod is attached to the bottom using a
separate pile. Due to a relatively wider structure, pile penetration into the seabed is smaller. The effect on
the seabed is combined, i.e., similar to the effect of the mono-pile and gravity-based structures.
Jacked foundations vary – they may have three or four corner piles. The structure itself is permeable,
therefore, it fits well for 20 to 50 m depths. It is exposed to lower wave-impact loads. This is a highly
reliable structure (though, expensive) which is rather widely used for construction of offshore platforms
or offshore transformers substations.
Gravity-based foundation is used in shallow waters (0–30 m) and consists of a big and heavy steel or
concrete base which is lowered right onto the seabed. A base of such type of foundation is large-sized
and, as a result, affects the largest possible area of the bottom, facilitates the formation of artificial reefs,
and may cause much more serious destructions of local benthic communities.
The choice of foundation determines what area of natural substrate will be affected during the
construction of the foundation and how hydrodynamic conditions of the proposed location will change.
The choice of the type of offshore WT foundation will depend on the depth, geological and hydrodynamic
conditions of the seabed to be installed. The type of foundation will be chosen by the developer after
detailed research of the seabed during the preparation of the technical design of the WT farm. Only then
the developer will choose the most appropriate and effective solution for the specific park and bottom
conditions.
Electricity Transmission Solutions
A chain of medium and high voltage electrical power lines, step-up transformers, and substations is
necessary so that to transform and transmit the generated electricity to the grids managed by the
electricity transmission system operator LITGRID AB. Connection of the offshore transformer substation
to the onshore one is not proposed or considered under the this EIA.
In seas and oceans, energy is transported and communication is maintained via subsea cables. As the
capacity of wind farms and distances between power plants increase, 33 kV submarine cables, which had
been used so far, no longer provide adequate throughput power.
The 66 kV voltage is planned and offered by the market to use for submarine cables, transformers, and
switchgears2, the use of 132 kV cables may be considered in the future. An exact number of WTs and
cable lines in each and the voltage used is to be specified during the technical design.
2https://www.tennet.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Our_Grid/Offshore_Netherlands/Consultatie_proces_net_op_zee/Technical_Topic
s/4_T1._Enclosure_nr_1b_-_66_kV_systems_for_Offshore_Wind_Farms_by_DNV_GL.pdf
https://search.abb.com/library/Download.aspx?DocumentID=9AKK107046A1094&LanguageCode=en&DocumentPartId=&Acti
on=Launch
6
Cable Line Laying Technology
Cable lines interconnecting the WTs and a WT with a transformer substation are recessed 1-2 m into the
seabed. The technical design provides a solution of whether and/or which sections will need additional
protection against physical flushing/exposure.
Installation Solutions for the Offshore Transformer Substation
The TS is designed to accumulate the power generated by the entire wind farm, to transform it, and to
transmit electricity to grids. A TS is usually built in the centre of the generated power or in another
location suitable for bringing medium and high voltage cable lines. Step-up transformer substations do
not occupy much space in the PEA territory:3 Dimensions of the TS foundation is similar to the one of the
WT.
The choice of substation location is influenced by:
• Sea depth: construction is more cost efficient in shallower waters;
• Lengths of medium-voltage cables and energy losses in them: most cost-efficient location for
the substation is a centre of generating sources;
• Proposed high-voltage connections with onshore and other wind farms;
• Additional wind turbulence caused by a substation as a structure.
The technical design will specify the need for step-up (intermediate) transformer substations and the
electrical network connection scheme.
The Main Proposed Wind Farm Installation Works
During the construction phase, WT components are delivered to the construction site and assembled. The
main offshore WT installation works:
- Foundation installation;
- Tower erection;
- Nacelle installation;
- Blade mounting;
- Power cable line laying within the wind farm;
- Connection of WTs to the electricity transmission system.
After the foundation has been installed at the bottom of the sea, power transmission cables are connected
to it; foundation is reinforced.
The tower is erected on the installed foundation using foundation bolts. Before erecting the wind tower,
horizontality of the foundation surface must be ensured.
WTs are connected and electricity is transmitted using special submarine cables. Cable laying trenches
are dug in the seabed. A cable is laid in the dug-out trench using a special vessel. The cable is pulled
ashore using boats and an excavator.
Power transformers, control/surveillance system are usually arranged in the power substation.
Power transmission cables are laid from WTs to the offshore power substation. WTs are connected to the
power substation using submarine cables. The installed WT foundations are connected via the power
transmission cables. The foundation structure is fitted with wind tower components, a rotor is suspended,
and a transformer is installed. WTs are furnished with lightning-conductors, a remote surveillance &
control system.
Ready-to-install WT components (upper and lower parts of the tower, blades) are loaded onto the ship
using a crane and transported to the construction site.
3 https://www.nordseeone.com/engineering-construction/offshore-substation.html
7
Operation Phase
The operation phase must include the maintenance, repairs, and inspections of WTs. The safety of
inspection and repair staff, arriving at the WTs, is crucial at this phase. With this aim in view, a secure
outfit and procedure for access to the WTs must be selected.
Maintenance of wind farms may engage small ships which might easily approach and moor next to the
WT and the service staff of which might have safe access to the WT service platform.
Dismantling Phase
The sequence of WT dismantling operations is opposite to the construction one: dismantling of power
supply infrastructure; rotor disassembly; gondola and tower disassembly, and (partial) WT foundation
demolition.
The main dismantling works:
- Removal of turbine lubricants and other potentially hazardous substances;
- WT cut-off from internal power cables;
- Dismantling, extraction, and removal of power cables onshore using barges and special
equipment;
- Dismantling and removal of WT components: blades, gondolas, tower;
- Demolition of foundation: dismantling of foundation components, extraction from water, and
removal of them onshore. In case of mono-pile foundation, it is cut off below the bottom level
after a sand layer is removed.
All parts of the WTs are shipped onshore and delivered for reuse, recycling, or recovery. All parts of the
WTs, except for fibreglass (blades), are subject to recovery.
2.4. Scale of the proposed activity
It will be built up with an offshore wind farm of 700 MW installed capacity. The total area of the PEA
territory is 137.5 km2.
Construction of the WTs in the marine territory will involve certified products that meet the EU
requirements. Only the installation of separate equipment will be performed on site; this will require
preparatory works and, later, WT operation works.
The PEA does not provide for any use or storage of hazardous substances or mixtures, radioactive agents,
hazardous or non-hazardous waste.
Scope of Use of Natural Resource
Wind energy will be used to produce electricity. Pursuant to the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on
Energy from Renewable Sources, wind power means air movement energy used for generation of energy.
2.5. Time-frame for proposed activity
EIA for wind energy far installation was started in the beginning of the Augusto of 2021. The
estimated duration of the environmental impact assessment is two years, up to the August of
2023. After the finishing of EIA procedures, including transboundary consultations, and
obtaining the decision of EIA in accordance with the draft Law on Renewable Resources Energy,
a tender for a permit for development and operation is scheduled for 2023-09 and will end in
2024-02/03 months. A WT farm developer will be selected in the tender to develop the project.
After the tender, a maximum of 3 years is granted for obtaining a building permit (theoretically
until 2027) and a maximum of 3 years for obtaining a permit to generate electricity (theoretically
until 2030), i.e. since winning the tender in 2024 – maximum construction period can take a six
years.
8
3. INFORMATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE PROPOSED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
The WTs are proposed to be installed in the marine territory of the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV
Resolution where a tender (tenders) for the development and operation of power plants using renewable
energy sources is (are) expedient by 2030.
The main characteristics of the territory:
– Area: 137.5 km2;
– Average depth: 35 m;
– Distance from Klaipeda Seaport: from 38 km;
– Average wind speed: approx. 9 m/s (obtained by mathematical modeling (100 m above sea
level)).
Fig. 3.1. The PEA territory in the Baltic Sea approved by the LRV Resolution.
Table 3.1. Coordinates of the territory approved by the LRV Resolution
Territory point no. (see Coordinates
Fig. 2.1.)
according to the World Geodetic System according to the Lithuanian Coordinate
1984 System 1994
(WGS–84) (LKS–94)
1 20°28,896`E X-6214874,86;
56°1,060`N Y-280673,02
2 20°30,137`E X-6210266,97;
55°58,610`N Y-281731,59
3 20°34,683`E X-6205120,56;
55°55,962`N Y-286214,29
3 to 4 point section 20°34,683`E X-6205120,56;
55°55,962`N, Y-286214,29,
then, based on the 29,500 m arch, then, based on the 29,500 m arch,
21°02,476`E X-6198268,02;
9
Territory point no. (see Coordinates
Fig. 2.1.)
according to the World Geodetic System according to the Lithuanian Coordinate
1984 System 1994
(WGS–84) (LKS–94)
55°52,987`N Y-314907,19
to to
20°34,340`E X-6196802,40;
55°51,466`N Y-285443,88
4 20°34,340`E X-6196802,40;
55°51,466`N Y-285443,88
5 20°32,392`E X-6196766,38;
55°51,392`N Y-283405,67
6 20°29,505`E X-6197719,01;
55°51,824`N Y-280435,73
7 20°28,524`E X-6202274,37;
55°54,253`N Y-279642,58
8 20°20,403`E X-6206062,21;
55°56,059`N Y-271362,10
9 20°18,902`E X-6207506,01;
55°56,793`N Y-269872,71
The selected PEA area falls into the potential territories for the development of renewable energy
resources approved by the solutions of Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania.
3.1. Location and description of the location
The PEA is situated in the Lithuania's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Baltic Sea, at depth of 25 to 45 m
isobaths.
Fig. 3.1.1. Situation of PEA area.
10
3.1.1. Geographical and Administrative Situation of the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity
The PEA territory is distant from the shoreline and adjacent municipalities of Klaipeda city, Klaipeda
district, and Palanga. The shortest distance from the proposed territory to the town of Palanga is about
29.5 km (fig. 3.1.1).
3.1.2. Socio-economic characteristics of the Territory of the Proposed Economic Activity
The PEA territory is outside the established international shipping routes, roadsteads, or anchorage sites;
neither is it bordering them. A cartographic comparison of the PEA territory with the defined water areas
of Klaipeda State Seaport, Sventoji Port, and Butinge Terminal, anchorage sites, and shipping corridors is
presented in Figure 3.1.2 below.
In Lithuania's marine territory of the Baltic Sea, there have been two types of engineering infrastructure
identified: a pipeline complex, including the Single Point Mooring (SPM) buoy at the Butinge Terminal,
and submarine cables.
The 7.3 km long pipeline at the Butinge Oil Terminal connects an underground onshore pipeline with a
tanker mooring buoy and is used for oil product handing operations at AB Orlen Lietuva. The terminal
has a water area allocated thereto, within a radius of 1,000 m around the SPM buoy, and a safety area of
300 m on each side of the oil pipeline. 4
The Exclusive Economic Zone is intersected by the four submarine cable lines: 2 telecommunications
cable routes, with the starting point in Sventoji, Lithuania, owned/operated by AB TeliaSonera (according
to: International Cable Protection Committee). An origin of the other four cable routes crossing the
Lithuanian EEZ South to North and South-west to North-east, marked on navigation maps, is unknown.
In the central part of the water area, from Klaipeda, via the Curonian Spit, and further towards the
Swedish EEZ, there has been a NORDBALT link constructed, that is, a 450 km long, 700 MW high-
voltage DC submarine and underground cable.
The LRV, by Resolution no. 720 of 1 September 2021, approved the engineering infrastructure
development plan for the special state importance energy system synchronisation project “Construction of
Harmony Link Connection and 330 kV Darbenai Switchyard.” It presents a route for the proposed
offshore connection HARMONY Link.
The PEA territory does not fall within the areas of the existing and proposed engineering infrastructure.
Part of the PEA territory is within the danger zone at sea, i.e., former minefields (Fig. 3.1.2).
In Lithuania’s territorial sea and the Exclusive Economic Zone, there are several restricted-use, military
exercise grounds, a water area with wrecks of World War II munitions, and former minefields of quite a
large area. It is possible to carry out economic activities in the said territories, however, a prerequisite is
to conduct seabed surveys in search of hazardous objects and, if necessary, to carry out decontamination
of hazardous objects before the implementation of technical design solutions.
4The Shipping Rules have been approved by Order of the Minister of Transport and Communications of the
Republic of Lithuania no. 3-248 of 18 September 2000 “On Approval of the Butinge Oil Terminal Shipping Rules.”
11
Fig. 3.1.2. Layout of the proposed territory in respect of shipping routes, engineering infrastructure and
endangered zones.
Based on the classification by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Lithuania's marine
territory falls within statistical quarters 0H10, 40G9 and 39H10 of subdivision 26 of the fishing area
where fish is caught with trawls and trap nets.
The PEA territory falls within statistical quarters 504 and 534 which accommodate trawling areas (Fig.
3.1.3).
12
Fig. 3.1.3. Fishing areas.
A distance from the PEA territory to the nearest recreational areas and beaches of Palanga Municipality is
approx. 29.5 km (Fig. 3.1.4).
According to the Cultural Heritage Register of Lithuania, there are 9 valuables registered in the maritime
territory of Lithuania. The PEA territory contains no registered cultural valuables. The distance to the
closest registered marine cultural valuable, i.e., the vessel 38471 “L-14” sunken in the Baltic Sea, is
approx. 24 km.
13
Fig. 3.1.4. Marine cultural heritage sites, residential and recreational areas in the coastal municipalities.
5 6
Based on the Methodology for mapping of territories of the Republic of Lithuania where design and
construction of wind power plants may be subject to restrictions in relation to national security, a map of
the territories of the Republic of Lithuania, where wind power plant (high-rise buildings) design and
construction works may be subject to restrictions, has been developed and approved.
The PEA territory is a part of the areas where construction sites for wind power plants are subject to
coordination provided that a manufacturer of energy from renewable resources signs a contract with the
Lithuanian Armed Forces on part of the investment and other costs (Fig. 3.1.5).
5 Approved by Order of the Minister of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania no. V-921 of 22 August 2012 “On
Approval of Methodology for Mapping of Territories of the Republic of Lithuania Where Design and Construction of Wind
Power Plants May Be Subject to Restrictions in Relation to National Security.”
6 Approved by Order of the Commander of the Lithuanian Armed Forces no. V-217 of 15 February 2016 “On Approval of
Methodology for Mapping Territories of the Republic of Lithuania Where Wind Power Plant (High-Rise Buildings) Design and
Construction Works May Be Subject to Restrictions.”
14
Fig. 3.1.5. Location of the PEA territory in relation to the areas subject to national security requirements
(basis: the Map of the territories of the Republic of Lithuania, where wind power plant (high-rise buildings)
design and construction works may be subject to restrictions, approved by Order of the Commander of the
Lithuanian Armed Forces no. V-217 of 15 February 2016).
3.1.3. Distance to the Affected Party to the Espoo Convention and its sensitive areas, e. g. “Natura
2000” and other protected sites, objects and sites of cultural heritage, residential areas, etc.)
The distance from the proposed territory to the Latvian EEZ is about 2.8 km, to the Swedish EEZ – about
77 km, and to the Russian EEZ – about 40 km.
The Maritime Spatial Plan of the Republic of Latvia has been approved on 14 May 2019. According to
this plan in the Latvian marine area nearby the Lithuanian-Latvian EEZ border, there are plans to install
wind farms E1 and E2, also there plans for biodiversity research areas and exploration of potential
offshore oil fields.
Distance from the PEA area to the planned and existing activities in the territory of Latvia are (Fig.
3.1.6.):
- Proposed offshore WT farm zone E1 – 4,6 km;
- Proposed offshore WT farm zone E2 – 10,8 km;
- Proposed biodiversity research area B1 – 3,3 km;
- Zone of exploration of potential offshore oil fields – 14,7 km
- Existing marine protected area Nida–Perkone – 24,5 km;
- Nearest Latvian coastline – 33,9 km
15
Fig. 3.1.6 pav. Distance from proposed area to EEZ of Republic of Latvia and its economic activities.
3.2. Rationale for location of the proposed activity
The offshore wind park in the Baltic Sea is one of the most important projects envisaged in the National
Energy Independence Strategy, which will increase the production of local electricity from renewable
energy sources and reduce dependence on electricity imports.7
The PEA development area fits into the potential areas most suitable for the development of offshore
renewable energy projects, including wind energy alternative energy production territories defined in the
technical infrastructure drawing of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
(2015), supplemented with the part “Marine Territories” (Fig. 3.2.1).
The PEA development area is within the dedicated OWE development zone approved by the Resolution
of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania no. 697 of 22 June 2020 “On the Identification of the
Priority Parts of Lithuania’s Territorial Sea and/or the Lithuanian Exclusive Economic Zone in the Baltic
Sea Where a Tender (Tenders) for the Development and Operation of Power Plants Using Renewable
Energy Sources is (are) Expedient and on the Measurement of the Installed Capacities of Such Power
Plants.”
7The PEA, approved by Resolution of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania no. No. XI-2133 of 26 June 2012
“On Approval of the National Energy Independence Strategy.”
16
Fig. 3.2.1. Location of the PEA territory in relation to the solutions of the technical infrastructure scheme in
the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania supplemented with the part “Marine
Territories.”
17
4. INFORMATION ON EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
MEASURES
4.1. Information on possible local and transboundary environmental impacts of the activity
on the following environmental aspects
4.1.1. Human health and safety
The key factors determined by onshore wind energy that may affect public health are: noise, flickering,
electromagnetic field, and infrasound.
An impact of the WTs is usually studied and may occur for the living environment up to 2 km from the
proposed WTs. The effect of flickering can be perceived at up to 1-1.5 km from WT towers.
Electromagnetic fields are only generated in the immediate vicinity of a WT rotor or overhead power
lines and usually grow weak to the limit values of about 20-30 m from the cables. Infrasound is also
typical for the natural environment, in particular, for the marine environment due to wind and wash of
waves. Since competent experts have found that modern WTs emit merely slight infrasound, neither WT-
induced infrasound nor low-frequency sound are controversial in European countries. Due to the long
distance to the nearest living environment (29,5 km to Palanga coastline and 33,9 km to nearest Latvian
coastline), the said factors are not so relevant for offshore wind energy which is normally developed at
quite a long distance from the coast.
The Public Health part of the EIA Report will be drafted and the potential impact on public health will be
assessed in accordance with the guidelines provide for in Annex 1 of the Procedure “Recommendations
on the Structure and Scope of Environmental Impact Assessment Documents,” Chapter II, Section 8
“Public Health.”
When preparing the EIA Report, an impact of the PEA on public health shall be assessed by analysing the
likely direct and indirect effect of physical factors caused by the PEA on public health. Public health
impacts are addressed to the population living in the impact zone of economic activities and to other
people, especially, the most vulnerable groups of the population (e.g., children, the elderly and the sick,
who are most sensitive to increased pollution).
Measures to reduce an impact of the proposed economic activity on public health and residential,
recreational or other areas envisaged in the approved territorial planning documents will be discussed int
EIA report.
4.1.2. Flora and fauna
In the Lithuanian waters of the Baltic Sea, there are protected areas and sites of the European ecological
network “Natura 2000” demarcated. The PEA territory borders the biosphere reserve of the Klaipeda-
Ventspils Plateau and important habitat and bird protection areas (Fig. 4.1.1). Information on the closest
protected areas is provided in Table 4.1.1.
18
Fig. 4.1.1. Protected areas and NATURA 2000 sites closest to the PEA territory.
Table 4.1.1. Information on the protected areas and NATURA 2000 sites bordering the PEA territory,
purposes of establishment thereof, protected natural habitats and species of EU importance (according to
the State Cadastre of Protected Areas of the Republic of Lithuania).
Distance from
the boundary
Protected area Area, ha Purpose of establishment, protected valuables of the
proposed
territory
To protect a valuable part of ecosystem of the
Baltic Sea in the Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, in
particular, with a view to conserve: Areas of the
natural marine habitat of EU importance,
i.e., 1,170 reefs, to ensure a favourable
conservation status thereof; a place of
regular gatherings of wintering water birds
of EU importance: velvet scooter (Melanitta
fusca), to ensure a favourable conservation status
Biosphere reserve of the thereof; wintering and migrating populations of
Klaipeda-Ventspils 31949.309903 razorbill (Alca torda), long-tailed duck borders
Plateau (Clangula hyemalis), to ensure a favourable
conservation status thereof; to conduct
observation (monitoring) of the natural habitat
and the protected species referred to in paragraph
3.1 of the Regulation, studies in relation to the
protected valuables; to collect information on
status thereof; to analyse the impact of human
activities on the marine ecosystem; to ensure the
sustainable use of natural resources; to promote
ideas and ways of biodiversity conservation.
19
Distance from
the boundary
Protected area Area, ha Purpose of establishment, protected valuables of the
proposed
territory
NATURA 2000 IBPA
to protect gatherings of the wintering velvet
Klaipeda-Ventspils 31949.309903 borders
Plateau scooter (Melanitta fusca)
NATURA 2000 IHPA
Klaipeda-Ventspils 17948.498809 1,170 reefs borders
Plateau
Potential Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity on Biodiversity
The installation of the offshore wind farm may have severe implications for biodiversity, both positively
and negatively.
The main positive aspects are related to the establishment of invertebrate communities on WT piles and
the restriction of fishing. This can make a WT farm a safe place for fish communities, thus, recovering
fish populations in the Baltic Sea.
The main negative aspects for birds are:
- Site avoidance and loss of feeding grounds for seabirds;
- Barrier effect for migrating birds;
- Direct collision and death caused by the WT.
Several negative aspects for other marine animals should be mentioned as well:
- Noise during the construction of a wind farm, which may cause adverse physiological effects
(including damage to organ tissues), disrupt animal communication, influence behaviour
(including eviction from their natural habitats or hunting areas);
- Potential barrier and death effect on migrating bats.
Projected studies and exploratory work to be carry out during EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Seabed habitats Bottom sampling and benthic habitat surveying using a remotely
operated underwater vehicle (ROV).
Distribution of benthic habitats, species composition and
abundance of benthic fauna.
Birds, bats Recording of birds, feeding on water, with the vessel for a period
of two years, every month, during the spring-autumn seasons
(May-October).
Recording of birds, feeding on water, with the plane for a period
of two years, every month, during the autumn-spring seasons
(November-April).
Observation of bird migration using visual and radar method
during spring and autumn migration seasons. During the
monitoring, data on species composition, abundance of migrating
and resting birds will be collected.
Recording of bat migration and flight intensity using an ultrasonic
detector.
Marine Mammals Recording of marine mammals on the plane or vessel every
month for a period of two years.
20
4.1.3. Ambient Air and Climate
The key meteorological factor of favourable conditions for the development of offshore wind energy
projects is wind strength. Based on the aggregate data (Fig. 4.1.2), the wind strength at sea increases as
moving further away from the shore and varies from 7 to 10 m/s. Preliminary data (based on
mathematical modelling) suggest that the average wind speed in the PEA territory may reach approx. 9
m/s. Detailed wind speed measurements are planned to be carried out in the PEA area before the start of
the tender.
Fig. 4.1.2 Average wind speed at sea.
Air pollution is associated with mechanisms of construction and maintenance of wind farms rather than
with the main proposed activity, i.e., electricity production by wind turbines. Main sources of ambient air
pollution during the offshore wind farm installation, operation, and dismantling phases are means of
transport and operated construction machinery.
Renewable energy sources, as a climate change mitigation measure, are particularly welcome in terms of
climate impact. Wind energy is one of the renewable forms of energy, which reduces the use of fossil
fuels and, together, emissions of CO2 and other substances into the ambient air. The use of wind energy
plays a great role in controlling climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy
sector. The PEA implementation is expected to have an indirect positive effect on the climate.
4.1.4. Water
Hydrological and Hydrodynamic Conditions of Lithuania's Baltic Sea
Wave height. The highest waves are observed in autumn and winter; the lowest ones – in summer. An
annual mean wave height is about 0.7 m.
In the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea direction of wave motion almost coincides with direction of
prevailing winds, i.e - SW-W-NW:
0-2 m high waves, caused by 4-9 m/s speed winds in ~70 of cases;
2-4 m high waves, caused by 10-19 m/s speed winds in ~24 of cases;
21
4-7 m high waves, caused by storm winds in ~4 of cases;
Calm sea is normally observed in summer and spring (~5 ).
Currents. Lithuania's territorial waters have a basic cyclonic direction of currents in the Baltic Sea
(counter-clockwise) (Žaromskis, 1996), which forms prevailing flows of water masses along the coast
from south to north.
The lowest current rates are observed in the spring-summer season, the highest – in autumn-winter. Due
to unevenness of the wind field and intense variation of wind speeds, wind-induced currents have a
complex spatial structure and high variation over time. The speed of wind-induced currents is decreasing
in greater depths.
At the sea surface (0-10 m layer) there are weak and medium currents prevailing, with a speed normally
not exceeding 0.20 m/s (Žaromskis, Pupienis, 2003). The marine area between the coast and 35 m isobath
has northward currents. Currents are directed toward the south far less often, toward the south-west –
least often. The northward direction of the current is determined by the freshwater flowing from Curonian
Lagoon. The 35-45 m deep area away from the shore is predominated by south-west, south, and west
currents. Even further, i.e., beyond the 45 m isobath, currents are directed toward the east and north-east.
In the intermediate water layer (10-30 m), there are various current regimes formed. The water area of up
to 25 m depth, like in the surface layer, mostly has northward currents. Less frequently, currents are
directed south- and westward. Beyond the 45 m isobath, there are north and north-east currents
prevailing. In the intermediate water layer, current speed is 0.11 to 0.14 m/s. Weak, 0.07-0.09 m/s rate
currents normally prevail in the bottom layer. The water area to 35 m isobath mostly has north-west and
south-east currents, in 35 to 45 m isobath – north-west, west, and south-west currents, and beyond 45 m –
north currents (Žaromskis, Pupienis, 2003).
Simulation of average current rates (m/s) and directions (degrees) for different seasons (spring, summer,
autumn, winter) (SMHI BALTICSEA_REANALYSIS_PHY_003_011 2012-2016) shows that weak
surface and bottom currents prevail in the open sea, with the speed averaging 3-5 cm/s in the surface layer
and 1-3 cm/s in the bottom one.
Temperature, Salinity, and Water Clarity Lithuania's marine area in the Baltic Sea is relatively shallow,
as a result, thermal regime of the water responds to seasonal fluctuations of climate conditions very
quickly (Dailidienė et al., 2011). Minimum water temperatures are reached in February (to -0.5°C), and
maximum – in July-August (to 28.2°C).
Variations of salinity in the southeastern Baltic Sea, in Lithuania's marine area, depend on the inflow of
fresh waters from rivers , as well as on the variations of salinity in the central Baltic Sea. In Lithuania's
water area, average water salinity is about 7 ‰.
The Baltic Sea monitoring reports by the Department of Marine Studies of the EPA show that the highest
water clarity is in the open sea where the Secchi depth reaches 4.5 m.
Ice Cover No permanent ice cover is formed in the Lithuanian area of the Baltic Sea. In normal and
severe winters, a shore ice belt, from a few metres to a few kilometres wide, is formed in coastal areas. It
usually consists of piled ice rocks, brought to the shore by wind and water currents which stays stable
only in calm and cold weather.
Water Quality
Ecological and Chemical status of the water bodies is being constantly monitored in the designated
monitoring sites (Fig. 4.1.3).
22
Fig. 4.1.3. Monitoring sites in the Baltic Sea and the Curonian Lagoon.
Potential Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity on Water
Under normal operating conditions, the offshore wind farm will not have any significant impact on
seawater quality. However, temporary changes in water quality are possible during construction, i.e.,
when installing foundations and laying cables due to a temporary increase in suspended particles
(turbidity) in the bottom layers of water column.
Where the proposed economic activity relates to the sea, information on the marine environment and its
characteristics shall be provided: geochemical properties of the water of the Baltic Sea, currents, waves,
including medium, storm values, their recurrence, seasonal and perennial fluctuations.
Characteristics of good environmental status of the sea have been established by Order of the Minister of
Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-194 of 4 March 2015 “On Approval of the
Characteristics of the Good Environmental Status of the Lithuanian Marine Area.” The qualitative
descriptors for determining good environmental status (according to Directive 2008/56/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action
in the field of marine environmental policy) have been established in Order of the Minister of
Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-500 of 14 June 2010 “On Approval of the Procedure for
Assessment of the Marine Environmental Status, Setting of Characteristics of Good Environmental Status
of the Baltic Sea, Objectives of Protecting the Marine Environment, the Monitoring Programme and
Measures,” Annex 2.
Operation of the proposed offshore wind farm is not expected to have any significant impact of water; the
EIA will rather be aimed to assess peculiarities of hydrological and hydro-chemical conditions of the
territory in question. Available data will be measured and new studies on hydrological and hydro-
chemical parameters of water will be conducted.
Projected studies and exploratory work to be carry out during EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Hydrological parameters Speed and direction of water currents, temperature, salinity
pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, petroleum hydrocarbons,
Hydro-chemical parameters polyaromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals
23
4.1.5. Soil: Seabed and Deep Sea
The seabed of the Lithuanian marine area in the Baltic Sea was caused by glacial activity, by water level
changes in different eras of Baltic Sea evolution, and by modern sedimentation processes. There are two
favourable topographic forms, i.e., plateaus, and adverse forms, i.e., basins, identified at the bottom of the
sea.
The Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau is the main area for potential wind energy development.
Based on foundation technologies, the best conditions for the installation of wind farms are seabed areas
with a depth of 20 to 40 m. The water depth in the PEA territory is ~ 30–40 m.
Distribution of Bottom Sediments
The seabed of the Lithuanian water area is covered with recent and relict bottom sediments (Gulbinskas,
1995). Relict sediments are sediments deposited during the Ice Age and Baltic Sea evolution stages.
They occur in hydrodynamically active areas of the sea where sedimentation no longer takes place today
or, even, where bottom destruction occurs. In many such spots, glacial deposits (moraine) are heavily
eroded; their surface is covered with boulders, pebble, shingle, or uneven-grained sand.
Relict deposits and sediments also cover the Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, within which the PEA territory
is located. Relict sediments consist of moraine of varied composition (sand, loam, boulder clay) and the
eroded elements (boulders, pebble, shingle). This boulder rock separates the coastline of Lithuania's
mainland from the open sea.
Recent sediments are found in accumulation areas. The main types of sediment are sand, silt and mud)
(Emelyanov et al. 2002). Sand mostly consists of fine-grained sand. There are three areas of dispersal of
such sand: one of them is also found at the foot of Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau; herein the sand deposits at
a depth of 26-40 m. Bottom in deeper marine areas (45–65 m) is covered by silty sediments. Mud
sediments consist of fine and pelitic silt. The said types of bottom sediments are widespread at a depth of
50-60 m and cover the bottoms of Gdansk and Gotland basins.
Fig. 4.1.4. Lithological composition of bottom sediments.
The upper part of the geological section consists of quaternary sediments of 5-10 m thick in plateaus to
more than 100 m in paleosections. Under the quaternary sediments, there occur formations of the Middle
and Upper Devonian periods (sandstone, siltstone, dolomite), Permian (dolomite limestone), Lower
Triassic (clay, clayey siltstone, and marl), Middle and Upper Jurassic (argillite), and Lower and Upper
Cretaceous epochs (Terigenic clay, siltstone, glauconitic-quartz sand).
24
The quaternary sediments consists of three key lithostratigraphic complexes: Pleistocene glacial deposits
(prevailing moraine loams and sandy loams), sediments (clays, sands) formed during various phases of
Baltic Sea evolution (mud of Late Glacial and Holocene periods), as well as recent marine sediments
(sand, silt, mud).
In the PEA territory, quaternary sediments are about 20–30 m thick. Beneath them, there are normally
deposits of the Triassic, less often of the Permian period found.
Mineral Resources
Oil According to the Lithuanian Geological Survey on potential oil structures in the Lithuanian marine
area, the Lithuanian EEZ is supposed to store about 40–80 million tons of oil. The PEA territory does not
fall within the known potential oil locations, though, it is possibly adjacent thereto. Therefore, once the
additional results of potential oil structure surveys are received, this information will be further assessed.
Sand and Gravel The sand and gravel resources in the Lithuanian EEZ have not been yet explored or
included in the state register of mineral resources as a mineral deposit. Nonetheless, there have been
found accumulations of these resources during the geological mapping. In the marine area, there are two
locations defined as potential sources of sand for shore management:
• The south-eastern slope of Klaipeda-Ventspils Plateau, 25-30 m deep, coastal formations of the
transgressive and regressive phases of the Baltic Sea. Sand dispersal over relatively large areas on the
slopes of the plateau. A sand layer thickness reaches 1 metre and more.
• On the surface of the Curonian-Sambian Plateau, there are found relict formations of the Ice Age
or the Baltic Sea evolution stages. Sea depth is 20-30 metres. Sand dispersal range is the largest here; a
layer thickness is over 3 metres.
• In Preila-Juodkrante district, the most promising elevation area is between 20-27 m isobaths.
When implementing the Coastal Strip Management Programmes, the sand from the district of Preila -
Juodkrante was used for restoration of beaches of Palanga.
There are no approved sand deposits in the PEA territory.
25
Fig. 4.1.5. Layout of the PEA in respect of mineral deposits.
Potential Impact of the Proposed Economic Activity on Seabed
The geological structure of the area has a greater impact on the processes of installation of the WTs,
cabling, and the selection of foundation structures. The EIA will especially focus on assessment of
geological conditions of the PEA territory so that to measure a potential impact of the WT installation on
the integrity of the seabed.
Projected studies and exploratory work to be carry out during EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Submarine morphology Seabed surveys.
Geological structure of the Distribution and composition of bottom sediments.
bottom surface
Geochemical surveys Contamination of bottom sediments.
26
4.1.6. Landscape
Landscape/Seascape
Based on the morphological zoning of the landscape, there have been defined the Eastern shallow marine
section of the Baltic Sea South-East Baltic Sea submarine plateau area Curonian-Western Samogitia
coastal submarine plateaus and depressions of the Baltic Sea. There is a prevailing seascape of submarine
plateaus and depressions.
The PEA territory is located in the open sea, more than 29 km away from the shore, and is beyond the
boundaries of the general landscape defined in the National Landscape Management Plan. 8
The EIA will include the assessment of the potential visibility of the offshore wind farm from onshore
observation sites.
Projected studies and exploratory work to be carry out during EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Visibility of WT farm Assessment of visual pollution of the object and visualisation by
modelling
4.1.7. Cultural Heritage
According to the Cultural Heritage Register of Lithuania, there are 9 valuables registered in the maritime
territory of Lithuania. The PEA territory contains no registered cultural valuables. The distance to the
closest registered marine cultural valuable, i.e., the vessel 38471 “L-14” sunken in the Baltic Sea, is
approx. 24 km.
According to the charts of the Lithuanian Transport Safety Administration, there are several dozen sunken
objects marked in the Lithuanian EEZ that are not included in the Cultural Heritage Register.
Most of the sunken objects are industrial ships; though, remains of wooden vessels great scientific value
were discovered, too. There were also several valuable habitats of cultural underwater seascape with
natural relics and tree remains found.
One discovery site is marked nearby the PEA territory but does not fall within it.
Information to be provided in the EIA report:
Projected studies and exploratory work to be carry out during EIA
Type of study Projected studies
Search for sunken objects Seabed surveys.
4.1.8. Material Valuables
The feasibilities of developing offshore wind energy are directly related to other activities currently
carried out in the marine area, i.e., shipping, navigation routes; fishing; mining sites for excavated soil,
potential locations for sand excavation to nourish beaches; offshore engineering installations (power and
communication lines, pipelines, etc.) and their safety zones; restricted-use areas (military exercise
grounds, sunken ships, dangerous objects, cultural heritage values); marine areas for conservation
purposes; other potential activities (prospect sites of useful resources).
In order to rationally use marine areas and sea resources, it is important to coordinate basic and projected
activities with interests of sea users.
It should be noted that the installation of the offshore wind farms will significantly contribute to the
implementation of objectives of the Lithuanian Energy Independence Strategy.
8approved by Order of the Minister of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania no. D1-703 of 2 October 2015 “On
Approval of the National Landscape Management Plan.”
27
5. INFORMATION OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT TRANSBOUNDARY IMPACT
The expected transboundary impact will be assessed as part of the EIA. Due to its peculiarities, the PEA
may have a transboundary impact in the following aspects:
Aspect / Description of potential impact
Environmental
component
Impact on birds The WT farm may be a barrier to birds and bats migrating over the Baltic Sea It is
and bats known that there are intense migrations of geese, gruiformes, diver, passerine, and
other bird families observed over Lithuania's territorial waters. Research data shows
that there is a probability that bats, under favourable natural conditions, may migrate
to wintering grounds over the Lithuanian marine area of the Baltic Sea, near the
coastline.
Shipping As mentioned above, the PEA territory is outside the established international
shipping routes, roadsteads, or anchorage sites; neither is it bordering them.
Therefore, no significant impact on shipping or international shipping routes is
expected.
Visual effect The PEA territory is located about 30 km from the Latvian coastline. At such a
distance, offshore wind farms will be barely visible from onshore observation sites,
therefore, significant visual effect is unlikely.
Mineral The northern part of the PEA territory overlaps with the boundaries of potential oil
Resources production structures. The potential oil production locations are also known in the
marine area of the Republic of Latvia. A distance from the PEA border to the sea
border with Latvia is about 2.8 km, therefore, an impact on oil resources in the
Republic of Latvia and prospective mining is unlikely.
The PEA territory does not fall into the corridors of international shipping lines crossing and planned in
the maritime territories of Lithuania and Latvia (Fig. 5.1.1), therefore no negative impact on international
shipping is foreseen.
28
Fig. 5.1.1. Layout of the proposed territory in respect of the solutions of the technical infrastructure scheme
in the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania supplemented with the part “Marine
Territories” and Maritime Spatial Plan of Republic of Latvia.
The PEA development area fits into the potential areas most suitable for the development of offshore
renewable energy projects, including wind energy alternative energy production territories defined in the
technical infrastructure drawing of the Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania
(2015), supplemented with the part “Marine Territories” (Fig. 5.5.1). The solutions of this plan has been
transferred to the new Comprehensive Plan of the Territory of the Republic of Lithuania “Lietuva 2030”.
It should be noted that during the planning processes, a strategic environmental impact assessment and
transboundary consultations were carried out for these areas and the solutions planned in them.
29
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